Imvelaphi Yokulingana Kwemibono Yezombangazwe YaseMelika

Umbono oyisisekelo wokuthi bonke abantu banefa lokulingana awusukanga eMthethweni-sisekelo wase-United States. Izimpande zawo zibuyela emuva kuyifilosofi yokukhanyiselwa, ikakhulukazi imisebenzi kaJohn Locke, ozimfundiso zakhe zamalungelo emvelo zathonya kakhulu uThomas Jefferson nabanye Obaseki Bokuqala. Lapho uJefferson ebhala iSimemezelo seSivumelo Senkululeko ngo1776, waveza isimiso sokuzimela: "bonke abantu badalwe belingana" futhi banikwe uMdali abanamalungelo angenakuhlukaniswa nokuphila, inkululeko, nokuphishekela injabulo. Lamazwi ayengewona nje achuma; aba isisekelo sokuziphatha esingoko kuzama iMelika. Nokho, iqiniso lesizwe esisha lalihlukile kakhulu. Ubugqilalwqe babusemthethweni kuwo wonke amazwe ayizi - 13 nabesifazane, abesifazane babengenamalungelo ezombangazwe, futhi impahla elinganiselwe ukuba bangenele izakhamuzini ezimhlophe. ISimemezelo sobumthetho somthetho womthetho waseMelika sichaza amakhulu amabili angokomthetho ongokomthetho ongokomthetho olandelayo.

UMthetho - sisekelo Wokuqala: Ukulingana Kuyalibaleka

UMthetho-sisekelo owamiswa ngo-1787 eSivumelwaneni sasePhiladelphia kwakuyincwadi ebanzi eklanyelwe ukwakha uhulumeni kahulumeni osebenzayo. Ayihlanganisanga igama elithi "ukulingana". Kunalokho, yayinelungiselelo elaqaphela futhi lavikela ngokuphelele ukumiswa kobugqila. Izigqila ezintathu eziyekelelayo zabala abantu abagqitshwe njengezingxenye ezintathu zomuntu ngenjongo yokumelelwa intela. Isigqila uClausce savumela ukuthunyelwa kwabantu abagqilaziwe ukuba baqhubeke kuze kube ngo-1808. Isigqila esizimele sasifuna ukubuya kwezigqila eziphunyukile kubani bazo. Lokhu kuyekethisa kwadingeka ukuba kuvikelwe inqubo yezo encintiweyo eMfuleni waseNingizimu, kodwa kwadingeka ukuba kufakwe ukulingana kwemithetho engokomthetho yesizwe. I-Bill, i-Octive Requence, ngo-1791, yahluleka futhi yahluleka ukuhlanganisa i-templententethelele yenkolo, futhi yaqala ukuvikela inqubo yempi, kodwa yaqala inqubo yezenduvuse-Gene.

Izinqumo Zokwakha: Ukulingana Ngomthetho - sisekelo

Ngemva kweMpi Yombango, isizwe saqala umsebenzi waso obaluleke kakhulu wokuhlanganisa uMthetho-sisekelo nombono woBufakazi. Izinguquko ezintathu, zonke ezaziwa ngokuthi iReconstruction Reformations, zaguqula umthetho-sisekelo.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nesithathu (1865)

Lesi kwakuyilungiselelo lokuqala lomthetho elingokomthetho lokumisa ngokucacile uhlobo oluthile lokulingana: ukukhululeka ekugqilazweni ngezindaba zobugqila. Nokho isiphakamiso salo esihlukile kamuva sasiyosetshenziswa ngeziboshwa ezidedelayo nangesimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu, sidala izinhlobo ezintsha zokuzithoba kohlanga.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane (1868)

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane singumthetho - sisekelo owodwa obaluleke kakhulu ohlangene nokulingana. I-conityshingism yalo uClaus yanika bonke abantu abazalwa noma abadaliweyo e-United States ilungelo lobuzibulo, igumbuqele isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme uDred Scott (1857) enqabile ukuba izakhamuzi zaseAfrika. Amalungelo noma amaImmunion Clause ayefuna ukuvikela amalungelo abalulekile ekuhlatshweni kwemithetho. I-Ser Procesme Clausce yandisa inqubo engokomthetho efanelekile ukuze ivikele izenzo zikahulumeni. Ngokuyinhloko, iSikhungo seNkakhulu sathi u-Classe sathi: "Noual Protection . . . .iphika noma imuphi umuntu onegunya elilinganayo lemithetho."""" lesi sishaya-gabani semoto ngenxa yokuvinyanisa imithetho yemithetho ye-discrime nemithetho ewuzayo iminyaka engu-10.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu (1870)

ISichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu senqabela ukunqatshelwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngenxa yesizwe, ibala, noma isimo sobugqila sangaphambili. Nakuba sasingaqinisekisi ilungelo lokuvota kuzo zonke izakhamuzi; izifundazwe zaqhubeka ziphoqelela intela yokuvota, ukuhlola kokufunda nokubhala, nezimemo zikamkhulu zokulahla amaBlackv. Inguquko ayizange futhi idlulisele amalungelo okuvota abesifazane, iqokomisa ukuhlangana kwemibango yokulingana.

