Ukuqonda Ukubusa Okuhleliwe

Ukubusa kwe-Ethical kuyisisekelo senhlangano yentando yeningi, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zomphakathi zisebenza ngobuqotho, ukubonakala, nokulandisa. Kudlulela ngalé kokuvunyelwa nje okungokomthetho, kudinga ukuzinikela okungokwesiko ekuziphatheni okugcwele zonke izinga likahulumeni. Ngaphakathi, ukubusa okungokomthetho kuzama ukulinganisela izithakazelo zomphakathi, umbuso, namalungelo abantu, kuyilapho kukhuthaza ukwethembana phakathi kwezakhamuzi nabaholi bazo. Ngokwemisebenzi yezezimiso zokuziphatha zomphakathi zengxenye yomphakathi[[, izimiso zokubusa ngokokuziphatha kubaluleke kakhulu ekwakheni izinhlangano eziqinile ezingamelana nokonakala nokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla.

Lomqondo usekela umsuka wawo kuyifilosofi yasendulo yezombangazwe, lapho ongqondongqondo abanjengo-Aristotle noConfucius bagcizelela khona imithwalo yemfanelo yokuziphatha yababusi. Ezimweni zanamuhla, ukubusa kwezimiso kuye kwashintsha kwaba ukuqondisa okuhleliwe okuye kwazisa ukuhlelwa kwezimiso, imikhuba yokuphatha, nokubopha izakhamuzi. Kudinga izikhulu zomphakathi ukuba zisebenzise izingqinano eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuziphatha, zilinganisele izindinganiso eziphikisanayo njengempumelelo, ukulingana, nokulunga, nobulungisa. Ngaphandle kwesisekelo esiqinile sokuziphatha, ohulumeni bafaka engozini yokunciphisa ukwethenjwa komphakathi, ukukhuliswa kwezomnotho, nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso ezingekho emthethweni.

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zokubusa Okungokwesimiso

Izimiso zokubusa kwezimiso zokuziphatha zinikeza isimiso esivamile esiqondisa ukuziphatha kwezinhlangano zomphakathi nabameleli bazo.

Ukubona ngale

Ifuna ukuba izinqumo zikahulumeni, izinqubo, nokwaziswa kuhlolwe. Isiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi zihlelwe kanjani futhi ngani izinqumo ezenziwayo, zinciphise ingozi yokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo ezifihliwe. Ohulumeni ababonisayo banyathelisa uhlelo lwemali, imizuzu yomhlangano, kanye nezinqumo zesimiso, bavumele ukuqondisa okuzimele. Ngokwesibonelo, Transparency International igcizelela ukuthi ukubonakala ngaphandle kuyithuluzi elibucayi ekulweni nokonakala ngoba kuveza ukungalinganisi kombono womphakathi. Nokho, ukukhanya kumelwe kulinganiswe nezindaba zomuntu siqu nokuphepha, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifana nezokuvikela izwe noma ulwazi lomuntu siqu.

Ikhasi lokulandisa

Ukulandisa kuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu zomphakathi ziyaziphendulela ngezenzo zazo nezinqumo. Lesi simiso sisebenza ngezinqubo eziningi: ukulandisa kokhetho (izinhlangano zingasusa abaholi), ukulandisa okungokomthetho (izivumelwano eziphoqelelwe nezivumelwano), kanye nokulandisa kokuphatha (izokuhlola nokuhlola). Izimiso zokuziphendulela eziphumelelayo zihlanganisa izinhlangano ezizimele ezimelene nokungalungi, izinduna, namakomiti ephalamende. Ngaphandle kokulandisa okukhulu, ngisho nezimiso ezizinzele kahle zingaba izimoto zokuvikela nokulahla izikhali.

