Umthetho wesigebengu wakha umgogodla wesimiso somthetho kuwo wonke umphakathi, uchaza ukuziphatha okunqatshelwe futhi ubeke imiphumela kulabo abephula imithetho engokwesiko. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi oqala izifundo zakho ezingokomthetho, uchwepheshe ofuna ulwazi oluyisisekelo, noma isakhamuzi esinelukuluku nje, esiqonda izinto ezibalulekile zomthetho wobugebengu. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sakheka emibonweni eyisisekelo, singena juqu ezicini zobugebengu, ezimisweni zobugebengu, ezizinganiso zenqubo yobugebengu, nezinga lokuvikela okukhona. Ngesiphetho, uyoba nohlelo oluqinile lokuqonda ukuthi ubugebengu busebenza kanjani futhi kungani bulokhu buyinsika ebaluleke kakhulu emphakathini oyaliwe.

Uyini Umthetho Wesigebengu?

Umthetho wesigebengu uchaza ukuziphatha okubhekwa njengokuyingozi, okusongelayo, noma okuyingozi enhlalakahleni yomphakathi. Ubeka imithetho yokuqunga iziboshwa nokujezisa abantu abahileleke ekuziphatheni okunjalo. Ngokungafani nomthetho wesizwe, osingatha izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu abantu, umthetho wobugebengu uphoqelelwa nguhulumeni owenzelwa umphakathi. Uhulumeni .[1] Uhulumeni .(profector, uhulumeni, uhulumeni, noma indawo (umshushisi, ) uletha amacala kumuntu omangalelwe (ummangalelwa).

Izinjongo Zomthetho Wesigebengu

Ukuqonda lezinjongo kucacisa isizathu esenza ukuziphatha okuthile kube nobugebengu nokuthi kungani izijeziso zihlukahluka:

  • Icala – Usongo lokujeziswa ludumaza olwenziwa yicala (ukunqanda) kanye nomphakathi jikelele (ukunqanda) ekwenzeni ubugebengu. Ngokwesibonelo, ingozi yesigwebo sejele eside inganqanda othile ekuphangeni ehlomile.
  • [ Isijeziso [ -inhlangano ifuna ukuba izaphula-mthetho zithweswe icala ngokwengozi eziyibangele. Lesi simiso se-“udenge olulungile” siqinisekisa ukuthi isijeziso sifanelana nobugebengu, njengoba kuboniswa eziqondisweni zokugweba.
  • [ Ukulungiswa [ - Izimiso eziningi zijonge ukuguqula izaphulamthetho ngemfundo, ngokweluleka, noma ngokuqeqeshelwa imisebenzi ukuze zibe amalungu omphakathi avimbela umthetho ngemva kokufeza isigwebo sazo.
  • [ Icapartification - Ngokubopha noma ngenye indlela uvimbela abantu abayingozi, umbuso ubavimbela ngokomzimba ekwenzeni ubugebengu obuqhubekayo phakathi nesikhathi sokuvalelwa.
  • [ Impumuzo - Izinyathelo zobulungisa zanamuhla zokulungisa zigxile ekulungiseni umonakalo obangelwa ubugebengu, ngokuvamile ngokukhokhela, ngenkonzo yomphakathi, noma ingxoxo yokususa isisulu.

Imithombo Yomthetho Wesigebengu

Umthetho wesigebengu eUnited States uvela emithonjeni eminingi, ngamunye unobukhulu obuthile negunya.

  • Umthetho wezokufundisa - Imithetho eminingi yanamuhla yobugebengu ihlangene ngokwemithetho emiswa yizishaya-mthetho ezibekwa amahlelo ombuso nombuso. Ngokwesibonelo, i-United States Code (UMhlomo 18) iqukethe amacala kazwelonke, kanti umbuso ngamunye unemithetho yawo yokujezisa.
  • Umthetho weCummon - Isiqalo eNgilandi, izimiso zomthetho ezivamile zisathonya ezinye izifundazwe, nakuba izifundazwe eziningi zithathe indawo yomthetho ovamile ngezincazelo zomthetho. Umthetho ovamile uhlala uyisiqondiso sokuchaza imithetho.
  • Ikhodi le-Model Penal Code (MPC) - Ikhuliswe yi-American Law Institute, i-MPC iyisimiso esibanzi sezimiso zomthetho zobugebengu eziye zathathwa amazwe amaningi ziphelele noma ngokwengxenye. Isho izincazelo, isivikelo, kanye nezici zesigwebo.
  • Umthetho we-Cunistigation – Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., ngamalungiselelo anjengezesine, ezesihlanu, ezesithupha, nezi-A80, ubeka imingcele yokuthi imithetho yobugebengu imiswa futhi iphoqelelwe kanjani, ivikela inqubo efanelekile namalungelo omuntu ngamuntu.

