Okwenza Indaba Imithetho Yokukhetha Evela Kuhulumeni

I-United States ayinaso isimiso sokhetho lwesizwe. Kunalokho, uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza igunya eliyinhloko lokuqondisa okhethweni, okuphumela ekushicilelweni kwemithetho nezimiso ezihlukahluka ngokwesigaba ngasinye. Lendlela ehloniphekile isho ukuthi lapho umuntu evota khona ingabaluleka njengalowo abavotela, ngoba imithetho yezinga likahulumeni ibumba isigaba ngasinye senqubo yokukhetha.

Kubafundisi abafundisa isayensi yezombangazwe, izakhamuzi, noma uhulumeni, ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kubalulekile. Abafundi abafunda ngemithetho yokhetho ecacile bathola umbono ohlukile ngentando yeningi yaseMelika. Baqala ukubona ukuthi ukukhetha kokwakha — njengokubhalisa isikhathi, izimfuneko zokuhlukanisa, nezindlela zokuvota — kuthinta ngokuqondile umvoti, ukulondeka kokhetho, kanye nobuqotho bemiphumela.

Ukuhluleka ukulandisa ngokungafani okucaciwe kukahulumeni kungaholela ekudidekeni, ukudideka, noma izinselele ezingokomthetho. Lesi sihloko sinikeza isiqondiso esibanzi ezingxenyeni eziyinhloko zemithetho yokhetho, izindawo ezinkulu zokwehlukahluka, kanye nemithombo ekhona yokuhlala unolwazi.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nesemithetho

Imithetho yokukhetha yoMbuso isebenza phakathi kohlelo olumiswe yi-Constitution, izimiso zikahulumeni, nemithetho yokwahlulela. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza amandla okumisa "Izinkathi, Izindawo noManer wokumisa izinqumo zabaHluleli nabameleli," engaphansi kwe-conovation. Imithetho ye-Federal enjenge-Voting Rights Act ka-65, i-Help America Vote Act ka-200, ne-National Voter Ecligiate Act ka-1993 imisa izimfuneko eziyisisekelo ezizimele zonke izifunda.

Nokho, kulezi zindawo zokuqapha zikahulumeni, kunezimo ezibonisa ukuthi zinengqondo kakhulu. Lokhu kulinganisela phakathi kobuqondisi nombuso kuye kwaba yimpikiswano eqhubekayo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifana nemithetho ye-ID yokuvota, ukuvota, nokuvota. Ukuqonda le nqubo engokomthetho kusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde ukuthi kungani imithetho yokukhetha ihluka ngokushesha futhi kungani ngezinye izikhathi ishintsha ngokushesha lapho besabela ezinqumweni zenkantolo noma esinyathelo somthetho.

Imithetho kahulumeni emisa ukuqondisa kokhetho lwezwe ihlanganisa:

  • I - Voing Rights Act, enqabela ukucwaswa kohlanga ekuvoteni futhi idinga amagunya athile ukuze ithole imvume kahulumeni ngaphambi kokushintsha imithetho yokhetho
  • IHelp America Vote Act, eyamisa i - Evont Affect Commission futhi yamisa izindinganiso zemishini yokuvota, imishini yokubhalisa yevoti, kanye nezincwadi zokuvota
  • I - National Voter Regablication Act, edinga ukuba amazwe abhalise amavoti emahhovisi ezimoto nakwezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni
  • Izakhamuzi Ezifanayo Nezaphesheya Kolwandle I - Absee Voing Act, eqinisekisa izisebenzi zezempi nezakhamuzi zaphesheya kwezwe ukuthi zingayivotela izakhamuzi ezingekho

Izimiso Zokubhalisa Nezinsalela Ezifile

Ukubhalisa i - Voter kuyindlela yokuhlanganyela, futhi ukusondela kwesifundazwe ekubhaliseni kuyahlukahluka kakhulu. Amanye amazwe enza ukubhalisa kube lula futhi kufinyeleleke, kuyilapho amanye ebeka izimfuneko ezingabangela imingcele kubantu abathile.

