Ukusinda Kwamagama: Indlela Umongameli Owenziwe Ngayo Imithetho Engokomthetho

Isifungo sobumongameli singaphezu kakhulu kokwenza umkhosi wenkonzo. Yisenzo somthetho-sisekelo esidlulisela amandla ngesikhathi esisodwa, sithatha umholi wemithetho yesisekelo sesizwe, futhi sinike lowo mholi emphakathini njengomphathi ongokomthetho wezwe. Emazweni amaningi, lesi sikhathi esisodwa esisakazwayo sisaphila, sithathwe kuwo wonke amajika, futhi sihlolwa abaphikisi bezombangazwe kanye nabasekeli ngokufanayo, sichaza umbono wokuqala wezwe ngesimiso esisha. Uma umongameli ephakamisa isandla, ebeka iBhayibheli (noma omunye umbhalo obalulekile), futhi asho amazwi agunyazwe ngumthetho womphakathi, unikezwa uphawu olunamandla: lomuntu manje unegunya lokubusa. Kodwa ingabe isifungo ngokwaso sichaza ukuthi umholi ubanzi?

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nesomfuziselo

E-United States, isifungo sobumongameli sichazwe eSiphakamisweni II, isiqephu 1 soMthetho-sisekelo: ngifunga kakhulu ukuthi ngiyolisebenzisa ngokwethembeka iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States, futhi ngizimisele ukusekela iHhovisi lekhono lami, ngilondoloze, ngivikele futhi ngivikele uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States.” Ulimi olulula luphikisana nobukhulu balo. Isifungo siyisenzo sokufeza inkulumo yezehlakaniphisela (a, lapho sishiwo ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele (kulendaba, phambi koMahlulele eSinkantolo Esiphakeme, emcimbikweni wasobala), empeleni ushintsha isimo sesikhulu sesikhulu sesikhulu sesikhulumi nesomthetho. Kusukela ngalesosikhathi, umongameli uthatha imithwalo yenkonzo yegatsha nehhovisi legatsha.

Kodwa amandla esifungo adlulela ngalé kokuguqulwa okungokomthetho. Izakhamuzi ezibona isifungo zikhunjuzwa ukuthi umongameli akangaphezu komthetho, kodwa uboshelwe wona. Lokhu kuqinisa isimiso somthetho-sisekelo: ukuthi igunya likahulumeni lilinganiselwe futhi lisuka esimisweni esiphezulu somthetho. Uma umholi ebonakala ethatha isifungo ngobuqotho phakathi komholi nabantu. Uma ebona umongameli ngokuqondile, ebheka iJaji eliPhakeme, ekhuluma ngokucacile, futhi ebonisa ukuthi uthotho lukahulumeni, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthemba ukuthi umholi uyoyihlonipha leyo mingcele. Ngokuphikisana nokweqikeleleka, ukugxabha, noma isifungo esingemthetho. Uma umholi ebonakala eqala ukuthatha isifungo somthetho, ngisho noma ekufanelekela ngokuphelele, uma ewufanelekele ngokomthetho.

Indima Yesiko Ekwakheni Umthetho

Ososayensi bezombangazwe nezendabuko zezenhlalo sebephawule isikhathi eside ukuthi amasiko abalulekile ekusungulweni kobukhoma bezombangazwe. Umcimbi olula njengalokhu ukuxhawula ungaqinisa isivumelwano; isiko eliyinkimbinkimbi njengesigqebhezana lingaguqula isikhulu sibe yinkosi. Ukwenziswa komongameli, nesifungo enhliziyweni yakhe, kungenye yemicikilisho engabonakali kakhulu embusweni wezwe wanamuhla. Kunikeza isikhashana sokuqhubekela phambili kwezwe (h_asmond jounces) kanye nonyakazo ngokuthula kwegunyaza umholi, futhi ukwamukela umthwalo wesikhundla. Umphakathi, ikakhulukazi labo ababukela lomkhosi, umenywa ukuba uhlanganyele ngokuhloniphekile. Ngisho, uma kungenzi lutho, kusiza ukwakha umuzwa wokubuswa kwesimiso sezombangazwe. Lapho isifungo sithathwa ezinyathelweni zezwe. UCapitol, kanye nemfutho wezwe lonke i-Smomeon, i-Galmonevernevernel, uhulumeni ngokwawo, uhulumeni wombuso wombuso wezezwe womphakathi womphakathi, umnini wombuso wezwe wonke.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Nethonya Lazo Elihlala Njalo

Indlela isifungo esenziwe ngayo, futhi izimo ezisizungezile ziye zahlukahluka kakhulu kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, futhi ukuhlukahluka ngakunye kuye kwaguqula ukuqonda komphakathi ngezindlela ezihlukile. Ukuhlola izikhathi eziningana eziyinhloko kukhanyisa ubuhlobo phakathi kwesiko lesifungo nokufaneleka okucatshangelwayo.