Izincazelo ZeNkantolo Ephakeme Eziwujuqu Zesivikelo SikaClaus Esilinganayo

Incazelo nobukhulu be - Acimial Protection Claus iye yalolongwa izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezivelele. Lamacala abonisa ukuqonda okuhambisana nalokho okufunwa ukulingana.

UPlesty u - Ferguson (1896) Nemfundiso Ehlukile Kodwa Elinganayo

Pnety v. Ferguson, iNkantolo ePhakeme isekela umthetho waseLouisiana owawufuna izimoto zomgwaqo ezihlukaniswa ngokohlanga, icabanga ukuthi isiVumiso seshumi nane seMinyaka yesine sasihloselwe ukuphoqelela ukulingana kwezombangazwe, hhayi ukulingana kwezenhlalo. INkantolo yamisa imfundiso ethi "ukuhlukaniswa kodwa ukulingana," ukunquma ukuthi ukuhlukanisa akuphulangangqubuzani nesivikelo esilinganayo sika Clausle uma nje izakhiwo zilingana. Lesinqumo sanikeza umthetho womthetho womthetho kaJim Crow ngalé kwe-South ne-Crow eqinileyohlanga phakathi kwesigamu sesigamu sekhulu.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) – Ukushintsha Ngokuhlukile Kodwa Ngokulinganayo

Brown v. ibhodi lemfundo yayiyinkathi echithwe kumthetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Esinqumweni esivumelanayo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwakuyinto engokwemvelo. ISikhulu seJaji u-Earl Warren sabhala ukuthi "izakhiwo zemfundo ezihlukene azilingani ngokwemvelo" nokuthi ukubekwa phansi kwabantwana abamnyama okwalimaza intuthuko yabo yemfundo neyomuntu siqu. Inkantolo yagumbuqela i-Palettesss futhi yamemezela ukuthi isivikelo esilinganayo sasidinga ukuhlangana. Isinqumo asizange sihlele ukuba kuvele kuvele kuvele kuvele kuvele ku-" ngesivinini sakho konke," inkulumo evumela ukungana nokungavumela ukufundiswa okuqhubekayo namuhla.

Uthando Virginia (1967) – Ukulahla Imithetho Emelene Neziphakamiso

i- Virginia, iNkantolo ePhakeme ilulaza imithetho kahulumeni evimbela ukuganana kwezinhlanga. INkantolo yathi umshado uyilungelo eliyisisekelo nokuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga kumelwe kuhlolwe ngokuqinile." Isinqumo sawenqaba ngokuqondile umqondo wokuthi i-Ecult Protection Claus ehlukanisa ubuhlanga, iqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko yokushada nomuntu wolunye uhlanga iyinkululeko evikelwe yi-Mnyango ka-Clausse kanye noMnyango ka-Equalime Claus Claus Claus.

Abafundi Be - Fair Adgings ngakolunye uhlangothi lweHarvard (2023) – Isinyathelo Sokuqinisa

Esinqumweni samuva futhi esiphikisana kakhulu, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqeda ukucatshangelwa kohlanga emakholijini angenisiwe. INkantolo yaphetha ukuthi i-Harvard ne-UNC's ukuzimisela kwezinhlelo ze-U. kwaphula izinhlelo zeSivikelo sika-Claus esilinganayo ngokusebenzisa uhlanga njengesici esihluzekile. Lesi sinqumo saguqula amashumi eminyaka eskwethu, kuhlanganise Grateziteb v. Bollinger [2003], futhi salungisa kabusha ibalazwe lemfundo ephakeme. Isinqumo sibonisa ukuthi impi ngenxa yencazelo yokulingana ayikapheli.

Impumelelo Engokomthetho Yenkathi Yamalungelo Omphakathi

I - Civil Rights Movement of the 1950 no 1960 yagqugquzela izinguquko zemithetho ezenza ukuba ukulingana kuqiniswe ngomthetho kahulumeni.