Ukubhalisa ngolayini

Ngo - 2024, amazwe angaphezu kuka - 40 avumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibhalise noma zihlaziye ukwaziswa kwazo ngetheku le web. Izwe elinjengeCalifornia, iNew York, neTexas liye lakwazi ukusebenzisa izinhlelo ze - Internet ezihlangene nomnyango wezokuxhumana wezimoto. Izifundazwe ezimbalwa, kuhlanganise iMontana neWyoming, zisadinga amafomu okubhalisa iphepha ukuze zithunyelwe ngeposi noma zithunyelwe ngumuntu.

Ukubhalisa kosuku olufanayo

Ukubhaliswa komvoti ngosuku olufanayo kuvumela izakhamuzi ezifanele ukuba zibhalise futhi zivote ngosuku olulodwa, kungaba phakathi nokuvota kwasekuqaleni noma ngosuku lokhetho ngokwalo. Amazwe angaba ngu-20 kanye neSifunda saseColumbia aye amukela le nqubo. Izwe elifana neMinnesota, iWisconsin, neColorado liye labona amazinga aphakeme abacwaningi abawabonayo, ngokwengxenye abenza babhaliswe ngosuku olulodwa. Okunye kuphikisa ukuthi ukubhalisa usuku olulodwa kudala izinselele zokulawula futhi kwandisa ingozi yokukhwaba, nakuba ucwaningo luthole ubufakazi obuncane bezinkinga ezisakazekile.

Izindawo Ezifile Ezibhaliswayo

Kunezifundazwe ezingabhaliswanga ngosuku olufanayo, izinsuku ezisukela ezinsukwini ezingu-7 kuya kwezingu-30 ngaphambi kokhetho. Ngokwesibonelo, iGeorgia neTexas idinga ukubhaliswa okungenani izinsuku ezingu-30 ngaphambili, kanti izifundazwe ezinjengoMichigan no-Ohio zinezinsuku ezimisiwe eziyi 15 kuya kwezingu-20. Le mithetho ibalulekile emizamweni yemfundo yabavoti, ngoba abavoti abaningi abafanelekayo baphuthelwa ifasitela ngenxa nje yokuthi abaluqapheli usuku lokuhlukanisa.

Ukubhalisa i Voter okuzenzakalelayo

Inguquko ethandwayo iwukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo okuzihambelayo, okubhalisa izakhamuzi ezifanele uma zisebenzelana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezinjenge-DMV, ngaphandle kokuba zikhethe. Izifundazwe ezingaphezu kwe-20 ziye zasebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwe-AVR. Abaxhasi be-AVR baphikisa ngokuthi kwandisa amazinga okubhaliswa futhi kunciphisa amaphutha okulawula. I-Oregon, isifunda sokuqala esamukela i-AVR ngo-2016, sabona amazinga okubhalisa enyuka kakhulu okhethweni olulandelayo.

Izimfuneko Zokwazi Ukuhlukanisa

Zimbalwa izindawo zomthetho wokhetho ezidala izimpikiswano ezinkulu njengezimfuneko zomvoti we-ID. Amazwe aye amukela izinqubo eziningi, kusukela emithethweni ye-ID eqinile yezithombe kuya ezimisweni ezamukela izinhlobo eziningi zokuzichaza noma ezingazitholi nhlobo.

Isitayela seFoto esiphithikayo

Izwe elinjengeGeorgia, Indiana, Kansas, neWisconsin lifuna abavoti ukuba banikeze i-ID yesithombe sikahulumeni esisongiwe ngaphambi kokuba bafake i-collet. Amafomu amukelekayo avame zihlanganisa ilayisense yokushayela, ipasi lokungena, noma ikhadi le-ID likahulumeni. Abavoter abangakwazi ukuveza i-ID eyamukelekayo bangafaka i-ID ye-oda esemthethweni kodwa kumelwe babuyele kubaphathi bokuvota benophawu olufanele phakathi nezinsuku ezimbalwa ukuze bavote.

