Umqondo wokugunyazwa uyisisekelo sokubusa okuphumelelayo, ubumba ubuhlobo phakathi kwababusayo nalabo ababuswayo. Ekujuleni kwabo, ukufaneleka kumelela ilungelo lokuziphatha nelomthetho lokubusa, imfanelo enika abaholi amandla okwenza izinqumo, ukumisa izimiso, nokufuna ukuphoqelelwa ngaphandle kokuphoqelelwa. Uma ukufaneleka kunamandla, abaholi bajabulela iqoqo lokwethemba elibenza bakwazi ukunqamula izinhlekelele, basebenzise izinguquko, futhi balondoloze ukuhleleka komphakathi. Ngokuphambene, lapho ukubusa kuncipha, ukubusa kuba buthaka, ngokuvamile kuholela ekuntengantengi, ukubhikisha, futhi ukuwohloka kwezinhlangano. Lesi sihloko esinwebayo sihlola ithonya elijulileyo lokubusa ngokubusa, ngokugxila ngokukhethekile enyangweni yokuhola. Sizohlola izimo ezingokwezimo ezingokobunganeni, ukuhlola ukubonakala kwazo, futhi kubuke izinhlelo ezingokwezinze ezingokwenhlobo, ezimweni zezombangazwe ezingokwezinzekelelene.

Ukuqonda Ukufaneleka Kokubusa

Ukuba semthethweni akukona nje ukuba negunya eliqanjiwe lokusebenzisa lelogunya. Ekubuseni, kunikeza ukulunga kokuziphatha komholi noma inhlangano ukuba ikhiphe imiyalo nezakhamuzi ukuba ziyibophe. Ngaphandle kobugunya, uhulumeni kumelwe uthembele ekwesabeni, ephoqeleni, noma ekufumbathiseni ukuze aqinisekise ukulalela, okubizayo futhi okungalawuleki esikhathini eside. Ngakho ukushaya umthetho kuyisisekelo sesivumelwano esinempilo sezenhlalo.

Uhlu Lwemithetho KaMax Weber

Isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu uMax Weber sachaza ngokudume izinhlobo ezintathu ezimsulwa zegunya elingokomthetho: isiko, ithonya elingokwemvelo, nelokuqamba umthetho. Uhlobo ngalunye lunikeza isisekelo esihlukile sesizathu sokuba izakhamuzi zamukele ilungelo lomholi lokubusa.

  • Imithetho engokomlando: Loluhlobo lusekelwe enkolelweni ebungcweleni bamasiko namasiko ahlonishwayo isikhathi. Izikhulu nezikhulu zesizwe ziyizibonelo ezivamile. Ukuhola kuzuzwe ngefa noma kusekelwe esibonelweni, futhi igunya liyamukelwa ngoba “lokhu kulokhu kuyindlela.” Amandla omthetho angokwesiko asekelwe ekuzinzeni nasekubikezeleni kwazo, kodwa ubuthakathaka bakho buwukuqina kwayo lapho kubhekene noshintsho lwezenhlalo.
  • I-Carismatic Legitacy: Loluhlobo lusuka ezimfanelweni ezikhethekile zomholi,(ihero, iso, noma ukuqonda okungokomoya. Izibalo zenguquko njengoMahatma Gandhi noma uMartin Luther King Jr. zidwetshwe ekusebenziseni igunya elinamandla lokulungisa. Umholi we-Charism angabangela ushintsho olukhulu, kodwa lungaguquguquka ngoba luxhomeke ekubeni khona komholi oqhubekayo nokweshela kuye. Impumelelo ivame ngemva kokuba umholi wamaza.
  • ILegal-Ragastimacy: Lena indlela evelele ezindaweni zanamuhla zentando yeningi. Igunya libekwe esimisweni semithetho, izinqubo, namahhovisi, hhayi kubantu abahlala kuzo. Izakhamuzi azimthobeli umuntu kodwa indima echazwa ngemithetho engenacala. Loluhlobo lokusemthethweni lusekelwe enkolelweni yokuthi isimiso ngokwaso siyamukeleka, sikhanya, sikhanya, futhi sinesibopho. Sinenguquko enkulu kakhulu ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi, zemiphakathi, kodwa sidinga ukugcinwa njalo ngomthetho nangobuqotho.

