Izimiso ze-Electoral ziphakathi kwamalungiselelo alandela kakhulu embusweni wenhlangano kunoma yimuphi umbuso wentando yeningi. Azenza nje kuphela ukuthi obani babusa kodwa futhi nendlela izakhamuzi ezibheka ngayo ubuhlobo bazo nombuso kanye nobunye. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene, izimiso zezikhulu ze-odolar zinethonya elikhulu kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukuma komphakathi — umuzwa wokuba yingxenye, ukwethembeka, kanye nokuzibophezela okubopha abantu emphakathini wezombangazwe. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinqubo izimiso ze-atritarianism ezisekela ngazo noma zisithiyanisa iziphi izimpawu zomphakathi, ukudweba ezihlolwa ngezihloko ezithiwayo, ukuhlola ngezindaba ezithiwayo, nokucwaninga okuhambisana nomthetho.

Ukuchaza Izimiso Zomkhuhlane

Izinqubo zokhetho eziyinhloko zisekelwe esimisweni sokuthi umvoti noma iqembu elithola amavoti amaningi liwina isihlalo noma ukhetho. Umehluko ovame kakhulu ungowokuqala-muva we-past (FPTP), osetshenziswa emazweni anjengeUnited Kingdom, i-United States, iCanada, ne-Indiya kukhetho oluphansi. KuFPTP, umvoti ngamunye ukhetha oyedwa esifundeni esisodwa, futhi othatha isigaba esinenani elikhulu lamavoti umenyezelwa njengomnqobi. Ezinye izinguquko ezinkulu zihlanganisa isimiso esibanzi somgebeduli (ukuvota) nevota okungakhothayo (ukuvota-kwe).

Lezizimiso ziphambene nokumelelwa kwezimiso ezilinganayo (PR), ezibeka izihlalo emadilini ngokulingana nengxenye yawo yokuvota. Izimiso zobuMaritarian zithambekele ekukhiqizeni ohulumeni abayingxenye eyodwa kanye nezindawo ezicacile zephalamende, kodwa ngokuvamile zenza kanjalo ngezindleko zokumelela amaqembu amancane angaphansi kwezindawo namaqembu ezwe noma amaqembu enani labantu angagxilwanga kakhulu ezifundeni ezithile.

Umlando Nokutholwa Kwabantwana

Ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso zezikhulu zokukhetha kuhlangene ngokomlando nokwanda kwe-frital drives ngekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwelama-20. EBrithani, iNguqulo yeMiboniso yanwetshwa kancane kancane njengendlela elula nejwayelekile. I-United States yamukela i-FPTP yendlu yayo yabameleli njengengxenye yokuhlehla komthetho-mthetho kulelozwe elilinganiselwe nezithakazelo zikahulumeni. Amakoloni amaningi aseBrithani athathe isimiso ngokuzimela inkululeko. Namuhla, izimiso ezinkulu zisasetshenziswa cishe ngamaphesenti angu-30 okhetho oluphansi emhlabeni wonke, ngokwe-ACEe Acector Knowlette.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Sasendle: I - covic Ixmodement Nezinhlangano Eziyi - Electoral

I-Covic i-icobic ingumqondo ohlanganisa ulwazi, ithonya, nokuziphatha. Ihlanganisa ukwazi ngezinhlangano zezombangazwe, ukunamathela kwezwe, ukuthembela kuhulumeni, nokuzimisela ukuhlanganyela ezinqubweni zentando yeningi. Izinhlangano zobuphekula zithonya ukubonakala kwezindawo zomphakathi okungenani ngezindlela ezintathu: ukumelela, ukulandisa, nokuziphendulela kwezombangazwe.

Ukumelela Nokucabanga Ukuba Umniniyo

Lapho izakhamuzi zinomuzwa wokuthi amavoti azo amelela — ukuthi uhulumeni uhlanganisa abantu abanjengazo — zithambekele kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni isisekelo esiqinile somphakathi. Izimiso zabaphathi zingaqinisa lesi sibopho ezifundeni ezinqobayo, lapho ummeleli okhethiwe ehlanganyela khona izintando zokhetho lwendawo. Nokho, ezifundeni lapho iqembu noma isigqebhezana silahlekelwa njalo khona, abavoti bangase babe nomuzwa wokuthi izwi labo lezombangazwe liyachithwa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukukhishwa ngokuphindaphindiwe kungaqeda ukwethemba futhi kunciphise ukukhethwa komphakathi wezombangazwe.