Ukuhlola ngokujulile indlela umthetho wobugebengu kahulumeni ohlelwe ngayo, i-Cornell Legal Information Institute ka-Sihlokwana 18 inikeza ukucushwa okuningiliziwe.

Izici Zobugebengu

Zonke izinqubo zobugebengu zinezici ezithile okumelwe zifakazelwe ngokunengqondo ukuthi uma kukhona okungekho, isisekelo esiqinile.

I - Actus Reus (Umthetho Wesigungu)

Actus reus ibhekisela esenzweni esingokomzimba noma ukungenzi okungekho emthethweni okuwubugebengu. Kumelwe kube ukunyakaza komzimba okuzenzekelayo; ukuziphatha okuzenzakalelayo − njengokunthumpana okusheshayo noma ukulala (ukuthatha indawo yokulala) okungahlangani nemfuneko. Ngokwesibonelo, ukudonsa imvuthuluka kuyisenzo; ukuhluleka ukubuyisela intela kungaba yisephuzo uma kunomthwalo ongokomthetho wokuthatha isinyathelo.

UMens Rea (Ingqondo Engcolile)

I-Mens rea iwumqondo noma inhloso yokwenza lobu bugebengu. Izimiso zobugebengu zisho elinye lamazinga amane okulahlwa kwecala ngaphansi kwe-MPC:

  • Ngokuphelele[ – Ummangalelwa wafisa ngenhloso umphumela wobugebengu.
  • [ Ngokuqaphela [ - Ummangalelwa waqaphela ukuthi umphumela wawuzokwenzeka cishe.
  • [ ngokunganqikazi[ – Ummangalelwa ngokungazi akayinakanga ingozi enkulu nengalungiseki.
  • Ngokungaqondi - Ummangalelwa kufanele aqaphele ingozi enkulu kodwa ahluleke ukuyibona (indinga ephansi).

Obunye ubugebengu, njengamacala aqinile okubeka icala (isib., ukudlwengula okungokomthetho, ukudayisela izingane utshwala), abudingi ubufakazi bamadoda adlulele ngalé kwesenzo ngokwaso esinqatshelwe.

Ukuzimela

Uma umuntu ebulala othile ngengozi lapho eshayela kodwa kamuva eqala ukuba nenhloso yokubulala, ngeke abekwe icala lokubulala ngoba injongo yalokho ayihambisani nesenzo.

Ukuhlafuna

Umshushisi kumelwe amise ukuhlobana okungaqondakali phakathi kwesenzo sommangalelwa nokulimala okuwumphumela. Lokhu kudinga kokubili:

  • [ Ingenzeki ngempela (kodwa ngesenzo sommangalelwa, ukulimala kwakungeke kwenzeke).
  • [ Iprojekthi ebangela [ (ingozi yayiwumphumela ongase ubonwe ngesenzo, ngaphandle kwesenzakalo esiphazamisayo).

Ukulimala

Ubugebengu obuningi budinga ukuba kuvele ukulimala kwangempela, ukulimala, noma umonakalo. Lokhu kungaba ukulimala ngokomzimba kubantu, ukulimala kwempahla, noma ukulimala kwezenhlalo.

Ukuhlelwa Kobugebengu

Ubugebengu buhlukaniswa ngobukhulu nangemvelo, okunquma izijeziso ezingase zihlatshwe futhi kusingathwe ngendlela engokwemvelo.

Imikhosi

Izenzo zokujezisa ziyicala elingathi sína elijeziswa ngokuboshwa isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, futhi ngokuvamile ngokuboshwa noma ukufa ukuphila konke ezicaleni ezibulalayo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuthumba, nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa. Izinkolelo ezithathelwe imvume zivame ukuba nemiphumela emide, njengokulahlekelwa amalungelo okuvota, ukunqatshelwa kwezibhamu, nobunzima bokuthola umsebenzi.