Umthetho Ka - 1964 Wamalungelo Abantu

Umthetho we-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 umthetho obanzi kakhulu wamalungelo abantu emlandweni waseMelika. Isihloko II savimbela ukucwaswa kwezindawo zomphakathi (iziteshi, izitolo zokudlela, imidlalo yaseshashalazini). Isihloko VI sayenqabela ukucwaswa kwezinhlelo ezithola izimali zikahulumeni. Isihloko VII savimbela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi ngenxa yohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma imvelaphi yobuzwe. Ilungiselelo lobandlululo lobulili lanezelwa njengendlela yokugcina yokuzama ukuqeda izivumelwano zomthetho, kodwa laba yithuluzi elinamandla lokuvikela abesifazane. Isenzo futhi saqinisa amalungelo okuvota futhi sandisa amalungelo okuvota.

Umthetho Ka - 1965 Wokulwela Amalungelo Abantu

Ngemva kokucindezelwa kobudlelwano okunonya kokuvota eSelma, e-Alabama, iKhongolo yadlulisa i-Voting Rights Act ka-65. Lo mthetho waqeda ukuhlolwa kokufunda nokubhala, wagunyaza uhulumeni ukuba uqondise ukubhaliswa kwevoti ezifundeni ngomlando wobandlululo, futhi wafuna amazwe athile nezindawo ukuze athole imvume kahulumeni ngaphambi kokushintsha imithetho yokuvota (ngaphambi kokubhalisa). Isenzo sandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukubhalisa nokumelela komthetho wobulungu. Nokho, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Shelby County v. Raker

Isinyathelo Sezindlu Esifanele Sango - 1968

IFair Howare Act, eyadluliswa ngemva kokubulawa kukaMartin Luther King Jr., inqabela ukucwaswa kwezindlu ngokuthengiswa, ukuqashwa, nokuxhaswa kwemali okusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, imvelaphi yobuzwe, ubulili, isikhundla sobulili, nokukhubazeka. Liyithuluzi elibalulekile lokulwa nokuhlukaniswa kwabantu ngokwezikhundla, okuhlala okuhlala njalo okuhlala kunezinye zezindlela eziphikelelayo zokungalingani e-United States.

Ukwandisa Ukulingana Ngezinqumo Zamuva

Izinguquko eziningana ezalandela zanikeza isithembiso sokuphathwa ngokulingana kwamanye amaqembu.

ISichibiyelo Se - 19 (1920)

Ngemva kokulwa iminyaka engamashumi nomzabalazo wenhlangano yabesifazane, iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesishiyagalolunye senqabela ukunqatshelwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngenxa yobulili. Kulokhu kuwukuphela kwesiqinisekiso somthetho ngokomthetho esicacile sokulingana ngokobulili, nakuba iSichibiyelo Seziphetho Esilinganayo Samalungelo Abesifazane esingakagunyazwa.

ISichibiyelo Se - 20 - Fourth (1964)

ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nane sehla intela yokuvota kuhulumeni. Intela yokuvota yasetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko emazweni aseNingizimu ekulahleni abavoti abamnyama nabavoti abampofu abamhlophe. Inguquko yaba ukunqoba okukhulu ekulweleni ukulingana kokuvota, nakuba yasebenza kuphela kukhetho lukahulumeni; intela yokuvota kamuva yashaywa iNkantolo Ephakeme v. Virginia Board of Evolutions (1966).

ISichibiyelo Samashumi Amabili namasithupha (1971)

Ukusabela empikiswaneni yokuthi uma abantu abaneminyaka engu - 18 ubudala bebengabuthelwa empini eVietnam, kufanele bakwazi ukuvota, iSichibiyelo Samashumi amabili namasithupha sehlisa inkathi yokuvota yaba ngu - 18.

Izimpikiswano Zokulingana Ezikhona

Isisekelo somthetho - sisekelo sokulingana sisalokhu siyindawo ethakazelisayo yezingxabano ezingokomthetho nezezombangazwe.

Ukulingana Kwezinhlanga Namalungelo Okuzala

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yamaDobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [202]) yahlehla Roe v. Wade futhi yasusa ilungelo lomthetho-mthetho lokukhipha isisu. Lesi sinqumo siye sadala umsebenzi wemithetho kahulumeni, kanye namanye aweminye awenqabela ukukhishwa kwesisu futhi amanye awehlukanisa kakhulu. Impikiswano engokomthetho igxile ekutheni i-Claus Claus Ecree'ss Enquisition's'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''i-Requad proftives procerrential proces propertives proper serrential providential syms. Kuwo, ukukhulelwa nokufinyelela ngokulinganayo.