Ubuqotho

Ubuqotho bubhekisela ekuhlelekeni kwezenzo nezindinganiso zokuziphatha. Ekulawuleni, kusho izikhulu zomphakathi ukugwema izingxabano zesithakazelo, ukwenqaba ukufumbathisa, futhi ngokungaguquki zisebenzise imithetho ngaphandle kobandlululo. Ubuqotho buhlakulelwa ngemithetho yokuziphatha, ukuqeqeshwa kwezimiso zezimiso, kanye nempucuko evuza ukwethembeka. Ihhovisi leZizwe ezihlangene leMishobozo ne-Crime (UNITC) linikeza iziqondiso[[[ zokukhulisa ubuqotho engxenyeni yomphakathi, kuhlanganise nezimemezelo zezente nezivikeli zemali.

Ubulungisa

Ukulunga kudinga ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo kwazo zonke izakhamuzi ngaphansi komthetho namathuba okulingana. Lesisimiso sibekela inselele ubandlululo olusekelwe ohlwini lohlanga, ubulili, isigaba, noma inkolo. Empeleni, ukungakhethi kuhilela ukuvuma izinqubo, izinqubo ezifinyelelwayo zokukhalaza, nezinqubo zokwenza izinqumo. Ohulumeni kumelwe baqaphele futhi balungise umehluko ovela ekungabini kobulungisa okungokomlando noma ekucwaseni kokwakha.

Ukuhlanganyela

Umbuso wezesayensi uqaphela izakhamuzi njengezibambisi bezinkonzo ezisebenzayo, hhayi abamukeli bezinkonzo abangaqedi. Ukuhlanganyela kusho ukuhlanganisa umphakathi ekuhleleni uhlelo lwenqubo, uhlelo, nokwengamele. Amathuluzi ahlanganisa ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi, amajaji, ukuhlelwa kwemali, kanye namapulatifomu okunikeza impendulo. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Confective (International IDEA)[ aqokomisa ukuthi ukuhlanganyela okunenzuzo kuthuthukisa ukufaneleka kanye nezimiso zokuthuthukisa imiphumela ngokuhlanganisa imibono ehlukahlukene.

Lezizimiso zincikene. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubonakala ngaphandle kokulandisa kungaba ubuhlobo bomphakathi, kuyilapho ukulandisa ngaphandle kobulungisa kungaholela ezimisweni zokujezisa ezingazinaki izimbangela. Ukubusa kwabefundisi kudinga indlela yokulawula ehlanganisa zonke izimiso ezinhlanu kuyiDNA ehleliwe.

Imikhuba Yokubusa Ngobuhlakani

Ukuhumusha izimiso emsebenzini kudinga ukuba kwenziwe ngamabomu.

Izimiso Zezimiso Zokuziphatha

Ikhodi lezimiso zokuziphatha lihlela amathemba acacile okuziphatha. Ikhuluma ngezingxabano zesithakazelo, ukwamukelwa kwezipho, ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yomphakathi, kanye nokugcinwa kwemfihlo. Imithetho ekhombayo ayiyona nje engokomfanekiso; ihlanganisa ukubika izibopho, izijeziso zokwephula umthetho, nokulungisa njalo. Ngokwesibonelo, CD ikhuthaza ukuthembeka komphakathi [[ ukululeka ohulumeni ukuba bathuthukise izimiso zobuqotho ezibanzi ezimboza kokubili izikhulu ezikhethiwe nezinceku zomphakathi.

Isivikelo Somculi Wesivunguvungu

Abacuphi babalulekile ekudaluleni ukuziphatha okubi okungafihleka. Isivikelo esiphumelelayo sihlanganisa ukubika iziteshi ezingaziwayo, ukugonyelwa komthetho ekuphindiseleni, nezinkonzo zokusekela. Amazwe anjenge-United States, Canada, neUnited Kingdom aye amisa imithetho yokufusha impepho, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela kuyahluka. Isivikelo esibuthakathaka singaholela emahlazweni omphakathi, njengoba kubonakala ezimweni lapho abaculi bekhala ngemitshingo bebhekene nokuhlukunyezwa noma ukuxoshwa. Ukubusa kwezelulekwa kwemishosholo kudinga ukuba labo abakhulumayo bahlonishwe, bangapheli.