Ama-ID ezithombe angewona ama-integers no-Non Photo

Ezinye izimfuneko aziqinile. Ezinye zivuma ukuchazwa okungekhona okunjengesikweleti sezemali ephathekayo, isitatimende sebhange, noma isayina i-partet. Izwe elinjengeCalifornia ne-New York alidingi ukuba kuhlolwe noma yikuphi ukuhlolwa uma umvoti esebhalisiwe kakade. Lokhu kungafani kungadala ukudideka kwabavoti abahamba phakathi kwezifunda-zwe noma abavota abangekho phakathi kwemigqa yombuso.

Ithonya Lokuthutha Izindiza

Ukucwaninga ngemiphumela yemithetho ye-ID yomvoti kudibene. Okunye ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi imithetho ye-ID eqinile inciphisa ukuvela kweqembu elincane, asebekhulile, nabathola imali encane abavoti, abangase babe nethonya elidingekayo. Okunye ukuhlola kuthola ithonya elincane emazingeni ahilelekile. Okusobala ukuthi impikiswano ngemithetho ye-ID yomvoti ibonisa ukungavumelani okukhulu mayelana nokungena kwe-othoba kanye nokuphepha kokhetho.

Izindlela Zokuvula Nokusheshe Uthole

Amazwe anikeza izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuphonsa ivoti, futhi ukukhetha okukhona kungamthonya kakhulu umvoti futhi ahlanganyele.

Ukusakaza Ngeposi Ngosuku Lokhetho

Inqubo yokuvota engokwesiko ilokhu iyindlela evame kakhulu kuzo zonke izifundazwe. Izindawo zokubheja zisebenza kusukela ekuseni kakhulu kuya kusihlwa, namahora ahlelwe umthetho kazwelonke. Ezinye izifunda-zwe ziyala ukuba ukuvota kuhlale kuvuleke amahora ambalwa, kuyilapho ezinye zivumela izifunda zendawo ukuba zimise amahora azo phakathi nombuso.

Izikhathi Zokuqala Zokuzwa Izitshalo

Izifunda eziningi zinikeza ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zivote izibonda phambi kosuku lokhetho. Ubude bezikhathi zokuvota zihluka kakhulu. Izwe elinjengoTexas neFlorida licela ukuvota kwasekuqaleni kwamasonto amabili, kanti amanye, njengeNew York neMassachusetts, anefasitela elimfushane. Ezinye izifunda zidinga ukuba ukuvota kusheshe kube khona ngezimpelasonto ukuze kuhlaliswe abavoti abasebenzayo.

Ukuthumela Iposi Nokuthumela Iposi

Ukuvota ngeposi sekuye kwaba yindaba eyinhloko yezingxoxo zezimiso zokhetho. Amanye amazwe, kuhlanganise neWashington, Oregon, Colorado, Utah, neHawaii, aqhuba ukhetho cishe ngokuphelele ngeposi, athumele amabhola ngokuzenzekelayo kubo bonke abavoti ababhaliwe. Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela noma imuphi umvoti ukuba acele ibhola lomphathi ongekho ngaphandle kokuba afune izaba. Amazwe ambalwa afuna ukuba abavoti banikeze isizathu esiqondile, njengokugula, ukuhamba, noma inkonzo yezempi, ukuvota ukungabikho kweqembu.

Ukwanda kokuvota ngeposi phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19 kwaholela ezinguqulweni ezinkulu emithethweni kahulumeni. ICalifornia, iNevada, neVermont, phakathi kwezinye, zamukela izimiso ezihlala njalo zokuthumela abavoti abakhuthele kubo bonke abavoti. Lezinguquko ziseyimpikiswano, ngempikiswano ngokuphepha kwebhola, izikhathi zokuthutha zangemva, kanye nokuphoqelelwa noma ukukhwabanisa.

