Imishini Yethonya: Indlela I - lobbbing Ebukeka Ngayo Imithetho

Ukuphambanisa kuvame ukuchazwa njengegazi lenqubo yentando yeningi, kodwa ithonya layo esimisweni somphakathi liseyimpikiswano enkulu. Nokho, umnyombo oyinhloko, umzamo ohleliwe owenziwa abantu ngabanye noma amaqembu wokuxhumana nezikhulu zikahulumeni ngomzamo wokuhlela imithetho nezimiso ezibusa umphakathi. Lomkhuba awuyona nje ngokomthetho kuphela kodwa uvikelwe ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala, esiqinisekisa ilungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni. Nokho, izinga nezindlela zomkhakhakha wanamuhla ziye zaphakamisa imibuzo ebucayi ngokuqondene nomthetho owemvelo, ukubonakala kahle, kanye nokulingana kwamandla ngaphansi kwesimiso sokubusa esimelela umbuso wentando yeningi.

Ukuqonda ithonya lokuthonya kudinga abafundisi, abafundi, nezakhamuzi ezibophele ukugada. Izinqumo ezivela emikhankasweni ekhuthaza ukugadla. Zithinta yonke into kusukela ekunakekeleni impilo nezimiso zendawo kuya ekuhlelekeni kwentela nakwezobuzwe. Ngokuhlukanisa izimiso zokuthonya, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene, kanye nemiphumela yayo engenakuguquguquka emiphumeleni yezimiso, singaqonda kangcono ukuthi ithonya lisebenza kanjani phakathi kwamahholo ombuso.

Yini Ngempela Ukugembula?

Ukubopha kungaphezu kwengxoxo eyodwa nomenzi wemithetho. Kuhlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi eklanyelwe ukunxenxa abenzi bezimiso ukuba bamukele, balungise, noma balahle umthetho othile noma imithetho. Incazelo engokomthetho igxila ekuxhumaneni ngokuqondile nezikhulu zikahulumeni, kodwa iqiniso lihlanganisa amaqhinga abanzi. Izindlela ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • I-Direct Advocation: Umhlangano nabamisi-mthetho, izisebenzi zabo, noma izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe ukuveza izimpikiswano, ukwaziswa, noma ulimi lokubhala izikweletu.
  • Iminikelo yeCampaign: Ukunikela emikhankasweni yezombangazwe, amakomiti ezenzo zezombangazwe (PAC), noma amaPaC amakhulu ukuze athole ukufinyelela nokuthakazelelwa.
  • Grasroots Glassiation: Ikhuthaza i-[process] ````Izikhundla'', izisebenzi,'izisebenzi, noma amalungu enhlangano'''.] Ukuthintana nabameleli babo ngezingcingo zocingo, ama-imeyili, noma imikhankaso yezenhlaya yezokuxhumana.
  • Ukucwaninga nokungavumelani kolwazi: Ukwenza amaphepha amhlophe, izinqubo ezimfushane, noma izifundo zemfundo ukuze kulolonge isimo esiyiqiniso sengxoxo.
  • [ Ukwakha i-Coalition: Ihlanganisa izinhlangano eziningi ezithanda ukuhlanganisa izicelo zokuthuthukisa imizamo yezemvume nokuveza umkhondo onobunye.

Indima Ephawulekayo Yezisebenzi Zokuzingela

Izisebenzi ze-lobystry ziyizisebenzi ezingochwepheshe ezisebenzisa lamacebo ethonya. Ziqashwa yizinhlangano, izinkampani zezohwebo, amaqembu angasebenzi, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, nohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe. Inzuzo yazo eyinhloko ixhomeke ebuchwepheshini nasebuhlotsheni bazo. Abangenisi abaphumelelayo bayayiqonda inqubo yokulawula ngokungenayo imininingwane, bazi ukuthi yiziphi izihlalo zamakomiti nabasizi bezinkinobho ezibalulekile, futhi bangalindela izithiyo zokuzihlela. Babuye babheke izinhlangano ezilawulayo nezinqumo zenkantolo ezingase zithinte izithakazelo zabathengi babo.