Ukuqeqesha Nokwakha Isakhiwo Sasedolobheni

Ukuqeqesha izimiso zokuziphatha kufanele kube yisibopho kuzo zonke izikhulu zomphakathi, kusukela konobhala abaphezulu nabaphathi abadala. Ukuqeqesha kuhlanganisa izinkinga zangempela zezwe, izibopho zomthetho, nokucabanga okusezindinganisweni zezimiso. Ukufunda okusekelwe ezindinganisweni zezimiso zezimiso, ukufunda izimo ezihlelwayo, kanye nokuhlola kusiza izikhulu ukuba zenze izinqumo ezingokokuziphatha. Izifundo eziqhubekayo ziqinisekisa ukuthi isimilo sihlala siyingxenye yokuphila kwempucuko yenhlangano.

Ukuhlola Komphakathi Nemishini Ehlanganyelayo

Ukuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi ekubuseni akuthuthukisi indlela yokulawula kuphela kodwa futhi kwakha nokwethembana. Ukuxoxa nomphakathi kungasuka kuhlolo-magama olulula kuya kumahholo asemadolobheni alula. Uma kwenziwa kahle, kuhlanganisa ukunikeza impendulo ezinqumweni zokugcina futhi kuchaze indlela okungasetshenziswa ngayo. Ukuhlanganyela ekuhleleni imali, ukuphayona emadolobheni anjengePorto Alegre, eBrazil, kunikeza izakhamuzi ukulawula ngokuqondile izingxenye zokusetshenziswa komphakathi, kwandisa kokubili ukulandisa nokwaneliseka.

Ukuhlola Nokuqondisa

Ukuhlola njalo ($financial), ukusebenza, nokulalela (ngokwenza, kubaluleke kakhulu ekutholeni nasekuvimbeleni ukuziphatha okungamukeleki. Izinhlangano zokuhlola ukuncitshiswa kwezincwadi, njengehhovisi elikhulu lokuhlola, kumelwe zibe negunya lokuhlola nokusakaza okutholakele. Amakomiti ePhalamende, i-ombudsmen, kanye namaqembu omphakathi aqaphe ama-ogg anikeza ezinye izingqimba zobungameli. Inhlangano yezwe Lonke ye-SPUPUPUSTIS [ITSIAN)[FL:1] imisa izindinganiso zokuhlola isigaba somphakathi ukulandelelwa kwamazwe amaningi.

Le mikhuba kumelwe ivumelaniswe nezindawo. Ikhodi lezimiso ezisebenza enkabeni yesimiso sokulawula lingase lihluleke esimisweni esihloniphekile; izivikelo zokushaya ikhwelo zidinga isisekelo esingokomthetho esithatha isikhathi ukusungulwa. Noma kunjalo, ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwemikhuba yokuziphatha kuyisici esibonisa ukubusa okuqotho.

Indima Yemfundo Ekubuseni Kwabantu

Imfundo iwukusetshenziswa kwezimiso zezimiso. Kuthonya izindinganiso namakhono abaholi besikhathi esizayo, izisebenzi zomphakathi, nezakhamuzi. Ngokuhlanganisa ukuziphatha nezifundo zangemva kwesikole kuzo zonke izilinganiso, imiphakathi yenza iphayiphi labantu abaqonda ukubaluleka kobuqotho futhi bangasebenzisa izinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuziphatha.