Ukukhiqiza Inhlabathi Kuyasiza Futhi Kuyatholakala

Isenzo esingokoqobo sokuvota silawulwa imithetho kahulumeni ekhuluma ngezindawo zokuvota, amahora, izisebenzi, nendawo yokuhlala yabavoti abakhubazekile.

Indawo Yokusakaza Inhlabathi

Imithetho kahulumeni ibeka izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zezindawo zokuhlola. Izindawo zasemaphandleni zivame ukuba nezindawo zokuvota ezimbalwa, ezifuna abavoti ukuba bahambe amabanga amade. Izindawo zase-Urban zingabhekana nemigqa emide ngenxa yokwanda kwabantu nangenxa yemishini enganele. Umthetho kaMalumelwano ufuna ukuba izindawo zokuvota zitholakale kubantu abavotelwe bekhubazekile, kuhlanganise nezikhitshana zokuvota ezilula, nemishini yokusayina eyanele.

Amahora Okusebenza

Amahora okukhetha usuku ayahluka ngokwesifundazwe, lapho ukuphenya okuningi kuvulwa phakathi kwe 6:00 a.m. no-8:00 a.m., kanye nokuvalwa phakathi kuka-7:00 ntambama no-9:00 p.m. Izifundazwe ezimbalwa, njenge-New York, zidinga ukuba ukuphenya kuvuleke kusukela ku-6:00 a.m kuya ku-9:00 ntambama, ezinye, zimise amahora kusukela ku-1900 kuya ku-6:00 ntambama.m.

Usizo Ezintweni Ezikhubazekile

IHelp America Vote Act ifuna ukuba zonke izindawo zokuvota zibe nomshini wokuvota owodwa otholakala kubantu abakhubazekile, kuhlanganise nalabo abakhubazekile. Izwe linomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqeqesha izisebenzi zokuvota ngendlela yokusiza abavoti abadinga usizo. Ezinye izifundazwe zinikeza futhi ukuvota okungavunyelwe ukuba kungene endaweni yokuvota.

Ibhola Elibalayo, Elibikayo, Nezinqumo Zokuhlola

Uma ihlola sekuphelile, imithetho yombuso inquma indlela i-bollat eqoqwa, ebalwayo, futhi ebikwa ngayo. Lezi zinqubo ziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukunemba nokubona, kodwa ziyahluka kakhulu.

Izindlela Zokubala

Izifundazwe eziningi zisebenzisa imishini ekwazi ukuvota ngemishini ye-electronic. Ezinye zidinga amavoloti ephepha angahlolwa noma abhalwe ngesandla, kuyilapho ezinye zithembele ngokuphelele ezimisweni zobuchwepheshe. Izwe elifana neGeorgia nePennsylvania liye laphikisana ngokuphepha nokwethembeka kwemishini yazo yokuvota eminyakeni yamuva, okuholela ekubizeni izisekelo zezincwadi ezisekelwe kumaphepha.

Ukubika Izinombolo Zesikhathi

Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela ukuthunyelwa kwasekuqaleni kwezincwadi ezibhaliwe ngaphambi kosuku lokhetho, olusheshayo ukubika. Ezinye izifundazwe zinqabela ukuhlelwa kwangaphambi kokuhlelwa kweposi, okuholela ekubambezeleni ekubikeni imiphumela. Ngokwesibonelo, iFlorida, ivumela ukuba izibalo ziqale ama-collet eposi athunyelwe ngezinsuku ezingu-40 ngaphambi kokhetho, ziqale. i-Pennsylvania ne-Michigan ayizange ivumele ukuhlelwa ngaphambi kokhetho kuze kube muva nje, okwabangela ukuba izibalo ezicociswe kancane ngo-202020.