Amaphutha

Iziphambeko azinamacala amakhulu kakhulu, ngokuvamile ajeziswa unyaka owodwa ejele, amafa, ukulingwa, noma inkonzo yomphakathi. Izibonelo ezivamile ukwebiwa okuncane, ukuhlaselwa okulula, ukuziphatha okungahlelekile, nokushayela ngaphansi kwethonya (icala lokuqala). Imibuso eminingi ibeka izigwegwe emaqeni okungalingani.

Iziphazamiso

Iziphazamiso ziwukwephulwa okuncane okuvame ukujeziswa kuphela ngenkokhelo, ngaphandle kwesikhathi sasejele. Amathikithi omgwaqo, ukungcolisa, nokuhamba ngejay kuyiziphazamiso ezivamile. Ezindabeni eziningi, azibhekwa njengezigebengu ngenxa yezinjongo zobugebengu.

IMala ESe vs.Mala Prohibita

Okunye ukuhlukanisa okungokwesiko phakathi kwezenzo ezingalungile ngokwemvelo (umala kuyi - se), njengokubulala nokweba, nezenzo ezingalungile kuphela ngenxa yokuthi umthetho uyazenqabela (mala i - egata), njengokuphulwa kwezimoto noma ukubekwa umthetho. Lo mehluko ungathonya ukubonela nokwethulwa komphakathi.

Ubugebengu Obungalawuleki

Umthetho wesigebengu ujezisa ukuziphatha okungaphelele noma okulungiselelayo okuqondiswe ekwenzeni ubugebengu.

  • Isu lokungalungi - Isinyathelo esikhulu sokuthatha icala, kanye nokuzimisela ukwenza lelo cala. Imizamo ayijeziswa kakhulu kunomthetho oqediwe kodwa isathwala icala lobugebengu.
  • Isivumelwano sokubhakasha - Isivumelwano phakathi kwabantu ababili noma ngaphezulu sokwenza isenzo esingekho emthethweni, kanye nesenzo esithathelwe phambili sesivumelwano. Umthetho wokubhakatha uhlanganisa izigaba zokuhlela futhi ngokuvamile ubekwa ecaleni kwecala elingaphansi.
  • [ Uku-apolation – Ukucela, ukukhuthaza, noma ukucela omunye umuntu ukuba enze ubugebengu ngenjongo yokuba ubugebengu buthathwe.

Izimpi Zezigebengu

Abalweli bangase bavuse izivikelo zokulahla isici esithile sobugebengu noma ezinikeza izaba zokuziphatha kwabo.

Ukuzivikela Okuqinile

Ukuzivikela ngokuvuma kudinga ummangalelwa ukuba anikeze ubufakazi obuthile obusekela ukuzivikela, ngemva kwalokho umshushisi kumelwe akuphikise ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. ukuzivikela okuvamile kuhlanganisa:

  • ----effense - Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla anengqondo ukuze uzivikele ekulimaleni okungavunyelwe ngokomthetho okuseduze. Izigodlo eziningi ziye zathi “zimela isisekelo sakho” noma“ imithetho efundisayo enweba amalungelo okuziphakamisa.
  • Ukungaguquguquki[ - A ngokomthetho, hhayi kwezokwelapha, ukuzivikela kugomela ngokuthi ummangalelwa wayengenawo amandla engqondo okuqonda ukulahleka kwezenzo zakhe ngesikhathi sobugebengu. Ukuhlola kuyahluka ngokwemithetho ye-consol (M’Naghten, I-Penal Code, Durham).
  • [[NT.0] Imvuthwandaba - Ummangalelwa waphoqelelwa ukuba enze ubugebengu ngokusongela ngokufa okuseduze noma ngokulimala okungathi sína emzimbeni wakhe kubo noma komunye umuntu. I-Duress ngokuvamile ayilona isivikelo sokubulala.
  • [ Isivumelwano [ - ukugcinwa komthetho kwashukumisela ummangalelwa ukuba enze icala ayengeke alisebenzise. Isivikelo sigxila ekuphathweni uhulumeni.
  • [ Isidingo [ – Ummangalelwa wenza ubugebengu ukuze agweme ingozi enkulu, njengokugqekeza isakhiwo esivuthayo ukuze kusindiswe umntwana.