Ukulandisa Nokuziphendulela Kukahulumeni

Izimiso zabaphathi zikha uhlu oluqondile lokulandisa phakathi kwabameleli nohlobo lwabo noma ummeleli. Lokhu kucacisa kungathuthukisa umuzwa wezakhamuzi wokuphumelela — inkolelo yokuthi izindaba zabo zokuvota nokuthi bangabheka izikhulu njengezinesibopho sokulandisa. Futhi banikeza umthwalo ocacile wemiphumela yezimiso, okungase kukhuthaze ukuziqhenya komphakathi lapho ukusebenza kwekhono kuqinile. Ngokuphambene, uma ohulumeni abaphethe bengazinaki izithakazelo ezimbalwa noma bephishekela izimiso ezihlukene, inqubo yokuziphendulela izikhulu zingaba yize ingabi nakwanelisa ukuvimbela ukuthandwa phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene.

Ukuhlalisana Kwezombangazwe Nokuchazwa Kwesizwe

Izimiso ze-Electoral zibumba impucuko ebanzi yezombangazwe ngezimpawu ezizithumelayo ngokulunga, ukuncintisana, kanye nokufakwa. Izimiso zaMajoritharian zivame ukuveza amandla anamandla amabili angaqinisa "amathasimende ewayini". Izakhamuzi ezisemiphakathini enjalo zingabheka ezombangazwe njengomdlalo wezeze-sum, nabangane abacacile nezitha. Lokhu kungaqinisa izimpawu phakathi kwamaqembu amancane kodwa ahlukene ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngokungafani, izinhlelo zePR zithambekele ekukhuthazeni ukuhlehla kwemibono nokuhlanganisa, zithuthukise izimpawu ezihlanganisa umphakathi.

Ithonya Lokuthi Ungubani: Omshini Oyinhloko

Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kusiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani umthetho ofanayo wokhetho ungaveza imiphumela ehluke kakhulu kuye ngokuqondene nezenhlalo nezombangazwe.

Ukugxila Kwendawo Yonke Nokuchazwa Kwayo

Ngoba i-FPTP incike ezifundeni ezizimele zodwa, ithambekele ekuthandeni izigaba ngokusekela okukhulu kwezwe. Lokhu kungandisa i-Mpatho yesifunda, njengaseCanada lapho iLiberal Party ibusa khona empumalanga, iConservative Party intshona, ne-Blocébécois imele iQuebec. Izifunda ezinjalo zingaqinisa ukuma kwesizwe kanye nobunye besizwe. EUnited Kingdom, ukuphakama kweScottian National Party nenkululeko yokugcina ibonisa indlela i-FPPP evumela ngayo ukujikeleza kwesifunda ukuba kube namandla angenakulinganiswa.

Ukukhungatheka Nokudangala

Esinye sezici ezibhalwe kakhulu zezimiso ezinkulu yisimo sabo sokuveza imiphumela eguquguqukayo — lapho amaphesenti ezihlalo azuzwa yiqembu ehluka ngokuphawulekayo esabelweni sawo sokuvota. Kukhetho lwe-UK jikelele ngo-2015, ngokwesibonelo, iUnited Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) yawina amaphesenti angu 12.6 evoti kodwa isihlalo esisodwa kuphela, kuyilapho i-Scottic National Party iwina amaphesenti a 4.7 evoti nezihlalo 56. Imiphumela enjalo ingakhuthaza imibono yokukhetha nokungalungisi nokungalawuleki phakathi kwabasekeli besithathu, ilulaza ukuhlangana kwabo nomphakathi. Ukucwaninga [[FLT: 0] okungoko kuboniswe ukuthi isigaba esisodwa seze izihlalo eziphephile — izifunda ezihlala lapho iqembu elithile lithola khona imvume nezombangazwe.