George Washington: Isifungo Sokuqala Siyi - Present

NgoApril 30, 1789, uGeorge Washington wenza isifungo sokuqala somongameli evulandani we-Federal Hall eNew York City. Wanezela amazwi athi “ngakho - ke ngisize uNkulunkulu” ngemva kombhalo womthetho-sisekelo, umkhuba wokuthi iningi labamlandeli bakhe babeyolandela. Isimilo sikaWashington sasiyithuna futhi izwi lakhe, ngokwezindaba zanamuhla, laliqinile. Isixuku sasabela ngokuhalalisa nangomlilo. Lo mkhosi wamisa ibhande eliphakeme lobungcwele nesithunzi. Idumela lomuntu siqu leWashington lokuthembeka laliyokhulisa ukufaneleka kwehhovisi ngokwalo. Umphakathi, usengaqiniseki ukuthi ireverbe ibhukwili lomthetho omusha womthetho wezwe liyosinda yini, sabona esivumelweni sikaWashington esasiboshwe futhi siboshwe umuntu siqu. Isiko lasebenza ngenxa yokuthi umholi umholi uqobo waso kakade; kodwa futhi umkhuba wokukhonziswa futhi walezwe izwe elibonakala ngokungezwa.

U - Abraham Lincoln: Isitsha Esisenkingeni

Lapho uAbraham Lincoln eba ngumongameli ngo-March 1861, izifunda zaseningizimu eziyisikhombisa zase zisusiwe kakade. Ikheli lakhe lokuqala lokuvula, elanikezwa ngaphambi kokufungela i-Portico ye-Capitol eMpumalanga. Lazihlanganisa isifungo ku- “izingelosi ezingcono zemvelo yethu.” Kodwa isifungo sathathwa emoyeni oshubile. ULincoln wabeka isandla sakhe eBhayibhelini (lelo elisetshenziswa yiWashington) futhi wafunga ukuvikela, nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo. Ngokuqondene nalabo abahlala bethembekile eMbusweni wezwe, iSifungo sikaLincoln sasizophinde siqinise isisekelo somthetho wokulwa nokuhlubuka. Ngoba ama-Secerion, kwakuyisimendo sempi. ISifungo asizange siphulukise, kodwa sachaza isibopho sikahulumeni sokuhola uhulumeni. Ngokuvame i-Lincoln sibhekisela ekufuy'indeni kwakhe ngenxa yempi, i-Punic.

I - “roosevelt ”: I - oath Esikhathini Sokucindezeleka Nempi

Franklin D. Roosevelt wafunga okokuqala ngoMatshi 4, 1933, lapho kuphakama ukuwohloka okukhulu kwezomnotho. Isizwe sasibambene nebhange, singasebenzi, futhi siphelelwe ithemba. Ikheli lokuqala likaRoosevelt, kanye nohlu lwaso oludumile “okuwukuphela kwento okumelwe sesabe ukuthi yiso kanye”. [Into elandelwa isifungo, esasenza ngokuqiniseka. Inhlanganisela yekheli nesifungo yabangela isikhathi esinamandla sokuqinisekisa. I-Rosecreatelt, eyayilangazelela ukuhola, yabona isithembiso esiqinile sesenzo. Izinhlelo zakhe ezilandelayo ze-New Deal zamue zamukelwa kabanzi ngokomthetho, ngenxa yokuthi isifungo sakhe sasikhona, sasizokwenza phakathi nemingcele engokomthetho. Kamuva, phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, iRose-Roselt, imingcele yesithathu, kodwa imingcele yesithathu, yaqhubeka ibekelwe ngisho nesomiso esisenzisiwe esiqinile.

UJohn F. Kennedy: Isizukulwane Esisha Nesihlwathi Esinokwethenjelwa

UJohn F. Kennedy wanikezelwa ngekhephu ngo-January 20, 1961, kukhunjulwa ngamandla akhe obusha nekheli lakhe elibonisa umfanekiso: “Ungabuzi ukuthi izwe lakini lingakwenzelani. funa ukuthi yini ongayenza ezweni lakini.” Isifungo sokuzifungela sodwa sasibanda [1] UCapitol sambozwa eqhweni − kodwa ukuzalwa kukaKennedy kwakukuhle futhi kusobala. Washiya isamba sakhe esiqinile, ngokusobala ukuba abonakale eqinile. Ukugqamile kwezwe. Umthetho wavuma kakhulu, futhi uKennedy wavuma kakhulu, ngisho naphakathi kwalabo ababevotela yena. Isifungo nomkhosi ozungezile wasiza ekuthuthukiseni ubunye bombuso phakathi neminyaka yokuqala yeMpi yomshoshaphansi. UKennedy wayezomisa umfanekiso wokubulala kwaleyo ndawo ephakeme kodwa waseMelika ngokwayo, kodwa wagunyaza kakhulu.

