Indima KaRaje Sabra Ekwahluleleni Kwezintambo

Isimiso sephalamende laseNdiya yi-bameral, i-Lok Sabhaha iyindlu ephansi ne-Raja Sabbahha njengendlu engaphezulu. Nakuba zombili izindlu zihlanganyela ekwenzeni umthetho, iRajeya Sabhaha isendaweni ehlukile njengegumbi lokulungisa, ikakhulukazi uma ifika ekwakheni imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi yezenhlalakahle njengemithetho yezisebenzi namalungelo ezisebenzi. Ngenxa yokuthi amalungu eRajiya Sabhaha ukhethwa ngemithetho kahulumeni (nenani elilinganiselwe elinqunyiwe nguMongameli wezobuchwepheshe), lendlu iletha umbono kahulumeni nolwazi olujulile lwenqubo yomthetho. Lokhu kuhlelwa kwemithetho kusho ukuthi izivumelwano zezemisebenzi zezemisebenzi ehlukahlukeneyo kanye namalungelo embonini ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, futhi i-ivolue processssssss procending (ignotedsssss procending)

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-India ufaka amandla okwenza imithetho ehlangene nemisebenzi eHlalanisayo, okusho kokubili amaPhalamende nezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zingamisa imithetho. Nokho, uma kuhlolwa umthetho oyinhloko, kumelwe idlule kokubili iLok Sabba ne Rajiya Sabba. Indima kaRajiya Sabba ayiyona nje engokwesiko; ingabandezela, imende, noma ngisho nokulahla izikweletu, iphoqelele iLok Sabha ukuba iphinde iphinde ithathe kabusha. Lo msebenzi wokuhlola nokulinganisa umsebenzi kumelwe uqinisekise ukuthi izinguquko zezisebenzi azisheshiwe ngaphandle kokuhlelwa okufanele. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlanganiswa kwemithetho yemisebenzi ephakathi ye-29 kungenziwa imithetho emine e-wagee, i-Unical, i-Social Seccial, Codence, i-Oucial Secuty, ne-Opalcial, ne-Auncestions, i-Sycences, i-Sy Chancestic Admignity in arvity, ne-Sy Sy Sy Sy Haymon,

Ngaphandle kwezimpikiswano zasesitezi, amakomiti amile e-Raje Sabha anjenge-Parlia Stance Committee on Labour and Works, enza ukuhlola okunemininingwane yezikweletu. La makomiti amema ubufakazi ezinyunyana zezokuhweba, izinkampani zezezebhizinisi, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, nezikhulu zikahulumeni. Imibiko yawo ngokuvamile iba yizinhlelo zokubuyisela umthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ukutusa kwekomiti eMthethweni Wezimali Kawoyela Kuwo nakuwo wonke umsebenzi, kunezela umehluko wolwazi lwemali emalini ehholweni encincane kanye nokufakwa komholo wezwe. Ngokufanayo, ikomiti ye-Occuliation Savity, i-Health Counce, i-Applective Comment, i-octivesss.

Iminikelo Eyinhloko Yamalungelo Ezisebenzi Ngemithetho Yophawu

Ithonya likaRaje Sabra lingatholakala ngemithetho eminingi ephawulekayo echaza amalungelo ezisebenzi zanamuhla eNdiya.

UMthetho Omncane Wezambuku, 1948

Nakuba yadlula ngaphambi kokuba uMthetho-sisekelo usebenze, u-Leang Wages Act kamuva walungiswa kaningi ngezithako ezibalulekile ezivela kuyi-Rajeya Sabha. Phakathi nezimpikiswano ngawo-1950 nawo-1960, uRaje Sabba Sabha amalungu ezindawo zokulima alwela ukuhlanganisa umsebenzi wepulazi, izisebenzi zasekhaya, nezisebenzi ezisebenza emaqenjini angahlelelwanga. Indlu yaqhutshekwa futhi ngenxa yokubukeza okuthiwa ngezikhathi ezithile okubiza izindleko zokufa. Ngenxa yalokho, uMthetho manje udinga iholo elincane nelenziwe ngohulumeni abaphakathi ukuze ubukeze iholo njalo eminyakeni emihlanu, namalungiselelo okuvunyelwa okuthandekayo. Ngaphandle kwe-Rapyabba ezindaweni ezingahlelekile. [FLT:] [FLD:] [FF1], izisebenzi eziningi zaziyobona ukuncitshiswa kwangempela.