Izindlela Ezimbili Zokwenza Imishini Nezezombangazwe

Izimiso zezingxenye ezimbili zithambekele ekukhiqizeni ukuncintisana okunengxenye ezimbili, njengoba amalungu esithathu ecindezelwa ukuvota okungokomthetho. Nakuba umthetho kaDuverger ubikezela lomphumela womshini, imiphumela engokwengqondo neyomphakathi ibaluleke ngokufanayo. Isimiso esinezingxenye ezimbili singalola ukuhlukana kwemibono futhi sinciphise indawo yesentente noma ukunqanda izikhalo. E-United States, isimiso se-FPTPPPP siye sathiwa ekukhuleni kokuhlasela kwezwe — ukuthambekela kwabamelene nokubheka abaphikisi ngenzondo. Lokhu kunciphikiswana kwezindawo kungalulaza ukuhlukanisa kwezindawo zomphakathi, njengoba izakhamuzi zibona ukunxusa kwazo kunakho kakhulu esikhundleni sezwe lonke.

Ubuncane Nokumelela

Izimiso zamakhulu anezingxenye ezihlukene ezimelelweni zobuhlanga, ubuhlanga, nenkolo encane. Ngesinye isandla, amaqoqo amancane agxishiwe angathola ukumelelwa ngezifunda ezivamile (umzk., izifunda zase-American-South). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izifunda ze-Emericans e-US, isigaba esihlukeneyo — njengamaSulumane eNtshona Yurophu — ngokuvamile akuthola kunzima ukukhetha abameleli abamele. Ngisho noma idlanzalo encane imele, ingabekwa ngaphansi kukahulumeni ophethe isigaba esikhulu. [[FLT: 0] Inhlangano yezentelligate ye-Politiki yeDemocracyism ne-EURC (IDA) ifaka iskonti yokuthi amazwe asebenzisa i-PR izimpawu zabesifazane kanye nemithetho emikhulu kunaleyo esetshenziswa yimithetho emikhulu.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ngokujula

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi izimiso eziyinhloko zibuthuthukisa kanjani ubuzwe babantu, kuwusizo ukuhlola okuhlangenwe nakho kwamazwe amaningana.

E - United Kingdom: Isiko, Ukunganeliseki Nokukhula

I-UK iwuhlobo oluyinhloko lwesimiso sabaphathi bezwe, esisebenzise i-FPTP amakhulu eminyaka. Ngokomlando, isimiso sanezela ekuncintisaneni okuqinile phakathi kwama-Conservative nama-Labour, futhi sinomqondo onamandla wobuzwe obusekelwe ekwakheni kwemithetho ye-parlia ne-Westminster. Nokho, emashumini eminyaka amuva, isimiso sezwe siye sasebenzisa i-FPTPP. Unyulo olunzima lwango-205 lwabangela ukuncintisana okuqinile mayelana nomthetho osemthethweni, kanye ne-Retit Brevenlum — inkathi enkulu — edalwenakele i-P. Ukuphakama okujulileyo kweqhinga nokuhlukana kwezentengo nokwehlukana kweqembu lokuthembeka kusikisela ukuthi i-FPPP kungenzeka ukuthi i-software yomphakathi yakhanyaziwe.

Isici esiyinhloko sendaba ye-UK yindima yezihlalo eziphephile. Ngo-2019, cishe ingxenye yayo yonke i-constituence yabhekwa njengephephile, okusho ukuthi umphumela wawuyisiphetho esingekho. Kulezi zihlalo ngokuvamile izakhamuzi zibika ukwethemba uhulumeni okuphansi nomuzwa obuthakathaka wethonya lokhetho, njengoba kufakazelwa yi- i-Hansard Society’s Suppanding of Political Actiquement[[.

E - United States: Ukuhlaziywa Kwesayensi Yezindaba Nokuhlanganiswa Kwemininingwane Evamile

Isimiso se-US FPTP, sihlangene nokhetho oluthatha umongameli wonke kanye ne-Electoral College, siye saveza isimo esihlukene kakhulu sezombangazwe. Ukuzichaza kwe-CUVIC e-US ngokwesiko kwakhiwe kuzungeze izindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezihlanganyelwe kanye "nebhoti" elingcono. Nokho, ukuhlelwa kwezindawo zokuvota okukhulayo — iDemocrates emadolobheni, amaRepublics ezindaweni zasemaphandleni — kuye kwakhuliswa izifunda ezinezigaba ezithile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa kwakhiwe ngokuncishiswa kwenani elikhulu lesizwe. Umphumela uwukuthi amaMelika amaningi manje abheka amalungu eqembu eliphikisanayo njengesigxongo yesizwe, isiciso sezombangazwe esifundwa kakhulu ososayensi abanjengo-Cullilla Mason.