UGeorge W. Bush: Impikiswano Ne - Oath

George W. Bush wamiswa okokuqala ngo- 2001 ngemva kokhetho oluphikiswa kakhulu emlandweni wanamuhla waseMelika − ukulandisa impi eyanqunywa ngokuphumelelayo iNkantolo Ephakeme. Ukuqamba ubukhosi kukaBush kwaphenywa amaDemocrates amaningi. Ukwenziwa kwahloselwe ukuveza ukuhlelwa kwendlela ejwayelekile ne-bipartishan. U-Bush wafunga i-Bhish ngeBhayibheli elifanayo elisetshenziswa nguGeorge Washington, futhi inkulumo yakhe yagcizelela ubunye. Nokho, umbono womphakathi wahlala uhlukene. Nakuba isifungo nomkhosi kwasiza ekuqiniseni isimiso sezombangazwe, kuvumela ushintsho olubalulekile ukuba luqhubeke, ingxenye yomphakathi iqhubeke ibheka i-Bush njengesemthethweni kune-projective ethandwayo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi nakuba isifungo singayiqinisa ngokuphelele imiphumela yokuncintisana. Isisekelo esinikezwayo, kodwa kudinga ukwethenjwa kakhulu.

UDonald Trump: IOath Nezombangazwe Eziyiqiniso

Umthetho wokumisa kukaDonald Trump ngo-2017 waphawulwa ngesilinganiso esiphansi sokuvunyelwa okubhaliwe kanye nokubhikisha okukhulu. UTrump wayewine iElectoral College kodwa walahlekelwa yivoti ethandwayo, futhi umkhankaso wakhe wawuhlukunyezwe izimpikiswano. Isifungo sakhe sasihambisana ne-schemess (ukufushanisela) namaBhayibheli amabili, esinye kusukela ebuntwaneni bakhe futhi esinye sanikezwa u-Abraham Lincoln", kodwa isifungo sakhe esilandelayo ngobukhulu besixuku kanye “amaqiniso” kwabangela umbono wokungathembeki. Izingqapheli eziningi zazinomuzwa wokuthi lesi sifungo asihambisaniswe nesibopho esiqotho sokukhuluma iqiniso. Ukuqonda okuqotho kukaTrump kwahlala kuqinile phakathi nenkathi yakhe. Ngoba abasekeli, isifungo sasiwumzuzwana sokunqoba; ngoba abaphikisi, sasiyisibopho esihambisana nentshiseko. Isimiso sawo sasingakhonziswa kanye nesimiso sawo wonke, kodwa sasingenakusetshenziswa kanye naleso esibanzi.

Izici Ezithonya Umbono Womphakathi Wokuthungatha I - oath

Izibonelo ezingokomlando zibonisa ukuthi izici eziningana zinquma indlela umkhosi wezifungo othonya ngayo umbono womphakathi.

Ukuhlela Nokucasha

Izindaba ezingokoqobo. E-United States, iNtshona-Front yeCapitol ibiyindawo engokwesiko kusukela ngo 1981, ibhekene ngamabomu ne-Washington Monument ne-National Mall. Lokhu kugcizelela ukuhlobana phakathi kobumongameli nabantu. Kwamanye amazwe, indawo ihlukahlukane ngezantsi kwendlu yomongameli, iphalamende, noma isikwele esingokomlando. Umkhosi ohlelwe kahle udlulisela ikhono nenhlonipho ngesiko. Isenzakalo esingahlelekile noma esingahlangani kahle singabonisa ukungafezeki noma ukuntula kosizo olubanzi.

I - demeori Nenkulumo

Umholi obonakala enetwetwe, enganaki, noma ejaha ululaza umkhosi ohloniphekile. Izwi elicacile, eliqinile, ukuthintana emehlweni noMahluleli Omkhulu, nesikhashana sokucabanga ngemva kwesifungo konke kunezela embonweni wokungathi sína. Ikheli lokuvula kabusha elilandela lesifungo livame ukunikeza inkulumo yokuqala yesimiso esiphansi, futhi ukukwamukela kwalo kungakhanyisa indlela isifungo ngokwaso esikhunjulwa ngayo. Ikheli likaKennedy lihambisana nesifungo sakhe; “inkulumo echithwayo ye-Trump” yaphawulwa ngenxa yephimbo layo elimnyama nokuhlukana okungakhaliphileki.