Imigomo yokukhetha yangemva

Ukuhlolwa kokhetho lweposi kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukunemba kwemiphumela yokhetho. I-United States inezimfuneko ezihlukene zokuthi ikuphi futhi ikuphilwa kanjani. Ezinye izifundazwe zidinga ukuhlolwa kwenqubo ngemva kokhetho ngalunye, kuyilapho ezinye zidinga ukuphendwa kuphela lapho kucelwa inombolo. IColorado neRhode Island zibhekwa njengabaholi ekuhloleni izingozi, zisebenzisa ama-pareji anikeza ukuqiniseka ngezibalo ngemiphumela.

Ukulondeka Kokhetho Nezindinganiso Zobuqotho

Imithetho kahulumeni yokuvota ibuye ibhekane nezindaba zokuphepha, kuhlanganise nokugcinwa kwezindawo zokuvota, ukugcinwa kwabantwana befuna amavoti, nezindinganiso ze - Internet zokungavikelwa.

Ukugcinwa kohlu lwezinti zo Voter

I-odoli kufuneka igcine izinhlu ezinembile zomvoti ngaphansi koMthetho we-National Voter Bribacture Act. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukususa abavoti abafile, abantu abathuthile, nokuphinda-phinda ukubhalisa. Nokho, kusho ukuthi baphatha ngonya kangakanani uhlu lokugcinwa. Ezinye izifundazwe zisebenzisa izivumelwano zokuhlanganisa imininingwane neminyango yezimoto nemisebenzi yeposi, kanti ezinye zithembele ekuthumeleni ngezikhathi ezithile ukuqinisekisa amakheli.

Izinyathelo Zokuphepha Ibhola

Ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuphazanyiswa, izifundazwe zidinga ukugcina okulondekile kwamavoti ngaphambi nangemva kosuku lokhetho. Izinqubo zokugcinwa kwezingane zichaza indlela ama-calin athunyelwa ngayo ezindaweni zokuhlola ukuze athole izikhungo. Ezinye izifundazwe zifuna ukuba amabhola afakwe uphawu futhi asayinwe izikhulu zokhetho, kuyilapho amanye esebenzisa izimpawu ezibonisa ukungezwani komthetho kanye nokugadwa kwevidiyo.

Izimfuneko Zokwethembeka

Ukulondeka kwesimiso sokukhetha kuyinto eyandayo. Amazwe athathe izinyathelo ezinjengokuhlola imishini yokukhetha, ukuqinisekisa ngezindlela eziningi, nokuqeqeshelwa izisebenzi zokukhetha ukulondeka kwasikhathi sonke. Izinhlangano ze-Federal njenge-Cybersecurity ne Infratural Security Agency zinikeza imithombo nesiqondiso, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kushiyelwa ezindaweni ngazinye.

Ukuqhathanisa Izindawo Eziya Kuzo: Ukuhlola Icala

Ukuze ubone ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni yokukhetha ihlukahlukene, cabangela izindlela izifundazwe ezintathu ezinezimiso ezihlukene kakhulu: i - Oregon, iGeorgia neNew Hampshire.

Oregon: Uvote ngeposi

Oregon wathatha lonke ukhetho ngo-2.000. Wonke umvoti obhalisiwe uthola ivoti ngokuzenzekelayo, abangabuya ngayo ngeposi noma ngebhokisi lokufaka ibhokisi. I-Oregon futhi inikeza ukubhalisa kosuku olufanayo umvoti futhi ayifuni i-ID yezithombe ukuze ivote. Izwe laziwa ngomvoti omkhulu nomphathi wokhetho ophumelelayo.

EGeorgia: I - ID Eqinile Nemisebe Yayo Yakuqala

IGeorgia idinga i-ID yesithombe ukuze ivote izimele futhi ayinikezi ukubhaliswa kosuku olufanayo. Nokho, inikeza isikhathi esikhulu sokuvota kwasekuqaleni, kuhlanganise namahora empelasonto ayisibopho. iGeorgia isebenzisa imishini yokuvota eveza irekhodi lephepha, futhi iye yenza ukuncintiswa kwengozi kusukela ngo-2020.

