Izimiso ze-Federal ezibekwe eWashington, D.C., zinyakaza kuwo wonke amadolobha, idolobha, nasemaphandleni e-United States. Izinqumo eziphathelene nentela, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, izakhiwo nendawo ezungezile azihlali ngaphakathi kwe-Beltway(i-ikhu) nezindawo ezizungezile zihlela ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi, impilo yamabhizinisi endawo, kanye nezingalo zezinkonzo zomphakathi. Ukuqonda indlela lemithetho yesizwe esebenzelana nezimo zendawo kubalulekile ngabaholi bomphakathi, abenzi bezimiso, nabaphathi bezezakhamuzi ababoshelayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola inqubo ebanzi yezimiso zombuso kanye nezindawo zazo, ngokuvamile ezingalingani, nomphumela wemisebenzi yomphakathi.

Ukuqonda Imithetho Kahulumeni

Izimiso ze-Foreal zihlanganisa imithetho, imithetho, iziyalezo zokuqondisa, nezinhlelo zezimali ezisungulwa uhulumeni wezwe. Ziklanyelwe ukuxazulula izinselele ezweni lonke, kodwa ukufezeka kwazo nemiphumela kuyahlukahluka ngokwezindawo. izikhulu zesonto zivame ukuwela ezingxenyeni ezintathu ezibanzi: ezomnotho, ezenhlalo, nezimiso zokulawula.

Izimiso Zezomnotho

Lezi zihlanganisa intela, izivumelwano zezohwebo, imali esetshenziswayo, isimiso semali (esilawulwa yiFederal Reserve), nezimiso zebhizinisi. Izimiso zezomnotho zithonya izimakethe zemisebenzi yendawo, ukutshala ibhizinisi, kanye nezindleko zokuphila.

Imikhuba Yomphakathi

Izimiso zomphakathi zihlanganisa ukunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, indawo yokuhlala, usizo lokudla, nokuhlala umhlalaphansi. Izinhlelo ezinjenge-Medicare, iMedicaid, i-Someral Nutrition Application Program (SNAP), ne-Pell Grants zixhaswa i-od projectwation program kodwa zisetshenziswa endaweni. Umklamo walezi zinhlelo unquma ukuthi ubani osekelwayo nokuthi ingakanani.

Izimiso Zokuqondisa

Imithetho ibusa ukuvikela indawo ezungezile, ukuphepha emsebenzini, izindinganiso zomkhiqizo wabathengi, nezimakethe zezimali. I-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) imisa izinga lomoya nelezinga elifanele izimboni zendawo okumelwe zihlangabezane nalo. I-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSA) iphoqelela imithetho yokuphepha emsebenzini ethinta imboni nehhovisi ngalinye.

Umphumela Owonakele Wezinqumo Zomphakathi

Izimiso zezomnotho zidala amathuba nezinselele kwezomnotho zendawo. Umlando wamuva nje unikeza izibonelo ezicacile zendlela izinqumo zezwe ezingathuthukisa noma ziphazamise ngayo ukuthuthuka komphakathi.

Umthetho Wentela Nokutshala Ibhizinisi Endaweni

ITaxis Cuts and Jobs Act ka-2017 (TCJA) yehlisa izinga lentela yenkampani kusukela ku-35% kuya ku-21%. Abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi lokhu kungakhuthaza ukutshala imali emiphakathini yendawo. Futhi ngempela, ezinye izinkampani zamemezela inzuzo elinganiselwe. Muva nje, i-Inflatiation Reduction Act (IRA) ka-20222, ukuhlola okwenziwa yizikweletu ezihlanzekile zentela eziye zakhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwefektri emhlabeni wokukhiqiza amasheya, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu naseMfuleni we-Melika. Lemiphakathi emincane engenazo izinhlangano ezinkulu yabona inzuzo elinganiselwe. [intengosisebenzi] Intengo emhlophe (i-R.F.[3]

Uhwebo Nokuthuthukisa Imiphakathi

Izivumelwano zezohwebo nezokudayisa zalungisa kabusha indawo yezezimboni zase-Melika. Isivumelwano sase-U.S.-Mexico-O. i-Ada-Mexico-Ada (USMCA) sathatha indawo ye-NAFTA ngo-202020, sibeka imithetho eqinile yesiqalo sezimoto. Nakuba kuhloselwe ukuvikela i-U.S., ithonya emiphakathini yendawo lalingalingani. Ezindaweni ezizihambelayo njengeMichigan ne-Ohio, isivumelwano sasiza ukulondoloza imisebenzi ethile, kodwa futhi sabangela ukushesha kwezimoto njengoba izinkampani zifuna ukunciphisa izindleko. Okwamanje, izigebengu zensimbi ne-aluminum ezibekwe ngo-20181818 zaphakamisa izindleko ezifakwayo zemisebenzi yezomsebenzi, izimboni ezincane ezidayisa emadolobheni aphesheya kwe-Pennsylvani nase-Indian, ezabangela ukuba izindleko zemali epulazini leze intela yomphakathi zihotela inzuzo. Labo abaholimele amakhelishi abadayo amade kakhulu kodwa abadayo amakhelishini amade bangena amakheli