Imithombo Yezindaba Nokudweba

Imithombo yezindaba inendima ebalulekile ekulolongeni indlela umphakathi ochaza ngayo isifungo. Ithelevishini eseduze yezimpawu zobuso, ukukhulumela okuvela kumapunti, nokuhlaziywa kwemiqondo yesixuku ithonya lonke. Izembu jikelele manje ivumela ukusabela kwangempela kwesikhathi, futhi imizuzwana yamagciwane − njengoMahluleli Roberts uphohlo lwesifungo phakathi nokwenziwa kuka-Obama kuqala. [1] Isenzakalo sagcizelela kakhulu ukucatshangelwa kokulandisa. Ngo-200, lapho uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Roberts ephuthelwa ukulandelana kwamagama, bobabili no-Obama baphinda isifungo ngosuku olulandelayo emkhosini wangasese. Lokhu nephutha lokungafihliwenziwa ngecala laziswa kakhulu, futhi ekugcineni isenzakalo sagcizelela ukunaka komthetho kunokuba silulaza.

Umlando Nesimo Sezombangazwe

Ezikhathini zenhlekelele, isifungo singaba namandla kakhulu. i-Roosevelt ka 1933 yanikeza isiqinisekiso; isifungo sikaLincoln sango - 1861 saqinisekisa igunya likahulumeni. Ngezikhathi zokuthula nokuchuma, isifungo singathathwa kalula, kodwa sisaqinisa isimo esikhona. Uma isimo sezombangazwe sihlukana, isifungo singase singapholisi ukuhlukana, kodwa okungenani singaphawula ukuqala okungokomthetho kwesimiso esisha, sivumele umphakathi ukuba uphume ekubuseni uhulumeni.

Imiqondo Eqhathaniswayo: Ama - oat Kwezinye Iziphathi - mandla

Izifungo zikaMongameli aziqalwa e-United States kuphela. Amazwe amaningi anemicikilisho efanayo efeza umsebenzi ofanayo: ukudluliswa kwegunya lokulawula. EFrance, uMongameli weRepublic ufunga phambi kweSishaya-ngqungquthela sesizwe neSigele, ufunga ukuthi “uzakuhlola futhi ubophe uMthetho-sisekelo.” Lomkhosi uqhutshelwa eSigodlweni se-Élysée noma eGrand Amfitheatre yeSorbonne. Amawashi avamile aphila, futhi isifungo silandelwa iculo le-National Commusting. Ngokuvamile aseFrance asebenzisa isifungo sokuphawula izinto zawo eziza kuqala . U-François Mirans ugcizelela ukuhlangana kwezenhlalo; uMacton wagcizelela ukuhlanganiswa kweYurophu. I-France ngokuvamile yamukela isifungo njengomzuzu wokuqhubekela kwentando yentando yentando yentando yentando yeningi, nakuba umongameli benziwane kakhulu (i-Chicrac) bangamukela ukusabela okukalela i-kadedensi (iphi ye-ccc).

ENdiya, uMongameli unikezwa iSifungo soMahluleli Omkhulu waseNdiya, futhi lomkhosi uyenzeka eRashtrapati Bhavan. Isifungo somongameli waseNdiya sihlanganisa amazwi okuthi “uvikele, uvikele futhi uvikele uMthetho-sisekelo nomthetho.” UMongameli waseNdiya uyisifungo esingokwesiko kakhulu, kodwa isifungo sisenendaba yomphakathi ngokuzimisela kukahulumeni ubukhomanisi bezwe nenkolo. Lapho uPratibha Patil ethatha isifungo ngo- 2007, wenza iphuzu lokusiphinda ngesiHindi, isenzo esihambisana nombono wesizwe.

ERussia, isifungo sikaMongameli ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo ka-1993 siyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kuhlanganise nesithembiso sokubeka “inhlonipho nokuvikela amalungelo nenkululeko yomuntu nesakhamuzi.” Ukunikezelwa kwesibili kukaBoris Yeltsin ngo-1996 kwakuyindaba enkulu, eyayihloselwe ukumisa ukuqina ngemva kwegama lokuqala eliguquguqukayo. Ukunikezelwa kukaVladimir Putin kuye kwamiswa ngokuqinile, kugcizelela ukuhleleka namandla esizwe. Umphakathi waseRussia uye wangatshazwa kaningi ukuba uvume ukumiswa kwemithetho esemthethweni esemthethweni emhlabeni wonke, kodwa izilaleli zasekhaya ngokuvamile zamukela isifungo njengesibopho samandla eqenjini. Imisebenzi yenkonzo yenkonzo ye-consitamss: umongameli ubonakala ehlonipheke ngaphezu kwezombangazwe, ukuhlonipha umthetho - ngokomthetho, ngisho nalapho umthetho womthetho wesizwe uwenziwa.