Ama - Factorial Act, ka - 1948

I-Factores Act imisa izindinganiso zokuphepha, impilo, inhlalakahle, namahora okusebenza ezimisweni zokwakha. Lapho kuhlongozwa ngo-1980 ukuncishiswa kwemithetho esemthethweni futhi kwandisa umnyango we- “incazelo”, i-Rajiya Sabha yasunduza emuva. Amalungu acaphuna imihlangano ye-ILO kanye nezikhombo zezisebenzi zasembonini ezisebenza ngezikhathi eziyingozi. Indlu ephezulu yagcizelela ukugcina isilinganiso samasonto angama-48 futhi yagunyaza ukukhokha ngempoqo emishini yokuphepha esebenzisa izisebenzi ezingaphezu kwekhulu. Yanezela neminikelo yezemisebenzi ye-creche nezindawo zokugeza ezihlukene zezisebenzi, iqaphela ukuthi ukuphepha emsebenzini kuhlanganisa [[FLT:] nesithunzi [FLD:1]. Le komiti yagunyazwa yizingameleli ezimelelwa yizisebenzi zezezezezezezezezenhlala namasimu.

Izimali Zezisebenzi Nemithetho Yezezimali Eyingqokelela Yemikhankaso, Ngo - 1952

Lo Mthetho wamisa isimiso sezimali esigunyaziwe sezisebenzi ezikhokhelwayo. I-Raje Sabha yafeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekunwebeni isamba sezisebenzi zezezimboni kuya ezisebenzini zezakhiwo ezinabantu abangu-20 noma ngaphezulu. Phakathi nonyaka ka-1960 no-1970, indlu yaphikisana ngokuthi izohlanganisa yini zonke “izisebenzi ezisebenzayo” kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziwusicanulo somholo, futhi ekugcineni yasunduza ukususwa kwesephu lalebhu (okuthi kamuva iNkanto ePhakathi ePhakamileyo iphakeme). Indlu ephezulu yahlobisa Emploeeation Creatry, 1995 [[FLLD], iqinisekisa ukuthi i-PFF isetshenziswa ukuze ithole imali ephumayo. Namuhla, izisebenzi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-60 ngaphansi kwe-EPya, futhi i-Sraydmiongne yeze i-sting yemist.

I - Internet, 1947

Mhlawumbe akukho mthetho wezisebenzi oye wabheka njengempikiswano enkulu njenge-Industrial Disputes Act. UMthetho ubusa ukudilizwa, ukuvalwa kwezakhiwo zezezimboni, nokuvalwa kwezakhiwo. Ngawo-1970, lapho uhulumeni ezama ukululaza i-Thekitsting V-B (okudinga imvume kahulumeni yokubeka amafektri anezisebenzi ezingaphezu kwekhulu), iRajaya Sabha − amalungu amaningi asebenza ngenkani (ihlanganise abaholi benyunyana beze isiphikisiwe ngobudlova. Baphikisa ngokuthi ngaphandle kwezivikelo ezinjalo, izisebenzi zasembonini ezinkulu zaziyobhekana nokuxoshwa okungenamthetho. Kamuva, ngo-20, i-Rajiya Shabbaha yaphikisana ngemithetho yezemisebenzi, eyafaka i-Real Relicelcestionsmesssss, eyathatha indawo yalo ngokuphumelelayo ilungiselelo elifuna abaqashi ukuba banikeze isaziso sezinsuku ezingu-14, futhi i-Foctives.[0] Imvume yokuvingle imponeze impone.[20] Interria, ingekho, ingekhona