Nakuba abangenisi bemfundamakhwela beboniswa kaningi njengezibalo ezilawulayo, abaningi basebenza njengemithombo yokwaziswa edingekile. Endaweni eyinkimbinkimbi, abashicileli bomthetho bathembele kubasekeli bemithetho ukuze bachaze imiphumela yobuchwepheshe yezikweletu, kusukela ekuthonyeni kwezezomnotho kuya esisekelweni sesayensi sezinga eliphansi lendawo ezungezile. Ucwaningo lwamashumi amabili aneziqu zamalungu aneziqu zamalungu luphawule ukuthi abangenisi bemiyalo banikeza ukwaziswa okuningi nokufike ngesikhathi kunokuba izinhlangano ezisemthethweni zinganikeza. Lo msebenzi wokwaziswa ungaba ngokomthetho, kodwa futhi udala i-asymmetrymetrietation: izithakazelo eziphambili zingakhokha ukuntwa ngaphandle kwamazwi agunyaziwe kakhulu.

Izindlela Ezihlaba Umxhwele Zokuya Ezindaweni Ezikhangayo

Izindlela nemingcele yezimiso zokuziphatha akuyona yonke imikhakha ehlukahlukene.

Ukubopha Ngejubane Eliqondile: Ngaphakathi Kwendlela

Lena indlela engokwesiko kakhulu .Imihlangano ebhekisa phambili nabenzi bezimiso kanye nezinsiza-mali zabo. I-Lobbybys iveza izimpikiswano, umthetho ogunyaza ukuthunyelwa kwezandla, futhi izama ukwakha ubuhlobo. Ukunxusa okuqondile kufanelwe ukuveza imithetho ezifundazweni eziningi; uMthetho we-Lobbing Discloumfis udinga ukubhaliswa nemibiko yezikhathi ezithile yemisebenzi nezindleko. Nokho, kukhona izikhala, ezinjengo "ukugxumela" ngamafemu omthetho nangezimboni ezihlola amabhizinisi ezinikeza iseluleko esisemthethweni ngaphandle kokubhalisa amagumbi.

Ama - Grasroot Ne - Astroturf Lobbing

Ama- Grasroot agqugquzela ukucindezela komphakathi kwezakhamuzi ezivamile. Ungaba qotho futhi ube nentando yeningi. Ungacabanga ngamaqembu endawo ahloma abasekeli ukuba babize uKhongolose ngokuphathelene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Kodwa lelisu liyefana ngezinye izikhathi liphendukezelwa ekubeni "umfuduko" ukudlulisa, lapho izinhlangano zidala ukubonakala kokusekela umphakathi okusakazekele. Ngokwesibonelo, umngcolisi angaxhasa iqembu eliphambili elibizwa ngokuthi "ICitazizens for Clean Mics" eliqhuba izikhangiso ezithi iziqondiso zendawo ezungezile. Izifundo zesayensi yezombangazwe Kleenthman ibonise ukuthi umkhankambi womphakathi ungadukisa abakhi bemithetho yeqiniso.

Ukusebenzisa Imali Ngokuvumelana: Amandla Kumanani

Uma izinhlangano eziningi zihlangana ndawonye, zinganweba ithonya lazo. i-Centre of Commerce yase-U.S., i-American Petroleum Institute, ne-American Civil Libersions Union zonke zihlanganyela ekufuneni izivumelwano ezihlangene. Lemifelandawo ihlanganisa imithombo yezincwadi, ixhumanisa, futhi iveza ukubambisana kubenzi bemithetho. Ziphumelela kakhulu lapho zibhulobha ngokubonakala zihlukanisa izithakazelo, ngokwesibonelo, umfelandawonye wamaqembu enkolo kanye namalungu amelene nokuhlola okungagunyazi lutho.

Ukwandisa Ithonya: Indlela Yokuzishintsha Kwemiyalo

Ithonya lokunxusa aliyona nje into engekho; ukucwaninga okuphathelene nomthetho kuye kwaveza imiphumela emikhulu emiphumeleni yokushaya umthetho, ekwabiweni kwezimpahla, nasekwabiweni komphakathi.