Izikhali Zesayensi

Izindlela zokuvikela imvelo zibekela ukungabaza ukuba ngokomthetho kwezenzo zikahulumeni, njengalezi:

  • Ukuphula iSichibiyelo Sesine (ukufuna nokuquleka okungenangqondo).
  • Ukuphulwa kweSichibiyelo Sesihlanu (ukuzixazululela, ingozi ephindwe kabili).
  • Ukuphulwa kweSichibiyelo Sesithupha (ilungelo leseluleko, ukuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo).
  • Ukulinganiselwa (ukuquliswa kwecala kwalethwa sekwephuze kakhulu).

Uma isivikelo esingokwengcaca siphumelela, ubufakazi bungase buncishiswe, amacala axoshiwe, noma ukuqiniseka kuncishiswe ngokudluliswa isikhalo.

Inqubo Yobulungisa Yesigebengu

Inqubo yokwahlulela yobugebengu ihlelwe ngokulandelana kwezenzakalo kusukela lapho ubugebengu busolwa kuze kube sekuphetheni. Isigaba ngasinye sihilela abadlali abathile − ukugcinwa kwabadlali, abashushisi, abameli, amajaji, nejaji () abanezindima zabo siqu nemithwalo yemfanelo.

Ukucwaninga Nokuboshwa

Uma kungenzeka ukuthi kukhona imbangela yokuthi umuntu wenze ubugebengu, kungase kuqashwe. Phakathi nokuboshwa, uMinda kumelwe axwayiswe uma kulandela ukuphenywa kwelungelo lokunakekela umntwana.

Ukuvala Izinqumo

Umshushisi uhlola ubufakazi futhi anqume ukuthi kufanele abhale phansi yini amacala angokomthetho. Lesi sinqumo sihilela ukuhlaziya amandla obufakazi, ubukhulu becala, nomlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa. Abashushisi banelungelo elikhulu lokumangalela, lokunciphisa, noma lokulahla amacala.

Ukubonakala Kokuqala Nebhantshi

Ngemva kokuboshwa, ummangalelwa uyiswa phambi kwejaji ukuze avele kuqala. Umahluleli ululeka ummangalelwa wamacala, ubeka ibheyili (noma ukhulula ummangalelwa ngokuqaphela futhi), futhi umisa iseluleko uma ummangalelwa engafuni. ISichibiyelo Sesi - 80 senqabela ukuqiniswa kwebheyili.

Ukuzwa Kwangaphambili Nokuvuka Okukhulu

Kumacala okuqulwa kwecala, ukuqulwa kwecala kokuqala noma ukuqulwa kwecala okukhulu kunquma ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuba kube nesizathu sokuqhubeka icala. Ekuqulweni kwecala kwasekuqaleni, ukuqulwa kwecala kunikeza ubufakazi, futhi ukuzivikela kunganikeza ofakazi abaxhuzulanayo. Iqembu elikhulu labahluleli liyiqembu lezakhamuzi ezizwa ubufakazi balowo mshushisi ngasese futhi zinqume ukuthi zingakhipha icala.

Icala

Enkantolo, ummangalelwa ufunda amacala ngokusemthethweni bese engena isicelo: enecala, engenacala, noma (kweminye imikhakha) akukho mncintiswano (nolo imateriere). Isicelo esingenacala sibeka icala lokuqulwa kwecala.

Ukuhamba Nokuthola Kwangaphambili

Both sides exchange evidence (discovery) and may file motions to suppress evidence, dismiss charges, or compel discovery. These motions can resolve critical legal issues before trial.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Icala liyisigaba esiyinhloko somthetho. Umshushisi uthwele umthwalo wobufakazi − ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo, indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu emthetho waseMelika. Ummangalelwa ubhekwa njengongenacala. Ijaji (noma umahluleli ekuqulweni kwebhentshi) lilalela izinkulumo zokuvula, ubufakazi, ukuphenya, izimpikiswano zokuphetha, neziyalezo zokukhipha izigwebo ngaphambi kokuba likhiphe isinqumo.

Ukugwetshwa

Uma ummangalelwa eboshelwa, kuqulwa icala elihlukile. umahluleli ucabangela iziqondiso zokugweba, ubukhulu becala, umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa, izinkulumo ezihlolwayo, nokuphoqelela noma ukukhipha isigwebo. Izici zokugwetshwa zingase zihlanganise ukuboshwa, ukukhokhwa, ukugcinwa kwesigwebo, ukubuyiselwa komthetho, inkonzo yomphakathi, noma ukufa kwamacala okubulala.