Imfuyo YamaFederal Nezinto Eziyimfuyo

Izinhlelo ze-Federal zinikeza izimali eziqondile kuhulumeni bendawo nezinhlangano ezingazuzisi. Uhlelo lwe-Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) lunikeza imali eguquguqukayo yokuxhasa izindlu ezingabizi, izinhlelo ezilwa nezokubusa, nesisekelo sesisekelo. Ngo-2023, uhlelo lweCDBGG lwabelwe cishe amadolobha namadolobha. Nokho, izimali zisekela izindawo zasemaphandleni ezinkulu, zishiya imiphakathi yasemaphandleni esekelwa yi-20%. I-Bpartainfracture Law (IZIK) yomthetho we-BY) ogunyazwelo cishe izigidi ezingu-201 zemigwaqo, izimoto, iziteshi, iziteshi, neziteshi ezihambayo. Izindawo zendawo zilahleka kakhulu. [[5]

Ukutholakala Kwendlela Yokunakekela Impilo Ezandleni ZaseWashington

Isimiso sokunakekela impilo samanani sinquma ukuthi ubani ohilelekile, ukuthi yiziphi izinkonzo ezikhona, nokuthi kubiza malini ukunakekelwa. Akukho nqubo ebonisa lokhu ngokucace kakhulu kune-Affordtable Care Act (ACA), kodwa ezinye izinhlelo zikahulumeni zihlela imiphumela yempilo yendawo.

Umthetho Wokunakekela Ongantengantengi Nokwehluka Kwamandla Kahulumeni

I-ACA Extiid expandel ku-Medicaid elliid kubantu abadala abahola kuze kube ngu-138% wezinga lobumpofu obuphakathi kukahulumeni. Nokho, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-2012 senza ukwanda kuthanda ukuba kube yizifundazwe. Ngonyaka ka-2024, izifundazwe ezingu-40 ne-Frigiod of Columbia zamukele ukwanda, kuyilapho izifundazwe eziyishumi zingakwazanga ukuveza ukuhlukahlukahluka okukhulu: ezindaweni ezikhulelayo, amazinga aphansi kakhulu phakathi kwabantu abadala abathola imali ehle ngaphansi kweshumi%, kuyilapho ezizweni ezinganciphi izindleko ezingezizo njenge-Texas ne-Mississippian, izinga elingakhuliswanga elihlala lihlala ngaphezu kwe-20%. Lokhu kubangela ukuba kube nokwe ngokwenani eliphakeme lezentengo yempilo ezindaweni eziphansi kakhulu. Izibhedlela ezisezindaweni ezihlala kuzo zonke ezingezincishini ezisezingeni ezincishisiwe ngenxa yezindleko zeze-Frecine. Imali zezenterse Mpi yempilo yamazwe yomphakathi futhi zisekela ngokwezimali yezentente

Ukuxhasa Kwezikhungo Zezempilo Zomphakathi

Izimali zeHealth Resources and Service Administration (HRSA) ezingaphezu kuka-400 ezikhungweni zezempilo zomphakathi ezisiza iziguli eziyizigidi ezingu-30 ngonyaka. Lezi zikhungo zinikeza izinkonzo zokunakekela eziyinhloko, amazinyo, impilo yengqondo, nekhemisi engaphansi kwezindawo ezigciniwe. Izimali ezinikezwayo zibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwazo kodwa zidinga imali elinganayo evela kuhulumeni nasemithonjeni yendawo. Uma izikhungo zempilo zikahulumeni zibekelwa noma zincishiswe, izikhungo zezempilo kumelwe zinciphise izinkonzo, zinciphise izisebenzi, noma zinciphise amahora emitholampilo. Phakathi nobhadakaliso lwe-COVID, uhulumeni unikeza izimali ezisekela izimali eziphuthuma kakhulu. Izikhungo eziningi zempilo zomphakathi manje zibhekene nobunzima obungokwezimali, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemaphandleni lapho zivame ukuba yimithombo yokunakekela.