Izenzo, ohulumeni abaningi bahlanganisa amalungu azo zontathu. Ngokwesibonelo, umongameli wentando yeningi angase abe negunya lokuthatha izigaba ezingokomthetho kumthetho-sisekelo, kodwa futhi athathele ekunxuseni okungokomoya, kuyilapho amasiko esizwe (njengasendima yemikhosi yobubusi) enikeza igunya elingokomfanekiso elengeziwe.

Ukuqapha Umthetho: Ukwehlukana Okubucayi

Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa ukwahlulela ngokusemthethweni kanye nokusemthethweni nje. Umthetho ungathathwa ngokwendlela engokomthetho, kodwa uphinde ubhekwe njengongekho emthethweni uma uphula imithetho eyisisekelo yobulungisa noma yokulunga. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho emisa ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga kungase kube “kwe-galema” ngaphansi kwesimiso esikhona kodwa ungabi semthethweni. Leligebe phakathi komthetho nomthetho lingumthombo oyinhloko wokungalaleli kwesizwe nokuphikisa kwezombangazwe. Njengesazi sefilosofi uRonald Dworkin, ukufaneleka akudingi nje ukulunga kobuhlanga kodwa futhi ukubopheka ezimisweni zokukhathalela okulinganayo nokuhlonipha. Ukubusa okunempumelelo kuxhomeke ekuhleleni imiyalo engokomthetho nezindinganiso eziphezulu zomthetho ezibanzi zokulondoloza igunya lokuziphatha okuhle kwezwe.

Indima Yokwethemba Abaholi

Ukwethembana kuyimali ebaluleke kakhulu yokugunyaza. Izakhamuzi zingavumelana nemithetho ngenxa yokwesaba noma umkhuba, kodwa ukubusa okuqinile kudinga ukuba zikholelwe ukuthi abaholi bazo banekhono, bathembekile, futhi basebenzela okuhle okufanayo. Ukwethemba kungumqondo ohlobene: kwakhiwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngezenzo ezingaguquguquki, ukwenza izinqumo ezibonisa ukubonakala, futhi kuboniswe isibopho enhlalakahleni yomphakathi. Uma ukuthemba kuphakeme, abaholi bangakhetha kakhulu − njengokuphakamisa izintela noma ukubeka imingcele entweni engcono (*) ngaphandle kokumelana nakancane ngenxa yokuthi umphakathi ukholelwa ukuthi lezi zinyathelo zibalulekile futhi zilungile. Uma ukwethembana, ngisho nezimiso ezinhle kungahlangatshengwa ngokusola nokudelelana.

Abashayeli Abayinhloko Abahola

Ukucwaninga kwezezombangazwe nakwezomphakathi kuveza izici eziningana ezibikezela ngokuqhubekayo ukwethembela kubaholi nasezinhlanganweni:

  • Ukukhululeka emikhankasweni kahulumeni, njengokukhipha uhlelo lokuhlela, ukudalula izingxabano zesithakazelo, nokunikeza izihloko ezicacile zezinqumo, kunciphisa ulwazi olulula futhi kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole ukusebenza. Ukubona kuhlobene kakhulu nokungaguquguquki. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT:] [FLT]] izinhlangano zihlola ukonakala kanye nabasekeli benkululeko ukuze kwakhe ukwethemba umphakathi.
  • Ukulandisa: Abaholi abazakuphendulelwa ngezenzo zabo `ngokhetho, ukuqondisa okuzimele, noma ukubukeza kokwahlulela] babonisa ukuthi abangaphezulu komthetho. Ukulandisa kudala izisusa zokwenza okuhle futhi kuvumela ukususwa kwezikhulu ezingathembekile noma ezonakele. ukudluliswa kwemithwalo yecala [[ kuqokonyiswe ezingxabanweni zezombangazwe emhlabeni wonke.
  • Izehlo: izakhamuzi ezithemba abaholi abayisisekelo abakwazi ukunikeza izinkonzo ezinjengokulondeka, izakhiwo, impilo, nemfundo. Ukuphambana kudlulela nakubaphathi bezinkinga: abaholi abasabela ngokuphumelelayo ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe, noma ukuwohloka kwezomnotho bazuza ukuthenjwa umphakathi. Ngokuphambene, ukwehluleka okuphindaphindiwe kuqeda ukwethemba nomthetho.
  • Ukuhlanganisa: ukuhlanganyela ekuqondiseni izinqubo zokulawula `ihholo lomphakathi, ukubuza umphakathi, ukuvocavoca, nokusebenzisa uhlelo lokuhlukanisa (ukusayina ukuthi abaholi bayakwazisa ukufakwa kwezakhamuzi. Ukuhlanganyela kuthuthukisa umuzwa wokuba nesabelo sokwakhe. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi uma izakhamuzi zihileleke ekwenzeni izinqumo, zisengozini kakhulu ukwamukela imiphumela, ngisho noma zingavumelani nazo.
  • Ubuqotho bomuntu siqu ne-Ethics:[ ubuqotho, kuhlanganise nokwethembeka nokugwenywa kwezingxabano zesithakazelo, kungumshayeli oyinhloko wethemba. Amaphutha ahilela ukonakala, ukukhetha, noma ukungathembeki kokuziphatha angaqeda ukwethembana ngokushesha. Abaholi abalingisa ukuziphatha okuhle babekela wonke uhulumeni indinganiso.

Imiphumela Yokulawula

Izinga lobugunya uhulumeni alijabulela ngokuqondile lithinta ikhono lakhe lokufinyelela imigomo yesimiso, ukulondoloza ukuhleleka komphakathi, nokuzivumelanisa nokushintsha.

Imiphumela Emihle Yokuba Oqotho

  • Ikhampasi Yokuzithandela Egcwele: Uma izakhamuzi zibheka imithetho njengefanele, ziyilalela ngenxa yesibopho sokuziphatha, hhayi ngenxa yokwesaba isijeziso. Lokhu kunciphisa isidingo sezimiso zokuphoqelela ezibizayo futhi kukhulula izimali ukuze kwenziwe ezinye izimpahla zomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, amazinga aphakeme okukhokha intela eScandinavia ahloselwe ukwethemba uhulumeni, hhayi usongo lwezibalo.
  • Imithetho eqinile yomthetho yohulumeni ingalawula izingxabano ngezinhlangano ezinokuthula ezinjengezinkantolo nezindlu zomthetho. Izakhamuzi zithambekele kakhulu ekusebenziseni imikhondo engokomthetho ukuze ziveze izikhalo kunokuba ziphendukele ebudloveni. Emiphakathini ehlukene kakhulu, ukuqamba umthetho kubalulekile ekubambeni isikhungo nasekuvimbeleni ukwahlukana.
  • Ukwenziwa ingasebenzi: Abaholi abasemthethweni bangamisa izinguquko ezibalulekayo − njengezimiso zendawo ezungezile noma izinyathelo zempilo yomphakathi,", ngoba ukwethemba komphakathi ukuthi lezinguquko ziyadingeka futhi zilungile. Ukulinganisela kushelela uma izakhamuzi zibambisana nemithetho emisha. [ECD] umsebenzi we-OECD ekuqondiseni ukubusa komphakathi [[ kugcizelela ukuthi ukwethemba kuyisihluthulelo sokusiza ekusebenziseni izimiso.
  • Ukuvumelana nemithetho kuCris: Ohulumeni abangalungiselela ukusabela okusheshayo ezimweni eziphuthumayo, njengezinhlekelele zemvelo noma izinsongo zokulondeka. Izakhamuzi zizimisele kakhulu ukulandela iziqondiso (ukusuka, ukufika kwesikhathi, imikhankaso yokugoma) uma zithemba iziphathimandla. Umqedazwe we-COVID-19 wabonisa ngokucacile lokhu: amazwe athembele kakhulu kuhulumeni ayenezinga eliphakeme lokugoma nokulalela okungcono kakhulu ngezindlela zomphakathi zempilo.