Izinqumo Nezimpikiswano: Ukuhlolisisa Imithetho Yamuva Yokuqapha

Imithetho emine edluliselwe phakathi kuka-2019 no-2020 imelela ukukhishwa okukhulu kakhulu kwemithetho yezisebenzi eNdiya. IRaje Sabha Sabha ithi indima yakhe yokuqala ekulolongeni lemithetho iyafundisa. Lapho kusungulwa i-Code on Wages Bill, iRajeya Sabba’s Staving Committee eLabourt, iphoqelela ukuba impono echazayo “iholo eliphansi” eBill. Inguquko yokuqala yathi iholo alizukubanga ngaphansi kwemali enziwa “umholo” onqunyiwe uhulumeni ophakathi. Ikomiti, ikhomba isidingo se-statting, iphoqelelwe ukubukeza okuphoqelelwe impoqo, manje umthetho wokugcina ophothiwe ukuba iholo ibekwe njalo eminyakeni emihlanu, engokwezingeni lokuphila. Phakathi nenkulumo efaka ukuphikisana ngempumelelo, amalungu afakwe e-activedropt [ft] kusetshenziswa ekukhokhelweni kwenkalo yomsebenzi ofanayo.[3]

I-Social Security Code yabhekana nokuqashelwa okukhulu. Ekuqaleni, yahlanganisa izisebenzi zasengxenyeni ezihleliwe kuphela. URaje Sabha amalungu aveza ukuthi amaphesenti angu-93 ezisebenzi zaseNdiya asengxenyeni engahlelekile(ihlanganise izisebenzi zokwakha, izisebenzi zokwakha, izisebenzi zokwakha, usizo lwasekhaya, nabathengisi basemgwaqweni. Indlu yayifuna isiqephu esinikezelwe izisebenzi ezingahlelekile, uhulumeni ozamukelayo. Imithetho manje igunyaza ukuba izinhlelo zikahulumeni eziyinhloko zesimiso ukuphila nokukhubazeka, imishuwalenselensela yempilo, imishuwalense, inzuzo endala, isivikelo sobudala[, kanye nezinye izinzuzo zalezi zisebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho ufuna ukuba i-cregistertator (ug., UZma) u-U.

I-Occupational Safety, Health and Working Mode (OSH Code) yacwengisiswa ngendlela efanayo. Umthetho wokuqala wavumela amafektha ukuba aqashe izisebenzi zabesifazane ebusuku, uma nje umqashi waqinisekisa ukulondeka. I-Rajiya Sabba wenezela imfuneko “yekomiti ebophekile” ngokumelene nokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili futhi yagunyaza izicabha ezihlukene nokuphuza izikhungo zamanzi. Yandisa futhi izincazelo ze“msebenzi” ukuze ihlanganise izisebenzi ezikhokhelwe nganoma yiyiphi imishini, ivimbela izinkampani ukuba zigweme umthwalo wemfanelo ngokusebenzisa imishini eminingi ephakathi kwe-mediadia. Indlu yenqaba imizamo yokwandisa isilinganiso sokusebenza ngehora elisukela ku-658,5,5,5,5,5, kunalokho, yagunyaza izikhathiso seze izinkonzo [FL.1]

Ithonya Elungelweni Lezisebenzi: Imiphumela Engafinyeleleki

Umphumela ogcwele wokungenela kukaRaje Sabha uyindikimba yomthetho wezisebenzi olinganisela kakhulu, oyisisebenzi, nozwelayo emaqenjini angenazisulu. Ake sihlole izihloko ezinhlanu eziyinhloko ezisohlwini lokuqala ezinobufakazi obukhudlwana.