IHampshire Entsha: Ukubhalisa kosuku olufanayo noMthetho we-ID

I-Hampshire ivumela ukubhaliswa kosuku olufanayo futhi ayidingi ukufakwa kwezindawo zokuvota kwabavoti ababhalisiwe. Abavoti besikhathi sokuqala kumelwe banikeze ukuhlukanisa, kodwa uhulumeni uvame ukubhekwa njengonomngcele ophansi wokuvota. Umvoti wayo ulokhu ephakathi kwabaphezulu kakhulu ezweni.

Ukufundisa Nokufunda

Ukuhlala kwamanje emithethweni yokhetho eqondile kahulumeni kuyinselele ngoba imithetho ishintsha njalo ngenxa yomthetho, izinqumo zenkantolo, kanye nezinyathelo zokukhetha. Ngenhlanhla, izinhlangano eziningana zinikeza ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa, okuthatha isikhathi esiphezulu.

Inhlangano Yesizwe Yamanxusa Ombuso

I- I-National Association of Sficreates of State ilondoloza i-memodalery yemithetho yokhetho lukahulumeni futhi ithintana nokwaziswa kwesikhulu sokhetho sombuso ngamunye. Lena isiqalo esihle kakhulu kubafundi abacwaninga amazwe aqondile.

Vote.org

.org inikeza iziqondisi ezicacile zolimi ekubhalisweni kwevoti, izindlela zokuvota, nezimfuneko zokubonakalisa wonke amazwe. Ingosi futhi inikeza amathuluzi okuhlola izinga lokubhalisa nokuthola izindawo zokuhlola.

INhlangano Yabesifazane

I-League of Women Voters ikhipha iziqondisi ezingathathi hlangothi ezichaza izinqubo zokuvota nokhetho kuzo zonke izifunda lapho inhlangano inezahluko. Leziziqondiso zisetshenziswa kakhulu ngabafundisi nabavoti ngokufanayo.

Isikhungo Sobulungisa SeBrennan

Brennan Center for Justice eYunivesithi yaseNew York School of Law iqhuba ukucwaninga nokugunyaza amalungelo ovota nomthetho wokhetho. Imibiko yayo ihlanganisa i-ID yomvoti, ukubhalisa, ukuvuselelwa, nokulingana kwezezimali, ngokuqhathaniswa kwezwe ngokwesifundazwe.

Isikhungo Sosizo Lokhetho

I- I-Application Commission yokhetho inikeza isiqondiso sikahulumeni kanye nokwaziswa ngokuphathelene nomphathi wokhetho, kuhlanganise nezinga lokuvota, izilinganiso zemishini yokuvota, nemisebenzi yokuhlola ukuvota ngemva kokuchonga. Imithombo yayo iwusizo ekuqondeni izimo zesizwe.

Isiphetho

Imithetho yokhetho eqondile yoMbuso isici esichaza idemokrasi yaseMelika. Ibonisa isimo sikahulumeni wezwe futhi ivumela amazwe ukuba avumelanise izimiso zawo ezikhethayo nezimo zezindawo nezindinganiso zendawo. Nokho, lokhu kuhlukahluka futhi kwakha ubunkimbinkimbi kubavoti, abafundisi, nabaqondisi bokukhetha. Ukuqonda izindawo eziyinhloko zokuhlukahlukana — kusukela ekubhaliseni nasekufuneni izindlela zokuvota kanye nezinqubo zokukhetha zangemva — kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokuphumelelayo enqubweni yentando yeningi.

Kubafundisi, ukufundisa imithetho yokhetho eqondile kahulumeni kuyithuba lokufaka abafundi ekuhlaziyweni kwezwe kwangempela kwezombangazwe nokugcizelela ukubaluleka kwesabelo sezwe esinolwazi. Ngokusebenzisa imithombo enokwethenjelwa nokuhlala beqaphile ngezinguquko ezingokomthetho, abafundi bangathuthukisa ukwazisa okujulile ngokuthi umsebenzi wokhetho usebenza kanjani nokuthi kungani behlanganyela ezindabeni zabo.