Imiphumela Emibi Yokungavumelani Nezimiso Ezifanele

Lapho ngokomthetho ungatshazwa noma ulahleka, imiphumela ingaba ebhubhisayo ekubuseni nasemphakathini uwonke.

  • Ukudukiswa kwe-Public kunye ne-Purent Movements: okuqondwayo kubangela ukuphikisa kotshani, kusukela ekumahambeni ngokuthula kuya ekuvukeleni kobudlova. I-Arabian Spring ka-2011 yayiyisibonelo esivelele senkinga engokomthetho: izakhamuzi zavukela ngokumelene nemibuso yobushiqela engenakho kokubili ukulawulwa kwemithetho esemthethweni. Ngisho nasebusweni be-democraliation, ukungenwa kwezimiso kuye kwabangela ukuba kube nezinhlangano ezibekela inselele uhlelo olumisiwe.
  • Abantu baba nokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba bagweme izintela, bashaye iziqondiso, noma bahileleke ekonakala uma bengakholelwa ukuthi uhlelo lulungile. Lokhu kwenza ukuwohloka okuya ngokuya ngokuya ngokuya ngokuya ulandela: njengoba ukuvuma kuncipha, ohulumeni baba ngcono kakhulu, ukunciphiswa kwemithetho. [[FLT:] IBHANGE LASEMHLABA] Izimpawu zeBHANGE LASEMHLABANI [[ libonisa lowomthetho nomthetho owenziwe ngokunamandla.
  • Inkinga engathiwa i-Institutional Interation Ementanity: Inkinga yokuqapha ingaqeda uhulumeni, iholele ezinguquko ezivamile zobuholi, noma ngisho nokubangela impi yombango. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, umbuso ungawa ngokuphelele, njengoba kubonakala ezifundeni ezihlulekile njengeSomalia noma i-South Sudan ngezikhathi zokuwohloka okukhulu.
  • Ukuhluleka noHulumeni Ongaphumeleliyo: Ngaphandle komthetho, abaholi abanakwenza amasu amade angemva kwenkathi. Imithetho iyashintsha ngokushintsha kukahulumeni ngakunye, futhi ukutshala imfuno yomphakathi kuyantengantenga. Lesikhathi esifushane silulaza ukukhula kwesizwe futhi siqhubekisela phambili imijikelezo yobumpofu nezingxabano.

Ukuba Ingcweti Ezimisweni Ezihlukene Zokubusa

Ukuqonda lezi zinguquko kubalulekile ekuhlaziyeni indlela ukwethembana okusebenza ngayo emongweni wokhonkolo.

Izimiso Zentando Yeningi: Ukuba Umthetho Ongokwesiko Nezinselele Zawo

Kuhulumeni olawulwa ngentando yeningi, ukuqapha ngokuyinhloko kuwukuhlelwa kwemithetho esemthethweni: kuvela okhethweni olukhululekile nolungakhethi, ukuhlonipha inkululeko yomphakathi, nokunamathela ezinqubweni zomthetho-sisekelo. Nokho, ukuhlelwa komthetho wentando yeningi kukodwa akwanele. Ukuphakama kwezindawo ezimelene nomthetho we-CPFL:0] kudinga [ ukwenziwa kwamandla asemthethweni [[[FLT]]]] : ."ikhono lokunikeza ukukhula kwezomnotho, ukulondeka, nokusebenza kwezenhlalakahle. Uma ohulumeni bentando yeningi behluleka ukukhipha, izakhamuzi zingasuswa. Ukuphakama kwamaqembu alwa novotisi ezimpawuni eziningi eziphambili zokuzintwasayo ukuthi izakhamuzi zabo zinomuzwa wokuthi abaholi abanganaki noma zithunjiwe abaholi. Ukwe ukubusa kwentando yentando yeningi kudinga kokubili ukuthuthukisa izinhlangano nokuzibondayo.