  • Izimiso zokuphepha eziqondiswe kuwe: Ngaphandle kwe Factories Act, iRajiya Sabha yaqinisa isakhiwo nomthetho wezisebenzi Zokwakha, 1996, ngokuqinisa ukuqeqeshwa kokuphepha, imishini yokuvikela, nomshuwalense wezisebenzi zokwakha. Yaphinde yaqhubela ukufakwa “kwezifo ezibangelwayo” e-OSH Code, ifuna abaqashi ukuba babike amaphutha e-asicolosis, itshe eliyitshe elimnyama, neshevu. I-National Safety Council, yamiswa ngo-1966, inemizi yayo eRapya Sabha encowa ngengozi enkulu yezemboni.
  • Iholo nezinzuzo: Imfuneko encinci yokubukeza yezikhathi ezithile, ilungiselelo lokubuyisela elilinganayo eKhophini laseWages, kanye nomholo wophahla lwe-PF konke kwavela eRajiya Sabba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlu yaqinisekisa ukuthi [[FLT:] buthus intengo [[[ ngaphansi kwentengo ye-intevoralkthi ye-Act, 1965, ilinganiswa ngekhasi elihambisana neholo eliphezulu, hhayi nje kuphela.
  • Ukuvikelwa ekunqanyulweni ngokungafanele kwe-: I-Disputes Act yesiqephu 25-F (ifuna ukuqashelwa nokubuyiselwa phambi kokubuyiselwa) kwagcinwa kakhulu ngenxa yokuphikisa kweRapya Sabba ekuncipheni kwayo ngo-2014. I-Imboni Code yasungula futhi izimali ezifaka [ zezisebenzi eziboshiwe imvuzo, umqondo oceliwe okokuqala ekomitini ye-Rajiya Sabbaha.
  • Izindinganiso zokuphepha ezingokwezenkonzo: I-Scompaees State Inshuwarence Act (ESI) yanwetshelwa ukuhlanganisa izitolo, amahhotela, nezinhlangano zemfundo ngemva kweRajiya Sabhaha amalungu ezisebenzi zezentengiselwano aphikisa ngokuthi izisebenzi zezentengiselwano zidinga ukunakekelwa kokwelashwa nokuthola izinzuzo zokugula. I-Social Security Code ishela izisebenzi ezisebenza ngentambo kanye nezinzuzo ze- zenkokhelo [ zonke izisebenzi (kuhlanganisa nokuqamba) ziyimiphumela eqondile yokuxoxa ngezindlu eziphezulu.
  • Ummelelo wabenzi nezwi : IRaje Sabha iqinise njalo ilungelo lokwakha izinyunyana zezohwebo futhi incintisana. Yavimbela imizamo yokufuna ukuba amalungu angamashumi amahlanu% aqashelwe, alondoloze umnyango wama-30%. Yaqinisa futhi ukuthi u-Trades Union Act, 1926 i-'i-'i-'i-'iwe] ukumiswa ukuze ivumele izinyunyana ukuba zingene emisebenzini yezombangazwe ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa amalungelo azo okumelela izisebenzi ezincintisanayo.

Izinselele Namathuba Endima Yokukhokha YaseRaje Sabha

Naphezu kwemiphumela emihle, iRaje Sabha ibhekene nezinselele eziningi ekulolongeni imithetho yezisebenzi ngokuphumelelayo. Okokuqala, ukuhlaziywa kwezombangazwe kuye kwanda, ikakhulukazi ngemva kuka-2014, lapho iningi likahulumeni eLok Sabbaha liphikisana nokuphikiswa okunamandla eRajeya Sabhaha. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekuthatheni imingcele futhi kunciphe isikhathi sokusebenzisa izingcaphuno. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho emine yemisebenzi yadluliselwa eRajiya Sabbaha kuphela ngemva kweqembu levoti, futhi ama-andment ambalwa alahlwa emigqeni yeqembu. Ikhono lendlu lokusebenza njengelungu elikhombayo impompoza lapho amalungu efuna ukuthatha iziteji zezombangazwe eziseqeshini.

Okwesibili, isimiso sekomiti kaRaje Sabra, nakuba sinamandla, sivame ukulibala. Umbiko wekomiti omile womthetho ophathelene noWages wathatha izinyanga eziyi-18 ukuqeda, isikhathi lapho isimo sezombangazwe sase sishintshile. Okunye ukutusa kwashaywa indiva ekugcineni ngoba sekwephuze kakhulu. Izikhathi ezisheshayo zokuhlola imibiko yekomiti zingenza ukuba indlu iphumelele ngokwengeziwe.

Okwesithathu, kunegebe lolwazi. Nakuba amalungu akhethiwe eletha ulwazi, amalungu amaningi awawazi kahle umsebenzi, izimboni, noma izindinganiso zezisebenzi zomhlaba wonke. Izinhlelo zokuqeqesha nokuthola ukusekela okungcono kokucwaninga zingathuthukisa izinga lokungenela. I-Rajiya Sabha iqala ingqamuzana lokucwaninga elinikezelwe, kodwa amandla ayo ahlala elinganiselwe uma eqhathaniswa nowabantu abasebenza e-US noma e-UK.