LGBTQ+ amalungelo

[[[FLT: 0]] [I-Boshell v. Hoddell (2015]), iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi umshado ofanayo-wesilisa uyilungelo eliyisisekelo ngaphansi kwe-Curtive Programme ne-Unime Classical Clauss. Muva nje, [[FLT:]] Bostock v. County[FFLT:][20] [20]), iNkantolo yeNkantolo ichaza ukuthi i-Sihlokohlo VII samaLungelo e-Moniclet Act ukuze ivikele izisebenzi ekukhethekeni okusekelweni kwesimilo noma esifana nabesifazane. Nokho, ukuswela okucacile kwezindlela ze-LBTQQ, abantu abahlala, izikhungozothengwayo ezingokwenkolo zikhuliswe kakhulu eziphikisayo ze-LBT+ [3] [F] [F][3]

Umehluko Wezinhlanga Esimisweni Sobulungisa Sobugebengu

Ukungavumelani kweSichibiyelo seshumi nantathu so"Isijeziso sobugebengu" kuye kwasetshenziselwa ukuqhubekisela phambili ukungalingani kohlanga ngokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi. IMpi Yezidakamizwa, imigwebo ephoqelelwe, nokukhishwa kwemidanti yezinhlanga kuye kwaphumela ekuboshweni kwabantu abaNsundu nababhishobhi ngamazinga aphakeme kakhulu. Izinselele zomthetho-sisekelo kulezi zenzo ngokuvamile zixhomeke ekuvimbeleni i-Ecult Protection Claus, kodwa izinkantolo bezinqikaza ukuthola inhloso yokulahla icala engekho ngokucacile, okwenza kube nzima ukuqeda ubuhlanga obuhleliwe.

Isenzo Esiqinisayo Nokulingana Kwemfundo

Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-2023 sokuvuma sishintshe kakhulu indlela amayunivesithi angaphishekela ngayo izinhlobonhlobo. Amanye amazwe aye amisa ukuvinjelwa kwezinhlelo zezinhlobonhlobo, ukulingana, nokufakwa (DEI). Impikiswano iyaqhubeka ngokuthi yini ehlanganisa ithuba elilinganayo elilinganayo elihambisana nomphumela olinganayo, nokuthi izinqubo zobuzwe zivunyelwe yini ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo.

Ukugunyaza Amalungelo Nobuqotho Obuyintandokazi

Ngemva Selby County v. Hoker (2013), izifundazwe eziningi zidlulisa imithetho efuna i-ID eqinile yokuvota, zinquma ukuvota kwakuqala, futhi zikhipha amarolla. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokungangaleleki lezi zinyathelo ngokuthinta i-Profesfectionsting Shouncing [izinziso-Amashumi Amahlanu nama-FLThorith]. [[FLT:]] [Izikhungo] Brenan's Center yeJaji yeJaji futhi ezinye izinhlangano ziye zafaka isiqinisekiso somphumela walemithetho esemthethweni. UJohn Voting Readvement Activement Act, obezobuyisela ngaphambili ngendlela yesimanje, ayikadluliswanga nakawumbini. Isikhungo phakathi kwe-mthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho-se-se-se-seneyonke.

Isiphetho

Isisekelo somthetho-mthetho sokulingana e-United States siyindaba yentuthuko, isithiyo, nokulwa okuqhubekayo. Kusukela olimini oluphezulu lweSimemezelo kuya ezinzibeni eziqinile zokulungisa izivumelwano, kusukela ekunqobeni kwe-Civil Rights Movement kuze kube namuhla izimpi zokuvota, amalungelo okuzala, nobulungisa bobuhlanga, incazelo yokulingana iyaqhubeka ichazwa futhi ichazwe kabusha. Umthetho-sisekelo unikeza uhlelo, kodwa unikeza abantu (hhhhnhla ngemithetho, izinkantolo, nezinhlangano zezenhlalo) abafaka ukuphila ezithembisweni zawo. Ukuqonda lesi sisekelo asiyona nje imfundo nje; kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofisa ukuhlanganyela ekwakhekeni umphakathi onobulungisa. Uhambo lusuka ekupheleleni, futhi isahluko esilandelayo siyalindile.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola [ izinqolobane zezwe [ zezincwadi eziyinhloko, iprojekthi [ ye-Oyez yecala leNkantolo Ephakeme] eshwankathelayo, [[[FLT:] i-American Liberistic Union [ ye-ligitation, ne-[FLT] Center ye- Justice Brenan] ye-CM] ye-omatist [[FLT] ye-FLT] ye-act.