Izimvume Zomsunguli: Umthetho Wempatho Nokucindezelwa

Imibuso yobukhomanisi ivame ukuntula ukufaneleka (njengoba ingenakho ekuhloleni komphakathi) futhi kunalokho incike empilweni exubile yokusebenza ngokusemthethweni nokuphoqelelwa. Ithethelela ukubusa kwayo ngokunikeza ukuzinza, intuthuko engokomnotho, noma ubuzwe. Ukuthuthuka ngokushesha kwezomnotho kanye nokutshala izimali zezezimali kungokomnotho kulokhu kuwumthombo oyinhloko wokugunyazwa kweQembu lamaKhomanisi, njengoba kuboniswa ekuhloleni komphakathi. Nokho, ukufaneleka kululaza: uma umbuso ophethe ngokubusa ngokubusa ngokubusa ngempoqophayo ulahlekelwa ukuwohloka okukhulu kwezomnotho noma inhlekelele, kungalahlekelwa ukusekela okukhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuncintisana nokuncintisana kwenkululeko kungalulaza ngisho nokusebenza okukhulu, njengoba izakhamuzi zicasukela ukuwa kwenkululeko yeSoviet Union. Ukuwa kwesimiso sokuzinika ezinye izinto ezibonakalayo kodwa ekugcineni salahlekelwa ukufaneleka emehlweni ezakhamuzini.

Izimiso Zokushintsha Imvelo: Amagebe Okushaya Indiva Okungavumelani Nemithetho

Amazwe amaningi asebenza endaweni ebanzi phakathi kwentando yeningi nemibuso ebusa ngempoqo. Kuleyomibuso exubile, abaholi bangasebenzisa ukhetho ukuze bafihle ubukhosi kuyilapho bechitha izimiso zentando yeningi ngokulawula imithombo yezindaba, ukulawulwa kwemithetho yezentando yeningi, noma izinhlangano zokuxhasa. Lemibuso ibhekene nokungabi nagunya okuqhubekayo. Izakhamuzi zingavumelana ngokushiya noma ukwesaba, kodwa ukuthemba kuhlala kuphansi. Izimo zokuguqula idemokratistiki zikhokha phezulu, njengasemuva kwe-aparteid e-South Africa noma ngemva kokuwa kwe-bukhomanism eMpuma Yurophu, kubaluleke kakhulu. Izinhlangano ezintsha kumelwe zizuze ngokushesha ngokubonisa ukuphumelela kwazo nokulunga kwazo, nakuba zibonana ngokuxhaphaza komthetho owenziwa ngaphambili. [[FLT:] Umphakathi wokuthula komsebenzi wokuguqula i-mthetho [Falct:]

Izinqubo Zokwandisa Ukwethembeka Nokwakha Ukwethembana

Abaholi nohulumeni bangathatha izinyathelo eziqinile ukuze baqinise ukufaneleka kwabo, ngisho nasezimweni lapho ukwethembana kuyonakali khona.

1. Nyusa Ukubona Okuqondile Futhi Uvule Uhulumeni

Ukwaziswa kukahulumeni kokunyathelisa, ukuba nemihlangano evulekile, nokunikeza izingxenyana ezicacile zezinqumo zesimiso kuyisisekelo. Inkululeko yemithetho yolwazi kanye nezindikimba zobubonisi ezizimele (njenge-ombusts noma abaculi) uphawu lokuthi uhulumeni awunalutho lokufihla. Amathuluzi emishini, anjengezikhungo ezivulekile zemininingwane, angenza uhulumeni afinyeleleke futhi abe nesibopho.

2. Imishini Engalandisayo Eqinisayo

Izikhulu ze-judicia ezizimele, izinhlangano eziphumelelayo ezimelene nokonakala, kanye nokuphathwa kwephalamende okuqinile kuyingozi. Izakhamuzi zidinga ukubona ukuthi abantu abanamandla − kuhlanganise nabaholi ngokwabo . kungabekwa icala. Ukhetho oluvamile, oluthembekile luyinqubo yokulandisa ngokuqondile edemokrasi. Ezimweni ezingezona ezedemokrasi, izimiso zokukhononda, izibukezo zangaphakathi, nokugada umphakathi kunganikeza ukulandisa okulinganiselwe kodwa okunenjongo.