Nakuba kunjalo, amathuba ayanda. Izingxoxo zamuva nje zivuselelwe [[FLT: 0] ukuvikela kwezenhlalo yonke . Kuhlanganise i-memorial yesizwe yezisebenzi (e-Shram) nezinhlelo zezenhlalakahle eziphathekayo . Yakhuliswa yi-Rajiya Sabba izimpikiswano. Indlu ingaqhubeka isekela ukuhlanganiswa kwemihlangano ye-ILO, njenge-C190 enobudlova nasekuhlukunyeni, leyo iNdiya engakayifezi ngokugcwele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengobuchwepheshe obubomvu obuhle obusebenza ngokusebenza okude, umsebenzi wokuzenzela, umsebenzi, ipulatifomu ye-Jajiya Yaha ka-Reabhay'ska i-evey yendima entsha yemithetho [[FLD:], ye-data, ye-Dithop, futhi i-Dignightcromes, i-exip ye-mesting, i-mediction.[Foctivetiveric.]

Elinye ithuba lisekubambisana [ okungalawuleki. Njengoba ukugcinwa komthetho wezisebenzi kwenzeka ezingeni lombuso, iRajiya Sabra/reating zifundazwe `````Izimo''' zezwe''. Ngokwesibonelo, inganikeza i-demodeli yemithetho kahulumeni ekhokhela iholo elilinganiselwe nezindawo zokusebenza ukunciphisa umjaho-kujula phakathi kwezifundazwe ezifuna ukutshala izimali. Ngokuhlola izikhulu zezisebenzi, izinyunyana zezentengiselwano, izinyunyana zezentengiselwano, i-mazwe amaningi, i-Rajaya Sabha ingasebenza njengebhulo lomthetho-omhlaba omkhulu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwendawo.

Isiphetho: URaje Sabha njengoMlondolozi Wesithunzi Sezisebenzi

Kuyi-palamende yaseNdiya, i-Raje Sabha ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi “i-Council of States” futhi iklanyelwe ukunikeza izizinzo nokwaziswa okungochwepheshe ekwakheni umthetho. Uma kuziwa emithethoni yezisebenzi namalungelo ezisebenzi, lo mklamo uye wabonakala ubalulekile. Ngokuhlola izikweletu, ukuphoqelela ukulungiswa, nokumelela amazwi ahlukahlukene . Okusuka ezisebenzini zezemapulazini e-Assum ukuya embonini yobuchwepheshe eBengaluru//indlu ephezulu iqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo ezisebenzi ahliswa ngenxa yenzuzo emizuzwano yezentengo yezentengiselwano yemisebenzi.

Nokho, isakhiwo kumelwe sivele. Ukuze sihlale sifanelekile, iRaje Sabha Sabha idinga izinqubo zekomiti ezisheshayo, ukucwaninga okungezona isigaba, kanye nempucuko yenkulumo - mpikiswano esekelwe ebufakazi. Kumelwe futhi ihlanganise ngenkuthalo nezinhlangano zezisebenzi nomphakathi, ihlanganisa ukuqonda kwazo okusemkhakheni wokwenza umthetho. Njengoba i-Rajiya Sab, ihlose ukuba iqophe imali eyizigidi zezigidi ezingu-5 zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zemali, izinga lemithetho yayo yomsebenzi liyonquma ukuthi ingabe yini le ntuthuko ishintshela emsebenzini nomsebenzi wezenhlalakahle yezenhlalo kubo bonke. uRayyashab, ngomthetho wayo osemthethweni, linesikhundla esiyingqayizivele sokuhola lolushintsho lwezimo lwezwe.

Ekugcineni, ithonya leRaje Sabra emithetho yezisebenzi libonisa ukuthi idemokrasi idinga ukubukwa kwesibili. Uma indlu ephansi iqhutshwa ukuphuthuma kokhetho, indlu ephezulu inikeza indawo yokucazulula nokuthuthukisa. Amalungelo ezisebenzi eNdiya namuhla aqine kakhulu ngenxa yalokhu kulinganisela kwenhlangano. Inselele engaphambili iwukuqinisekisa ukuthi iRapya Sabbaha iyaqhubeka ifeza lendima enkathini yoshintsho olusheshayo lwemithetho nokwanda kwenani lokungalingani.