Ukushintsha Imithetho

I-Lobbysts ivame ukwenza okungaphezu kokusekela noma ukumelana nemali. Imithetho eminingi eyinkimbinkimbi, kusukela ekushintsheni kwezezimali kuya ekunakekeleni impilo, ihlanganisa ulimi oluhlelwa amaqembu emboni. Iphepha lama 2019 eMelika ePolitical Science Review [ ithola ukuthi izikweletu zezemboni ezinamandla zingenzeka kakhulu ukuba zihlanganise amalungiselelo angcono eqenjini eliya emakhaya. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Dodd-Flact-Flacted ekhucushini lezente emali egcwele ukukhulula okungu 300 nokweqa ukukhululwa kwezezezezezezezentengiselwano eziphambili ngemva kokuya ezimbonini zamabhange nasemishuwalensi.

Ukuthutha Imithombo Yengcebo

Ukukhokha kungaqondisa ukusetshenziswa kukahulumeni ezimisweni ezithandekayo, izivumelwano, noma intela. Isingathekiso esaziwayo "Iron Triangle" sichaza ubuhlobo obuphakathi kwamakomiti e-Congregational, izinhlangano eziphethe izinhlangano, namaqembu anesithakazelo avala izinto eziza kuqala. Izisebenzi zokuvikela, ngokwesibonelo, njalo zithola izimali ezilondekile ezihlelweni zezikhali iPentagon ngokwayo okungenzeka ukuthi ayicelanga. Ngokwemininingwane evela ku- i-Opensecrets. org[, izimboni ezichitha imali eningi kakhulu ekufuneni izimpi zithola imibuyiselo ekhudlwana yezivumelwano zomthetho. Ucwaningo oluthile lwalinganisela ukuthi imali yonke echithwayo ekungeni u-R220.

Ukushayela Izinguquko Eziqondisayo

Ngaphezu kweKhongolo, ithonya kakhulu inqubo yokubekwa kwemithetho phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Ngaphansi kwe-Administrative Procedire Act, amanxusa kumelwe acabangele ukukhulumela komphakathi ngaphambi kokunikeza imithetho yokugcina. I-Lobbybist inikeza ukukhulumela okuningiliziwe, ihlangana nezikhulu zezinhlangano, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izwane namagama emithetho ebekwe ngemva kweminyango evalekile. Umphumela kungaba "ukuthunjwa kokulawula" lapho amanxusa asebenza khona ezimbonini okumelwe azilawule. Umnyango owenziwe futhi nezisebenzi zaba abazamukela izimboni bakhona kanye kanye kanye kanye kanye kule nkinga. Umbiko ka-201 weSikhungo se-American Progreessss wathola ukuthi ngaphezu kwe 50% yamalungu angaphambili e-Congressporsers manje asebenza njengezisebenzi noma abaqeqeshisi bezeli beze.

Ukuqaphela Umphakathi Okusobala

Imikhankaso yokuzitika ihlanganisa imizamo yomphakathi ephakamisa ukuqashelwa kwezindaba ezithile, ngezinye izikhathi ukuze umphakathi uzuze. Ukunxusa kweNhlangano yomdlavuza ka-American Cancer ukuze ilawule ugwayi kufundisa izigidi ngezingozi zokubhema. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imikhankaso yokuhlehlisa imboni ingasakaza ukwaziswa okungamanga kahle − ngokwesibonelo, ukuphika okuqinile kokushintsha isimo sezulu ngezamandla esayensi ngamaqembu anika isithakazelo samathambo. Noma kunjalo, ukukhuthaza kwezentengiselwano yolwazi olusemzimbeni kungathonya umbono womphakathi, okuthi ngokulandela ithonya inqubo.

Izinselele Ezibucayi Negebe Lokulandisa

Nakuba ukunxusa kuyilungelo elivikelwe, ubukhulu bayo obungalawulwa bubangela ukuwohloka kwezindinganiso okululaza ukwethemba ukubusa kwentando yeningi.