Izifundo Zemfundo Yomlando

Umlando unikeza izibonelo ezicacile zomphumela wokubusa okungenazimiso kanye namandla ezakhamuzi zokumelana nomthetho. Ukutadisha izenzakalo ezinjengehlazo leWatergate, ukuQothulwa Kwesizwe, noma ukuqothulwa kohlanga lwaseRwanda kusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde indlela ukuhluleka kwezimiso zokuziphatha okungangena ngayo enhlekeleleni yomuntu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izibonelo zobulungisa bokushintsha kweQiniso neKhomishane yokubuyisana kwe-Reconcilication . Izibonelo zokuholitive zenza kusetshenziswe kabusha ukuthemba ngemva kobuqhawe. Othisha bangasebenzisa ukuhlola okungokomlando ukuze bafanekisele izimiso ezingokomuntu futhi baveze umqondo ojulile.

Imfundo Yamaqoqo Nokucabanga Okubucayi

Imfundo ye-Civic egcizelela ukucubungula kokuziphatha okungokomthetho-mthetho, ikhuthaza abafundi ukuba bahlaziye amandla anamandla, ukubuza iziphathimandla, nokwazisa izinga lezimiso zokuziphatha. Izimpikiswano ngezindaba ezinjengokuqapha nokungafihliwe, ukungakhethi kwentela, noma ubulungisa besimo sezulu zilungiselela abafundi ukuba babe izakhamuzi ezifundile nezithembisiwe. Izikole zingalingisa izinqubo zomthetho noma ukuvinjelwa kokugcona ukuze bakhe amakhono asebenzayo.

Ukuthuthukisa Izimiso Zokuziphatha Ngaphandle Kwesiyalo

Ukubusa kwezesayensi yezesayensi akumelwe kuhlonishwe ezifundweni zezezombangazwe. Kungahlanganiswa nezomnotho, umthetho, ukuphatha umphakathi, ngisho nezindawo ze-STEM. Ngokwesibonelo, abafundi ababunjiniyela bangahlola incazelo yezimiso zezemisebenzi, kuyilapho abafundi bezamabhizinisi behlola ukubusa kwezenkampani nokuvumelana kokungalungi. Izinqubo zokujezisa ziqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zokuziphatha akuyona indaba ehlukile kodwa yisici se-lens yemisebenzi yonke.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokufunda Okuyingozi

Imisebenzi efundwayo, izinhlangano ezihlangene nezinhlangano zikahulumeni noma ama-NGO, kanye nokuhlanganyela ezinkampanini zokubusa zendawo kunikeza abafundi okuhlangenwe nakho kolwazi. Lapho abafundi bebona indlela izimiso ezithinta ngayo abantu bangempela, noma babhekana nezingqinamba zezimiso zokuziphatha ngokwabo. Ukubambisana nezinhlangano ezinjenge Transparency International[ inganikeza imithombo kanye nezibonelo zangempela zezingxoxo zasekilasini.

Izinselele Zokubusa Kwamahlelo

Naphezu kokuqaphela ukubaluleka kwayo, ukubusa kwezimiso zokuziphatha kubhekene nezinselele eziphikelelayo.

Ukonakala

Ukonakala kuseyisithiyo esibonakalayo kakhulu. Kuthatha izinhlobo eziningi .Izindlela zokwenza impoqo, ukuphambanisa, nokuphatha i-odoli. Ukonakala akuchithi nje kuphela izimali zomphakathi kodwa futhi kuphazamisa nezimiso eziphambili. Kuchuma ezindaweni ezizungezile ngokungaqondisi kahle, amaholo aphansi ezincekwini zomphakathi, nokuthola iziphiwo ezinikezwayo. Amazwe athe athuthuka kakhulu ekulweni nokonakala, njengeDenmark neNew Zealand, afaka imali eningi kakhulu ekusebenzeni nasekuvimbeleni.