Inkinga Ye - opioid Nokusabela Kwama - compal

Umqedazwe we-opioid wabhubhisa imiphakathi yendawo, ikakhulukazi e-Apalchai, e-New England, nase-Midwest. Ukusabela kukahulumeni kwakuhlanganisa noMthetho ka-Constencier ka-2018, owandisa ukutholakala kwendlela yokwelapha (Imiyalo) futhi wasungula izinhlelo zokuvimbela. I-Substance Abuse and Mental Service Service Administration (SA) yasakaza iZwe Le-Opioid Refection (SA) enikeza imvume yokulawula, leyo ehambisana nenkokhezeko yokwelashwa kwendawo. Nokho, ukuhanjiswa kwalemali kuye kwagxekwa ngenxa yokungafiki kwezilinganiso ezinzima kakhulu zasemaphandleni lapho ukuluthwa kwezingamandla empatho kodwa izakhiwo zokulwa kwezempilo zibuthakathaka kakhulu. A 2023 GACO yathola ukuthi iminyango eminingi yendawo ingekho ekusebenziseni futhi inzuzo ye-ose-omgavicement, ukuphatha kwezimiso zesizwe.[Fod] [od]]

Imfundo: Ukusuka EWashington Kuya Ekilasini Lekilasi

Izimiso zemfundo ezingokwezinga eliphezulu zibeka izindinganiso, zinikeza imfundo engokwezimali nethonya, kodwa izikole zendawo ziyalawula.

Isihloko Sokuxhasa Nokulingana Kwabantu

Isihloko I soMthetho we-Elementary and Secondal Education Act (ogunyaziwe njengoba i-All Students Receeds Act ngo- 2015) inikeza izimali zikahulumeni ezikoleni ezinezilinganiso eziphezulu zabafundi abahlawulwayo. Ngo-2023, iSihlomo Engisinike cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4. Izimali zihloselwe ukuvala izikhala eziphumele ngokusekela ukufundisa okwengeziwe, isigaba esincane, nezinhlelo zobukhomanisi besivumelwano somzali. Nokho, uhlelo lokusakaza izimali zeSihlomelo Ngizisekela emalini esekelwe emininingwaneni yokubala abantu, engenzeka iminyaka eminingana ubudala. Njengomphumela, imiphakathi ebhekana nokwanda ngokushesha kobumpofu ingase ibone ukwanda kwemali iminyaka eminingana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikole eziningi ngisenazokuntula izinhlelo zokukhombisa izimali, eziholela ekuboshwenini futhi zisongeni kobubhishoshongongo yendawo.

Wonke Umfundi Uphumelelayo (Essa) Nokulawula Indawo

U-ESSA wathatha indawo ye-No Child Lend Behind Act futhi wanikeza ukuvumelana okukhulu ekubekeni izindinganiso zemfundo nezimiso zokulandisa. Izikole zendawo manje zinendlela engcono yokuzihlela amasu azo okuthuthukisa. Nokho, umthetho kahulumeni usadinga ukuhlolwa minyaka yonke ekufundeni nasekubaleni amamaki amagremu angu-3. Lokhu kuhlola ukugunyaza izinqumo zezifundo zendawo, ngokuvamile ukulinganisela imfundo ezifundweni ezivivinyweni. Izifunda zasemasimu, ezingase zibe nezisebenzi ezilinganiselwe nemithombo, zizama ukusebenzisa izimiso zokulandisa ezidinga ukuqoqwa okukhulu kokwaziswa nokubika. I-20222 ye-Rwanda yathola ukuthi abaphathi abaningi basemaphandleni basemaphandleni banomuzwa wokuthi izinqumo zemfundo zomthetho zizwa ukuthi zihlangene nemithetho yombuso wezwe, ngokuvamile ukulinganisela kwazo okungavamile, njengothisha abambalwa kanye nokugosazwe.

Umfundi ULoans NeCommunity College Affordial

Izinhlelo zosizo lwabafundi ze-Federal .Pell Grants, Isolishi eliqondisiwe, kanye ne-Stuans-study ithinta ngokuqondile ikholiji lomphakathi kanye nokubhalisa eyunivesithi endaweni yakhona. UPell Grants, okungadingeki ukuba kukhokhelwe, ungumthombo oyinhloko wosizo lukahulumeni kubafundi abaphansi abathola imali. Nokho, iPel Grant enkulu kakhulu ayizange igcine ijubane lokukhuphuka. Ngo-2023, i-Pel Grant ihlanganisa cishe 25% yezindleko zokuya eqenjini lomphakathi leminyaka emine. Amakholeji omphakathi, asebenza ngokuzakhela phansi nangakhokhi abangenayo, ikakhulukazi kumgangatho wemali ekhokhelo. Imali ehholo leholo lemali ekhuphuzwayo (AVE) ekhuliswa kakhulu yimali engcono kakhulu futhi andisa i-Progn, kodwa asebenzela izinhlelo ze-odrouni emboni yomphakathi womphakathi womphakathi womphakathi kahulumeni, incike kakhulu kakhulu ngezimali (ev.)