Isikhwama Njengethuluzi Lokusekela Intando Yeningi

Ngaphandle kombono womuntu ngamunye, isifungo sobumongameli sinezela ekuzinzeni kwezinhlangano zentando yeningi. Ngokufuna ukuba umongameli omusha ngamunye aqinisekise obala imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo, isifungo siqinisa isimiso sokuthi akukho mholi ongaphezu komthetho. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu emazweni anomlando wobushiqela noma lapho izimiso zentando yeningi zintekenteke. Emazweni anjenge-South Africa, Brazil, ne-South Korea, isifungo somongameli siye saba iphuzu eliyinhloko lokugcizelela umthetho ngemva kwezikhathi zobushiqela. Imikhosi inikeza ukwephulwa okubonakalayo kwesithembiso secala.

Nokho, ukuba khona nje kwesifungo akuqinisekisi ngokomthetho. Uma umphakathi ukholelwa ukuthi inqubo yokukhetha ingeyokwenziwa, noma ukuthi umongameli akathembekile, lomkhosi ungazizwa ungenanjongo. Ukuhlasela kwe-Capitol yase-U.S., okwenzeka emasontweni ambalwa ngaphambi kokumiswa kukaMongameli Biden, kwabonisa ukuthi ukuthembela kokhetho nokudluliselwa ngokuthula kwamandla akunakwenziwa. Ukwethulwa kobubhideni ngokwako kwakugcinwa ngaphansi kokulondeka okukhulu, ngokukhunjulwa okukhulu kwesixuku esincane kakhulu ngenxa yomqedazwe we-COVID-19. Naphezu kwalezi zimo ezingavamile, isifungo sikaMongameli Biden saboniswa ngomoya ophansi, futhi ikheli elibizwayo lobunye. Ukukhomba kokuthula kwaseMelika ekwamukelwa yi-Biden, kodwa ukuhlukana okuhlala kugcwele isikhumbuzo sokuzibodwa kwezombangazwe.

Isiphetho: Uphawu Olukhuthazelayo Enkathini Yokungathembani

Isifungo sikamongameli sisalokhu siwuphawu olunamandla noluqinile lobuqotho. Imfuneko yomthetho-sisekelo, isenzo sokukhuluma, nesiko lomphakathi elimema izakhamuzi ukuba zibone ukudluliswa kwegunya. Indlela isifungo esithathwa ngayo. ($) isimo, isimo somholi, imithombo yezindaba ehlanganisa u-‘konke konke kufaka umqondo obala. Izibonelo ezingokomlando zibonisa ukuthi ukufunga okuqotho kungakhulisa ukwethembana, kuyilapho umkhosi onezinkathazo noma ophikisanayo ungaphakamisa ukungabaza. Kodwa isifungo asiyona i-wand; sisebenza phakathi komo wobuqotho bobumboni, isiko lwezombangazwe, nezokuxhumana.

Kulenkathi eyandayo yokuthatha isikhundla sobuphostoli, ukuhlukana, kanye nokungaqondi kahle, isifungo sobumongameli singabaluleka kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Sinikeza isikhashana sokunaka okuhlangene, isikhumbuzo sokungavumelani komthetho-sisekelo, kanye nokuboniswa okubonakalayo kokuthi ukudluliswa kwamandla kuye kwenzeka ngokuthula. Ngisho noma izakhamuzi zingavumelani nezimiso ezintsha zomholi, isifungo singasekela izinga eliyisisekelo lokwamukelwa (ukuvuma ngomthetho nangomthetho (ukuvuma) ukuthi umholi unelungelo lokubusa. Ukuqonda ithonya lalesi senzo esilula kodwa esinzulu kusisiza ukuba siqonde inqubo engabonakali esekela ukuqina kwentando yeningi.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe, bheka umbhalo woMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. eNational Archives, ukuhlaziywa kwamasiko okumiswa kweKhomishane Yobumbano Ehlangene eKomitini Yenhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene ephathelene nama - Inaugial Ceremonies, nesihloko sezazi ngemikhuba yezombangazwe nokufaneleka kwe - Annual Review of Political Science.