Ukuntuleka Kwemithombo Yengcebo

Izinhlelo zezimiso zidinga ukuxhaswa ngemali ukuze kuqeqeshwe, kuhlolwe, kuhlolwe, futhi kusetshenziswe ubuchwepheshe. Emazweni amaningi asathuthuka, ukuhlelwa kwemali kubeka kuqala izidingo ezisheshayo njengokunakekelwa kwempilo nemfundo ngezimiso zezimiso zezimiso. Ngaphandle kwemithombo yezimiso zokuziphatha ihlala ithembisa, futhi izindikimba ezingenazo izisebenzi zokuhlola izinhlelo. Usizo lwezizwe zonke nosizo lwezobuchwepheshe lungasiza, kodwa ushintsho oluqhubekayo ludinga ukuzimisela kwasekhaya kwezombangazwe.

Ukumelana Nokushintsha

Izinkampani zivame ukumelana nezinguquko ezisongela izakhiwo zamandla noma zidalule ukuziphatha okubi. I-intertia, ukuphikisa kwenyunyana, nokuphazamisa kwezombangazwe kungavimbela ukufezeka kwezimiso zezimiso zokuziphatha. Ukushintsha amasu okuphatha [1] kuhlanganise nezivumelwano zokubopha, ukusekela okubonakalayo nokusekela ukumelana nokumelana. Ngaphandle kwazo, izinyathelo zokuziphatha ziba yizenzo ezingenamsebenzi.

Ukunganaki Nokwehluleka Komphakathi

Lapho izakhamuzi zizizwa zingenamandla noma zingenathemba, zingayeka ukubeka abaholi icala. Umphandle ophansi, ukuyeka ukuthemba izinhlangano, nokusakazeka kokungaqondi lutho konke kululaza isivumelwano sezenhlalo. Ukubusa kwezesayensi kuxhomeke ekushicileleni kwezakhamuzi okudinga ukubonakala futhi kujezisa. Ukubopha umphakathi kudinga imizamo eminyangweni eminingi: imikhankaso yokufunda, amapulatifomu okuthola ulwazi, nokusabela okuqotho kwezikhulu.

Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nezinqubo Zobuchwepheshe

Ulawulo lwanamuhla luhlanganisa ukuthengiselana kwemingcele, ukuhanjiswa kokwaziswa kwamanani, nokubambisana komphakathi okuyinkimbinkimbi. Lamandla adala izingozi ezintsha ezingokokuziphatha, njengokubalekela intela yangasogwini, ubandlululo lwe-algorith, nokuqapha. Izinqubo zakudala zokuqondisa zivame ukudlula ngemva. Ukuxazulula lezinselele, imithetho yokulungisa, kumelwe ifake izimali ezingoko ngokomthetho, futhi asebenzisane nezindinganiso zezimiso zezimiso zomhlaba jikelele zezokuvikela nokulwa nokonakala.

Ukuqinisa Ukubusa Kwesayensi Ngomklamo Wezinhlangano

Ngaphandle kwemikhuba ngayinye, umklamo wokwakha wezinhlangano zikahulumeni ungasiza noma uphazamise ukubusa kwezimiso. Amasheke nezilinganiso, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, nokungaqondisi kwezinhlangano ezizimele kuyisisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, isimiso sokwahlulela esiqinile esingabukeza izenzo zezikhulu ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela siyisisekelo sokulandisa. Ngokufanayo, izimiso ezikhethayo ezinciphisa ithonya lemali kwezombangazwe zisiza ekulondolozeni ubuqotho. Izinguquko zenkonzo yomphakathi ezivikela amabhunu axhasayo ezombangazwe nazo zinezela ekuzinziweni kwezimiso zokuziphatha.