Ubulungisa Bendawo Ezungezile Nempilo Yasendaweni

Izimiso zendawo ezungezile zivikela imvelo nempilo yomphakathi, kodwa ukugcinwa kwemithetho nezinzuzo akwabelwa ngokulinganayo emiphakathini.

Imithetho Yomoya Ohlanzekile Namanzi

I-Ceac Air Act ne-Clean Water Act yamisa izindinganiso zesizwe eziphoqelelwe yizinhlangano ze-EPA ne-ose sifunda. Izikhungo ezidakisayo ezingcolisa umoya njengesulfur dioxide nama-nitrogen oxide ziye zathuthukisa kakhulu impilo yomphakathi ezindaweni eziningi. Nokho, imiphakathi eseduze kwezindawo zezimboni, amatheku, nemigwaqo emikhulu iyaqhubeka ibhekana nezingozi eziphezulu zesifo sesifuba nomdlavuza. I-Flint, iMichigan, izimpawu zamanzi zabonisa imiphumela yokugcinwa kwe-Gawula amanzi eGawulayo. Ngo-2014, idolobha lashintsha umthombo walo liya eFlint River ngaphandle kokulawula okufanelekile, liholela ekungcolisweni. Ukusabela kwempoqokothozo ze-amfamu nezokungathwalinywa kwamanzi kwabangela inhlekelele enhlekeleleni ezinganeni. Kusukela lapho, i-EPA ibuye iholiphule izimfuneko zokubusa, kodwa imiphakathi eminingi isaphila incikoso ekwa encipheni.[F.[0]

Umthetho wokuncishiswa kwenani lemali ovumela isimo sezulu

I-Inflation Reduction Act ka-2022 ehlawuliswe ngaphezu kwamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-370 ngenxa yezinhlelo zesimo sezulu namandla ahlanzekile. Ihlanganisa ukukhokhwa kwentela ngenxa yamandla avuselelwe, ukuhlelwa kwamandla, nezimoto zikagesi. Yadala futhi i-Ndeviation Province Provinceting Community inikeza uhlelo lwezemisebenzi eqedisw yomphakathi ukuze kuncishiswe ukungcoliswa kokungcola, ukuthuthukisa impilo, nokuthuthukisa isimo sezulu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukukhokha izimali zokukhokha i-mali ePittsburgh ukuze kufakwe amathuluzi emoyeni ephezulu eduze kwensimbi, noma umphakathi wesizwe e-Alaska ungaba necebo lokukhubazeka koguga kolwandle. Nokho, inqubo yokuvuma idinga ubuchwepheshe nobuchule bokuthuthukisa izinhlangano eziningi zendawo yendawo ezindaweni zomphakathi eziphakathi ezisenezelela kulemalini. Inhlangano yempumelelo ye-G. I-A i-moducaldiationsssssss

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezwe Nokulondolozwa Kwalo

Izinhlangano ze-Federal ze-Bureau of Land Management, i-National Park Service, i-National Park, ne-Fish and Wildlife Service .Izinqumo zabo mayelana nokugawulwa kwemithi, ukuklanywa, ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla, nokuzilibazisa zithinta ngokuqondile izomnotho zendawo, ikakhulukazi emazweni aseNtshonalanga. Ngokwesibonelo, ukunqandwa kwemithetho yezwe eyingozi kubangela ingozi yemililo emiphakathini eseduze namahlathi. UMthetho we-Bipartisan Infraclareast wahlanganisa izigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-5 zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zemali ezingozi zokwehla, kuhlanganise nokuncitshiswa kwamafutha nokushiswa kwezindawo ezimisiwe. Enye inhloso yombuso, i-Melika e-Berea, izinhloso yokulondoloza amazwe angamashumi amathathu namanzi ngo-20% e-20.

Izindlu, Izinto Zokuhamba Nentuthuko Yasemadolobheni

Izindlu ezizimele nezimiso zokuhamba zibunjwa indawo abantu abahlala kuyo, indlela abahamba ngayo, nomakhelwane.