Gerrymandering — ukudwetshwa kwemingcele yesifunda ukuze ithande iqembu elilodwa — okunye kuveza lemiphumela. Ezizweni ezinjengeNyakatho Carolina ne-Ohio, amabalazwe agcwele kakhulu aye aveza izishayamthetho ezingazange zibonise ukuvota okuthandwayo, ukunikeza ukuqonda kokungagunyazi nokulahla imingcele. Brenan Center for Justice iphikisa ukuthi i-gerrymandering ilulaza ukukholwa kwentando yeningi futhi yenza ukuhlangana kwezakhamuzi zezwe phakathi kuka-Rhovice "pack" ezindaweni lapho amavoti azo enziwa ngokuhleleka.

ECanada: Isifunda Nenselele Yobunye Besizwe

Isimiso se-FPTP saseCanada sekuyisikhathi eside siqiniswa izifunda, sifaka isandla ezinkingeni zezikhathi ezithile zobunye besizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ukhetho lukahulumeni lwango-2019 no-2021, lwaveza ipalamende lapho iSivumelwano seLiberal esiwinayo sibusa khona iQuebec ne-Toronto enkulu kodwa sivalwe ezindaweni ezizimele. Lokhu kukhuthaza amaqembu esifunda agxila ezicini zomphakathi ezigxile ezicini zomphakathi kunokugxila ezindabeni zobuzwe. I-Bloc Québéiscois, iqembu eliphethe i-osadential, liye laba khona ngokuqhubekayo eSigodlweni samaZwe aseQuebec. Ngalesosikhathi, ukuphakama kweSikhungo seSizwe sase-Owele e-Albert naseSaskatchewan kuvelton kuye kwaveza umqondo wokuhlukanisa izifunda zentshonalanga. Lezimiso ezinkulu zesizwe ziveza ukuhlukana kwazo zonke izindawo zesizwe.

Okuhlangenwe nakho kwaseCanada kubonisa futhi ukuthi izimiso zabaphathi-zinkonzo azimi ndawonye emiphumeleni yazo. Inkulumo yenguquko ye-votor ye-2016--2017, nakuba ekugcineni yashiywe, yabonisa ukuqaphela okusakazekile ukuthi i-FPTP ingase ingabe isakhonza izinhlobonhlobo zezwe. Ukuhlola komphakathi ngalesosikhathi kwabonisa ukuthi iningi labantu baseCanada lasekela uhlobo oluthile lwe-PR, kusikisela ukuthi ukunganeliseki ngesimiso samanje sekuqale ukuqeda ukwethemba ezinhlanganweni zentando yeningi.

ENdiya: Ukuphathwa Kwezinhlobonhlobo NgeziNkantolo Zama - Geoditarian Lens

I-Indiya iyindawo enkulu kakhulu emhlabeni yentando yeningi futhi isebenzisa i-FPP ngeLok Sabha (ezansi) yayo. Isimiso siye sahlala nezenhlalo, ulimi, nenkolo ehlukene kakhulu. Emashumini eminyaka angaphambili ngemva kwenkululeko, i-FPPP inegalelo eMbuthweni weSivumelwaneni weMiyalo esekelwe ezindaweni ezihlukene, ukukhuthaza ukushisekela ubuzwe obusekelwe ezweni elivamile nefa lesizwe. Nokho, eminyakeni yamuva, ukuphakama kweBaratiya Janata Party (BJP) ngaphansi kweNarendradi Mo ibonise indlela izimiso ezinkulu ezingasetshenziswa ngayo ekuthuthukiseni inguquko kwesizwe sobuHindu. Ngokuzuza izihlalo eziningi ezinefa elingaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-40 evoti ethandwayo, i-BP iye yakwazi ukukhomba i-Braywa i-Bray kanye neminye imiphakathi encindisiwe.