Enye indlela ethembisayo ukusebenzisa imininingwane evulekileyo namathuluzi okubonisana ngemitapo. Izindlela zikahulumeni zokuhlola, njengalezo ezithuthukisiwe yi- Prefenardinary Government [, zikhuthaza ohulumeni ukuba banyathelise ama-memone emali, izimali, nezivumelwano zomphakathi. Lokhu kuvumela izintatheli, izifundiswa, nezakhamuzi ukuba zihlaziye futhi zibone ukungalinganisi okungahambi kahle. Ubuchwepheshe bungaphinde buyibika izimpawu ezivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibike imigodi noma inkohlakalo. Nokho, amathuluzi obuchwepheshe amanani kumelwe aklanywe ngezindaba, iziququ, iqiniseke ukuthi abenzi izinhlobo ezintsha zokuzihluza.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo Ngemithetho Engokwesayensi

Izimo ezihlukene zamasiko nezezombangazwe ziveza izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokubusa ngokwezimiso. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe ase-Nordic, athembele emazingeni aphezulu okwethembana komphakathi nasezinhlanganweni ezibonisa ngalé. Izimiso zawo zivame ukuveza izigebengu ezinamandla nethonya elilinganiselwe enkonzweni ye-tube. Ngokuphambene, amazwe avela ekubusweni kwempoqo yomthetho we-phoxal angagxila ekushintsheni ubulungisa nasezinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo. EMpuma Asia, imiqondo enjenge [[FLT: 0]guanxi[[ [izinhlangano ezisekelwe ebuqothweni] [imfuthweni])] (izimiso zobuqotho ezisemthethweni, okuholela ezindleleni yokuthatha izigila ezingokomthetho ezingenisweni ezihlangene nezimiso ezithambile.

Umphakathi wezizwe zonke uye wasungula futhi izinqubo zokuqondisa ukubusa kwezimiso. Inhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene emelene noHlahlo (UNCAC) imisa izindinganiso zembulunga yonke zokuvimbela, ukuphambana kwezembubhiso, nokubambisana kwezizwe zonke. Amaqumrhu ezifundayo njenge-African Union ne-Council of Europe aye athatha amathuluzi afanayo. Nakuba lezi zici zinikeza ulimi olufanayo, ukuphumelela kwazo kuxhomeke ekufezeni kwesizwe nasentando yezombangazwe.

Isiphetho

Ukubusa kwe-ethical akuwona umgomo owenziwe ngendlela engabonakali kodwa inqubo eqhubekayo yokubonisa, yokuguqula, nokuqapha. Izimiso zokubona, ukulandisa, ubuqotho, ukungalungi nokuhlanganyela zinikeza ikhampasi yokuhamba endaweni eyinkimbinkimbi yokuqondisa umphakathi. Imikhuba /imibhalo yezimiso zezimiso, izivikelo zokufutha ikhwelo, ukuqeqesha, ukuhlola komphakathi, kanye nokuhlola izibalo. Imfundo ifeza indima ebalulekile ekuhlakuleleni isizukulwane esilandelayo sabaholi nezakhamuzi ezibopheleliselwe isimilo.

Kodwa izinselele ziyaqhubeka: ukonakala, ukuvinjelwa kwezimpahla, ukudilizwa komphakathi, nokuhlelwa kwezindawo zomphakathi, kanye nemingcele yezobuchwepheshe emisha konke kudinga ukujwayela okuqhubekayo. Akukho zwe elilodwa eliye lathuthukisa ukubusa kwezimiso zokuziphatha; kunalokho, liwuhambo lokufunda ngokwehluleka nangempumelelo. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nezakhamuzi, ubizo luwukuhlala unelukulungela ukwazi, ugxeka, futhi ukhuthele. Ngokuqonda izisekelo nokuthatha inqubo, singakha izinhlangano lapho ukubusa okuhle kusetshenziswa khona ngokwethembeka nobulungisa.

Ekugcineni, impilo yentando yeningi ayisekelwe emithethweni nasemihlanganweni yayo kuphela kodwa nasemkhubeni ofanele walabo abaholayo nalabo abalandelayo. Lowo buntu buhlakulelwa ngemfundo, buqiniswa ngemiklamo ehleliwe, futhi buhlolwa yizinselele zenkathi ngayinye. Ukubusa kwezesayensi yobushiqela kuyisivikelo kokubili ekubushiqela nasekuchumeni kwabantu (ukusebenza okungayenziwa izizukulwane zonke).