Izindlu Ezinama - compacter Nezindawo Zokuhlala Ezibiza Kakhulu

I-Homme Fiver Voucher Program (Izikhundla 8) isiza imikhaya ekhokha imali ephansi yokukhokha izikhwama zokuqasha indlu emakethe. Ngo-2024, amakhaya angaba yizigidi ezingu-2,3 athola izikhombi. Nokho, uhlelo alunalungelo; inye kuphela emikhayeni emine efanelekayo ethola usizo ngenxa yemali elinganiselwe. Iziphathimandla zendawo ziqondisa uhlelo, kodwa zibhekene nemisebenzi yokukhokha nemisebenzi yokukhokha. Ezimbonini zezindlu eziningi eziqinile, abanikazi benqaba ukwamukela izimboni zezindlu ngenxa yemali evunyelwa yimithetho yokukhokha ngenxa yemithetho ephakeme yemithetho ephakeme. Uhulumeni wezwe uphinde unikeze izakhiwo zokuhlala ezingabizi imali ezingenisa imali ephansi ngentela ehlawulwayo ngentela ye-Inhovertial Bank (IHC), ezikhokhela iziteshi zezindawo ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu kusukela ekusungulweni kwayo. Kodwa iminikelo yemali emisha ekhuphulwayo ezindaweni ezisemuva kakhulu ezindaweni zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo ezingcono.

Izinhlangano Ezisekela Izokuhamba Nezokuqondisa

Izimali zokuthutha zihamba zidlulela ezindaweni ezithile nge-Federal Highway Administration ne-Federal Transit Administration. I-Bipartisan Infrastructive Law yandisa kakhulu ukuxhasa kwezindlela, amabhuloho, nokuthutha komphakathi. Imiphakathi yendawo ilinganiselwe ekutheni iminyango yezokuthutha inikeza kanjani izimali. Amadolobha amancane namaphandle asemaphandleni abona ingxenye enkulu yezimali zokuxhasa imoto ezindaweni zokuthuthukisa imoto kunokuya ekwandiseni intuthuko yemoto noma intuthuko yabahamba ngezinyawo. Uhlelo lwe-New Stars lunikeza izibonelo zemisebenzi emikhulu yezokuthutha, kodwa inqubo yezokusebenza inikeza izakhiwo ezinkulu futhi ithanda ukuncintisana, njengoba umphumela umnini wezindawo ezihlala emadolobhekini ngokuvamile ubhekene nezimoto eziningi kakhulu. I-RAIS (Unicest Reractiveastruasts) inikeza izinhlelo zezindawo ezinkulu zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo eziphansi zezindawo eziphambili, i

Isiphetho: Ukulawula iFederal-esendaweni ebanzi

Izimiso ze-Federal aziyona imibhalo engekho ngokomthetho; zingamathuluzi anamandla abumba ibalazwe lendawo. Imithetho yentela ithonya lapho kwakhiwe khona izimboni, izimiso zokunakekela impilo zinquma ukuthi umthola-mpilo uhlala uvulekile yini, izimali zemfundo zithinta amakilasi, nemithetho yendawo ezungezile inquma ukuthi izingane zingawuphefumula umoya ohlanzekile yini. Ithonya alivamile ukufana. Inqubo efanayo ingazuzisa umphakathi othile kuyilapho ilimaza omunye, kuye ngezimiso zendawo zezentengiselwano, ngokwezomnotho, nangesikhundla sokuphatha.

Abaholi bomphakathi abaqonda isimiso somphakathi kahulumeni bangayisekela ngokuphumelelayo imithombo yemali kanye namasu endawo avumelana nezinjongo eziza kuqala zesizwe. Lokhu kudinga ukuhlala benolwazi ngokunikeza amathuba, ukuhlanganyela ezikhathini zokuphendula umphakathi ngezinguquko zokuqondisa, nokwakha imifelandawo ehlangene neminye ehlanganyela izinselele ezifanayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abenzi bemithetho kahulumeni Kumelwe baqaphele ukuthi izinhlelo ezilinganayo ngokuvamile ziyahluleka. Izinhlelo ezihlanganisa ukunikeza amakhaya, amadolobha, namasiko, ezinciphisa imithwalo yokuphatha, futhi ezinikeza usizo lwezobuchwepheshe ziyoba nethonya elihle elikhulu kakhulu emhlabeni.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinqumo zikahulumeni namaqiniso endawo bunamandla futhi buyaqhubeka. Ngokuhlola kokubili impumelelo nokushiyeka kwezimiso zamuva, imiphakathi ingaphoqelela ukuba kube nesimiso sikahulumeni esisabelayo nesinokulinganayo, esifeza izidingo ezihlukahlukene zabantu baseMelika.