Indaba yaseNdiya igcizelela ukuthi umphumela wezimiso zokukhetha ezithinta isiqu somphakathi awukho nje ukwenziwa ngenhloso — uxhomeke kakhulu kubadlali bezombangazwe abasebenza ngaphakathi kubo. Esimisweni sezikhulu zezokubusa, iqembu eliwina i-"Manifecced eningi" (izihlalo eziningi ngaphandle kokuvota okuningi) zingagunyaza ukuba kuboniswe intando yaso sonke isizwe, kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokufaneleka kwaleso sikhundla.

Izinzuzo Nezingozi Ezimbi

Amandla Okumelela Ukuthi Ukhona

  • [ Ilula kanye nokulula: Izibalo ziyayiqonda imithetho. Lokhu kungaqinisa umqondo wokuthi okhethweni balungile futhi imiphumela ibonisa ukukhetha kwendawo, uma nje isifunda sincintisana.
  • I-directrict ukulandisa [: isifunda ngasinye sinommeleli oyedwa. Izakhamuzi ziyamazi ozodumisa noma zisolwe, ezingaqinisa isibopho phakathi kwabakhethiweyo nabakhethiwe.
  • Ukuzinza kombuso [: Ingxenye eyodwa isiza ekwenzeni isimiso esiwujuqu. Emazweni anamasiko aqinile omphakathi, lokhu kuzinzisa kungakhulisa ukuthemba ezinhlanganweni nakukwazi ukuba nesizwe.
  • I-Geographic: Imiphakathi yendawo ithola ummeleli ongasekela izifiso zayo ezithile, aqinise ukuziqhenya kwendawo.

Ubuthakathaka Bokuchazwa Kwabo

  • Ukusekela kwamaqembu amancane: Abasekeli beqembu lesithathu namaqembu amancane ahlakazekile bavame ukubona amavoti abo echithwa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kubangela ukungathembi nokuhlukaniswa komphakathi wezombangazwe.
  • I-Geographic polantium: Isimiso sikhuthaza amaqembu ukuba agxile ezifundeni ezijiyile, angazinaki izihlalo eziphephile. Lokhu kungadala umqondo wokuthi umphakathi womuntu awunamsebenzi, unciphisa ukuhileleka kwezwe kwezombangazwe.
  • Ukuncishiswa kokuhlukaniswa kwezombangazwe[: Umncintiswano onezingxenye ezimbili uvame ukugcizelela izingxabano kunokuvumelana, ukunciphisa izimpawu zomphakathi ezihlanganyelwe ezibangelwa ukubambisana phakathi kokuhlukana.
  • Ukulingana kwethonya: Izifunda ezincintisana kakhulu zinamandla angenakulinganiswa, kanti lezo ezihlalweni eziphephile azinalutho. Lokhu kungaqeda isimiso sokulingana kwezombangazwe esisekela izimpawu zomphakathi.

Izimiso Zokuxhumana

Ukucwaninga kwezizwe ngezizwe kuthola ngokungaguquguquki ukuthi izimiso zokumelela ngokwenani zihlangene nomvoti ophakeme, ukwaneliseka okukhulu ngedemokrasi, kanye namazinga aphansi okungahlangani kwezombangazwe. Ukuhlola okwakhishwa British Journal of Political Science[[ ngu-André Blais nosebenza nabo bathola ukuthi abantu emazweni ePR babika amazinga aphakeme okuphumelela kwangaphandle — inkolelo yokuthi isimiso sezombangazwe sisabela ezakhamuzini. Lomuzwa wokusabela uyingxenye eyinhloko yesazi somphakathi. Ngokufanayo, - DEM Institute [[FLT:] [FLT] [FLT]] ubhale ukuthi amazwe esebenzisa izimiso ezinkulu zokwentando mkhathi ukuthambekela ezingenisweni ezisezingeni lokubusayo, isilinganiso esiphansi sezinga lokulawula isilinganiso sezezezenzibezo.

Nokho, izimiso ze-PR azinazo izinselele zazo zokuthola izakhamuzi. Zingaveza amaphalamende ahlukene nahulumeni abahlangene abangabekezelelwayo, okunganciphisa ukuhlobana phakathi kokuvota nemiphumela yenqubo. Ngokomongo wokwehlukana okukhulu kwezinhlanga, i-PR ingahlanganisa i-Prennch ye-authom kunokuba yakhe i-octive stacity efanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, eLebhanoni noma ezweni langaphambili lase-Yugoslavia, izinhlu eziqinile zobukhomanisi behlelo. Ngakho, ubuhlobo phakathi kwesimiso sokhetho nesazi somphakathi buxhomeke ekuzinzeni okubanzi nendawo ezungezile nezenhlalo.