3. Kubekeleni Imali Ngokuzimisela Nokuhlanganyela Ekubuseni

Ukudlula kukhetho lwezikhathi ezithile, ohulumeni bangakha iziteshi eziqhubekayo zosizo lwezakhamuzi. Ukuhlanganyela ekuhleleni imali, iziqu zokwahlulela, nokuhlola izinhlelo ze-intanethi kuvumela abantu abavamile ukuba bathonye izinqumo zezimiso. Lezi zindlela zakha ukwethembana ngokubonisa ukuthi abaholi bahlonipha umbono womphakathi futhi bazimisele ukuhlanganyela umbuso. Idolobha lasePorto Alegre eBrazil, elinye lamaphayona ahlela izimali zokuhlukanisa, kwabonakala ukuthi bathembele kakhulu kuhulumeni wendawo futhi bathuthukisa izinkonzo zomphakathi.

4. Walethe Imiphumela Emangalisayo Futhi Ulawule Amathemba

Umthetho wokusebenza udinga intuthuko ebonakalayo ezinkonzweni zomphakathi, ezezisekelo zemisebenzi, nasemathubeni ezomnotho. Abaholi kufanele bagxile ekunikezeni imisebenzi engundoqo /ukulondeka kwemisebenzi engundoqo, imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo (__________]. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kumelwe balawule amathemba ngokwethembeka; ukuvuma nokunikeza iposi kuyindlela eqinisekile yokuqeda ukwethembana. Ukukhulumisana okuphumelelayo ngempumelelo nezinselele kwenza umuntu abe othembekile.

5. Ukusekela Ukubusa Komthetho Futhi Uvikele Amalungelo Abantu

Ukushaya imithetho ngokungakhethi, ukuvikela amalungelo amancane, nokuqinisekisa ukufinyelela ilungelo elifanayo lokwahlulela kubalulekile ukuze kube ngokomthetho. Uma izakhamuzi zibona ukuthi umthetho usebenza ngokufanayo kubo bonke, ukuthembela kwazo ezinhlanganweni kuyakhula. Ngokuphambene, ukuphoqelela imithetho okungakhethiyo noma ukungajeziswa kwezikhulu kuchitha ubugunya. umsebenzi weZizwe Ezihlangene Development Programme [ ugcizelela indima yayo ekwakheni umthetho ngokuthula nangokungahlangani kwezizwe zonke.

6. Khuthaza Ukuhola Kwezenhlalo Nobuqotho Benkonzo Yangaphakathi

Abaholi kumelwe babonise ukuziphatha abakulindele kwabanye. Ukumisa imithetho yokuziphatha, idinga izimemezelo zempahla, nokumisa imithetho ephikisayo kusiza ekugcineni ubuqotho. Umsebenzi wezembutho ogunyaziwe ovikelekile ekucindezeleni kweqembu futhi ukhulisa ukwethenjwa kwezinhlangano. Uma izikhulu zomphakathi zibhekwa njengezinekhono nezingathathi hlangothi, wonke uhulumeni uzuza emphumelani ongokomthetho.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukhona Kokuba Oqotho Nokwethembana

Ithonya lobubusi likhulu futhi lifinyelela kude. Ukuthembela ebuholini akuyona into yokunethezeka; kuyisidingo esisebenzayo sokuphumelela, sokuzinza, nokubusa. Umthetho uvumela ohulumeni ukuba benze ngokuqiniseka, ukhuthaze ukuzithoba ngokuzithandela, futhi ukhuthaze ukubambisana kwezenhlalo. Ngaphandle kwawo, ngisho nezimiso ezisungulwe kahle kakhulu cishe ziyahluleka, futhi indwangu yezenhlalo ingawohloka ngaphansi kwesisindo sokugxeka nokuxabana. Enkathini yokushintsha kwembulunga yonke, ukulingana kwezomnotho, ukufuduka, ukufuduka, ukuswelwa kwezifo ezingokomthetho, ukuswela imfuno empeleni engokomthetho. Abaholi abafaka ukubonakala ngaphandle kokulandisa, ukulandisa, ukuthatha icala, nokusebenza abenzi nje izakhiwo zokuzisekela; baqinisa izisekelo zomphakathi kanye nezimpi.