Ukukhanga

Abalweli banelungelo lokudlulisela icala labo noma isigwebo enkantolo ephakeme, bephikisa ngokuthi amaphutha angokomthetho ayenzeka phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala. Izikhalo aziwahloli amaqiniso; bahlola umlando ngamaphutha omthetho. Uma inkantolo ekhipha isigwebo ithola iphutha, ingahlehlisa ukuqulwa kwecala, ihlele ukuqulwa kwecala okusha, noma ilungise isigwebo.

Ukujeziswa Nesijeziso

Ukugwetshwa umthetho wobugebengu kunamafilosofi amaningi, futhi izimiso zanamuhla zivame ukuhlanganisa.

  • Ukunquma isigwebo – Yigama elimisiwe lokuboshwa elimiswe ngomthetho noma iziqondiso.
  • Ukunquma isigwebo[ - A uhlwini (umz., iminyaka engu-5 kuya kwengu-15) ngokulinganisela okunqunyiwe yibhodi.
  • [ Izinga eliphansi elingokomthetho - Imithetho egunyaziwe yemithetho yejele yemithetho ethile engokomthetho engokomthetho ebekwa amacala athile (umz., ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa, ubugebengu bezibhamu), ngezinye izikhathi egxekwa ngokunciphisa imvume yokwahlulela.
  • Isijeziso sokubulala [ – Isigwebo sokufa sihlala singokomthetho kwezinye izizwe ngenxa yobugebengu obungathi sína kakhulu, obungaphansi kokulinganiselwa komthetho-sisekelo (umz., kuphela ukubulala, hhayi ngenxa yobugebengu kubantu ngabanye).

U.S. uMnyango weSikhathi sokwahlulela [ unikeza ukufushaniswa kwezindlela neziqondiso zikahulumeni.

Umthetho Wesigebengu Oqhathaniswayo

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxila emthethweni wobugebengu wase-U.S., kubaluleke ukuphawula ukuthi ezinye izimiso zomthetho (njengesiko lomthetho womthetho waseYurophu) zibheka umthetho wobugebengu ngendlela ehlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe amaningi omthetho wesizwe asebenzisa isimiso sokuqulwa kwecala lapho abahluleli behlola khona ngenkuthalo, futhi indima yamajaji ilinganiselwe. Nokho, izimiso eziyinhloko zejaji (‘actus reus, amadoda aphinde athathe, umthwalo wobufakazi, nokuqulwa ngokulunga (hlwini olulungile) zihlanganyelwe kabanzi.

Okwenza Umthetho Wesigebengu Ubaluleke

Ukuqonda umthetho wobugebengu akuyona nje indlela yokufunda. Kuhlomisela izakhamuzi ukwazi amalungelo azo nemithwalo yazo yemfanelo, kusiza izisulu ukuba ziqonde le nqubo, futhi kusiza izingcweti “‘ ukugcinwa kwemithetho, izisebenzi zezenhlalakahle, othisha, ukusebenza ngokuphumelelayo phakathi kwesimiso somthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphakathi onolwazi ukulungele kangcono ukuhlanganyela ezingxoxweni eziphathelene nokuguqulwa kobulungisa, izinqubo zokugweba, nokulinganisela phakathi kokuphepha komphakathi nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Uma ufisa ukuhlola izihloko ezithile ngokwengeziwe, i-American Bar Association’s Criminal Justice candelo inikeza imithombo emikhulu, ne Cornell Information Institute echaza umthetho wobugebengu [ iyisiqalo esihle kakhulu sokucwila okujulile.

Isiphetho

Umthetho wesigebengu uwumkhakha onamandla noyinkimbinkimbi othinta zonke izici zomphakathi. Kusukela ekwakheni i-actus reus kanye namadoda kuya ezingeni eliningiliziwe lenqubo yobulungisa bobugebengu, isitho ngasinye sisebenza ngokushukuma ukuze sinikeze ubulungisa. Ngokufunda izisekelo eziyisisekelo , izinhlobo zobugebengu, izakhi ezidingekayo ukuze uqiniseke, izivikelo ezikhona, kanye nezivikelo ezisemgangathweni ezivikela abamangalelwa, uzuza umbono ogcwele wendlela isimiso somthetho esisebenza ngayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ulungiselela umsebenzi womthetho, ukubhala ngobulungisa bobugebengu, noma ngokufuna nje ukuqonda amalungelo akho siqu, lolulwazi lwesisekelo lusebenza njengendawo ebucayi yokuhlola isakhiwo somthetho esihlala sikhona.