Izinkinga Zesimiso Nokunakekela Imfundo

Ukuqaphela ithonya lezimiso eziyinhloko zemininingwane yomphakathi kunezici eziwusizo kubenzi bezimiso, othisha, nabashisekeli. Labo abaklama izinguquko zemishini akumelwe bacabangele nje imiphumela yemishini ekwabiweni kwesihlalo kuphela kodwa futhi ithonya elide lomqondo wezakhamuzi wokuba abelungu futhi zisebenze ngokwezombangazwe. Izinguquko ezinjengokwamukela izimiso ezixubile (njengaseJalimane nase-New Zealand) noma ukuvota okunesikhundla esiphezulu (njengase-Australia nasemadolobheni amaningana ase-US) zinganciphisa eminye imiphumela emibi kakhulu yokuzinza kwezakhamuzi kuyilapho zigcina ukulandisa nohulumeni ozinzile.

Kubafundisi, ukuqonda lokhu kuhlobana kubalulekile ekufundiseni imfundo yomphakathi. Izifundo ezihlola indlela imithetho elandelwayo elawulayo elawulayo ekwazi ngayo ukumiswa kwemithetho kanye nemininingwane yokwaziswa kwabafundi zingasiza abafundi ukuba baqonde izimo zenhlangano ezikhuthaza noma ezilulaza ubuzwe bentando yeningi. Kubuye kubahlomisele ukuhlaziya izicelo zokuguqula izinhlelo ezikhethiwe emazweni abo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukufundisa ngesimiso se-FPTPPPP esisetshenziswayo ePhalamende lase-Scotland kanye nePhalamende laseYurophu kunikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokuhlaziya i-software.

Isiphetho

Izimiso zezikhulu zezokukhetha zingamandla amakhulu alawula izakhiwo ezilawula ukuma kwe-othority. Ngokuthanda abanqobi abacacile, ohulumeni abangazinzi, nokuziphendulela okuqondile, bangaqinisa umuzwa wokuba phakathi kwamaqembu amaningi nasemazweni ancintisanayo. Kodwa futhi banezingozi zokungahlangani kwezindawo, ukuhlalisana kwezwe, nokuhlukanisa okungabangela ukuba buthaka, ukuhlanganisa okungahlangani okungabangela ukuthatha indima engcono yentando yeningi. Ubuhlobo abuncikile kakhulu: isilinganiso sezempucuko yezezombangazwe, isilinganiso sokuhlukahlukana kwezenhlalo, nokuba khona kwezinye izinhlangano ezinjenge-sobhusayithi, ukuma kweze, nomphakathi owenziwe ngomphakathi ophakeme. Nokho, noma yimuphi umzamo ongathi sína wokuqonda noma ukuguqula izinhlangano zentando yentando yeningi kumelwe uthathe indima engathi sína yezimiso ezihlelekile ezimisweni ezihlelelwayo noma ekuhlanganeni zesizwe — ukuhlanganisa isibopho esizweni ndawonye — ukuhlanganisa isibopho esihlangene sesizwe — ukuhlanganisa imibuso.

Njengoba idemokrasi emhlabeni wonke ilwisana nokuncishiswa kwethemba, ukuncishiswa kwezimiso zokhetho, nokukhula kwezindawo ezihlukene, umklamo wezimiso zokukhetha udinga ukuqashelwa okuvuselelwe. Isibonelo sesikhulu, esake sabhekwa njengendinganiso yegolide kahulumeni ozinzile, manje sibhekene nokucusumbula okucophelelayo kwendima yaso ekuhlukaniseni izakhamuzi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngenguquko ehlangeneyo noma ngokubuyisela inqwaba, umgomo kufanele ube yisimiso sokhetho esikhuthaza kokubili ukubusa okuphumelelayo kanye nonamandla, ngaphandle komqondo womphakathi ohlangene wezombangazwe.