Ukubona Kahle Nezinsimbi Zokuvimbela Ingozi

Nakuba i-U.S. kanye namanye amazwe amaningi kudinga ukubhaliswa, ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho kubuthakathaka. Imisebenzi eminingi yokulawula ithonya ayibanjwanga: "Imikhankaso" ekhokhela izikhungo zokubiza izikhungo, amabhothi ezokuxhumana, noma izingcingo ze-operal akuvamile ukudalulwa. Ngenxa yalokho, umphakathi awunakukwazi ukuthola ukuthi yiziphi izithakazelo eziqondisayo. I-Sunight Foundation iye yaqokomisa ukuthi izimali zezombangazwe ezisetshenziswa ngamaqembu amnyama ziyini, futhi azikhokhi inzuzo ezingadaluli abani abani abanikeli, kusukela ngo-2010 izikhangiso eziphambili zeNkanto ehlangene

Ukutholakala Kwayo Ngokudideka

Izinhlangano ezicebile zinenzuzo esobala. Imboni yokuthaka imithi ichitha amakhulu ezigidi minyaka yonke ekufuneni izithakazelo futhi inelungu elilodwa elibhalisile kumalungu amabili eSishaya-mthetho. Ngokuphambene, amaqembu amancane anezimpande nezinhlangano ezihlukene ngokuvamile antula imithombo yokuqasha abameleli abangochwepheshe. Lokhu kuveza imiphumela yezenqubo ethambekele ekusekeleni inzuzo yomphakathi egcwele. I-Princeton ithola ukuthi ukuthandwa kwezikhulu zezezomnotho nenzalo ezihleliwe kuhlobene kakhulu noshintsho lwezimiso zemithetho, kanti ukukhetha kwezakhamuzi ezivamile akunathonya elitheni.

Izinyathelo Zokulandisa Nezinguquko

Izinguquko ezihlongozwayo zihlanganisa ukuthululwa okuqinile kokuxhumana nabantu abafuna usizo, ukuvinjelwa kwezipho ezifunwayo nokuya kubenzi bomthetho, ukukhushulelwa kwezimali ezinikezwa izisebenzi zobuphathi, kanye nokuphola kwenkathi ngaphambi kokuba izikhulu zangaphambili zibe abasekeli be-Roperation Reparency. I-European Union iye yasebenzisa i-Bregister egunyaza abafuna abangenisi ukuba babika uhlu lwabo lwekhasimende nemali abayisebenzisayo. Nokho, ukunxusa kufakwe kugxile kakhulu esimisweni sezombangazwe, futhi noma iziphi izinguquko kumelwe zilinganisele ilungelo lokucela ngethonya elifanele.

Imiqondo Engokomlando: Ukukhohliswa Emakhulwini Eminyaka

Umkhuba wokunxusa i-United States ngaphambi konyaka ka-1883, kodwa isimo sayo saqala phakathi nenkathi yeGilbed. Ku-Railtraustraound barsons nabenzi bezezimboni bafumbathisa obala izigebengu nabahluleli. Umthetho we-Pendelleton ka-1883 waqala ukwenza uhulumeni ube negunya, kodwa ukunxusa kwaqhubeka kakhulu kwaze kwaba yilapho iNguqulo yeSiphakamiso se-Lobbading Act ka-19659. Kuwo 1970, isithakazelo somphakathi savela, namaqembu anjenge-Commoctal and the Sierra Clubriaction ehlela ukulwa nombuso wamazwe. I-1998 1998 i-Lobboling Dis Revision Act yadala isakhiwo isakhiwo samanje, kodwa izenzakalo zeze zentengo yomthetho ka-Almberson (expoints) ezingapheli. Namuhla, iNkampempela yeNka yeNka yeNkantolo.[Fla][Fla][Fla] i-ult: [ection: [ex

Izimo Ezifundisayo: Ukufundisa Ngokuphanga

Othisha banendima ebalulekile ekulungiseleleni abafundi ukuba basebenzise isimiso lapho ukunxusa kunethonya elikhulu. Izifundo eziklanywe kahle zokunxusa kufanele zihlanganise:

  • [ Ukuqonda iNkathi Yomthetho: Abafundi kufanele bazi ukuthi izindleko ziba umthetho kanjani nokuthi abangenisi bangenelaphi //izimemezelo zokuzwa, amavoti ephansi, amakomiti engqungquthela, nokubusa.
  • [ I-Alativity of Money in Politics: Ikhuthaza abafundi ukuba bahlole ukudalulwa kwezezimali nemibiko edlulisa izimali esebenzisa amathuluzi anjenge Opensecrets. Bacele ukuba baqhathanise ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni futhi bahlole ukuthi yimaphi amazwi angekho.
  • Izifundo zokuhlolwa kwemidanti: Hlola imikhankaso eqondile yokuyenga, njengokuvimbela kwe-FDA ngokuphumelelayo enqubeni yawo 1990, noma indima yemboni yemithi yokuvimbela iMedicare ekuncipheni amanani ezidakamizwa. Qhathanisa nalemizamo ephumelelayo yokukhuthaza izakhamuzi, njengomkhankaso wokunyukela ekunqandeni kwe-apid.
  • Isabelo sobunikazi:[ Fundisa abafundi ukuthi nabo bangamukela imvume (*) ngokuthintana nabameleli babo, ngokujoyina amaqembu afundisayo, noma ngokufakaza enkantolo yomphakathi. Ukuqonda amaphutha alesi simiso akufanele kuholele ekugxekeni kodwa ekuthembiseni.
  • [ Izingxoxo eziphikisayo: izingxoxo zokubona ukuthi ukuqasha kufanele kubekelwe imingcele eyengeziwe, noma uma kuyisibonakaliso esifanelekile sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile. Yenza abafundi baxoxe ngokufaneleyo ngokulimazana, besebenzisa izibonelo zomlando nezesikhathi.

Ukuqhathaniswa Kwembulunga Yonke: Ukuphambana Emhlabeni Wonke

I-United States ihlukile esilinganisweni nasekusakazekeni kwemboni yayo ekhuthazayo, kodwa idemokrasi eningi inezayo. E-European Union, ukunxusa kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ukuveza izimpawu," futhi ukuhlanganisa kwe-EU ukubhalisa izinhlangano ezibhaliwe ezingaphezu kwe 12 000. I-Lobbing Act yaseCanada idinga imibiko yanyanga zonke futhi inekhomishane ephethe amandla okuqinisekisa. Ngokungafani, amazwe amaningi asathuthuka akanamthetho omthetho omthetho, futhi awaxhumani nenkohlakalo. Ukuhlola okuphakathi kwembula ukuthi ukukhanya nemithetho eqinile yokulwa okunemba kungayinciphisa enye yemithetho exhaphaza kakhulu, kodwa akukho simiso esiye sayixazulula ngokuphelele inkinga yethonya elingafaniyo.

Imikhuba Yesikhathi Esizayo: Ithonya Lokubopha Ngezinombolo Nemithetho Yomthetho

Ukwanda kokwaziswa okukhulu nokufakwa kwemicroba kuye kwaveza indlela entsha: ukunxusa ngemishini. Amaqembu anesithakazelo manje asebenzisa imikhankaso eyinkimbinkimbi ukuze athole abavoti abakholisayo, anikeze izikhangiso ezingokomuntu siqu, futhi asebenzise ngisho nemithetho yezesayensi yezokuxhumana ukuze athuthukise amandla otshani. Phakathi nokhetho lwama 2020 eU.S., i-application eyodwa yemishini eqinile ekhuthaza ukuxokozela "umkhanka" emikhankasweni yokulwela abathengi abaningi yahlawuliswa yi-fakelwa yi-fectal Ecompution Commission. Njengoba ubuciko bokwenziwa kwezenzipho, ukukhuthaza ukuguqula impikiswano yomphakathi kuyakhula. Abenzi be-Pricliclettery nabafundisi kumelwe babheke lezi zenzakalo ukuze balondoloze ubuqotho bentando yentando yentando yeningi.

Isiphetho: Ithonya Elilawulayo Embusweni Wentando Yeningi

Ukuzitika akulungile ngokwemvelo noma akukubi; kuyithuluzi lokuthembisana kwezombangazwe okubonisa amandla omphakathi. Ngokungcono kakhulu, kuqinisekisa ukuthi abenzi bezimiso balalela imibono ehlukene futhi bayakwazi ukufinyelela ubungcweti bobuchwepheshe. Okubi kakhulu, kwenza izithakazelo ezicebile zithobe imithetho ukuze zizuzise, zinciphe uhulumeni. Inselele yezakhamuzi, abafundisi, nabashisekeli benguquko ayikuqeda ukuphebeza ukunxusa okungavumelani nemithetho esemthethweni futhi okungasizi ngalutho. Kodwa ukuyilawula ukuze ithonya layo libe sobala, libe nokuziphendulela. Ngokuqonda ithonya layo, singafuna isimiso lapho izinqumo zenziwe khona ngesithakazelo somphakathi, hhayi ngenxa yenzuzo enkulu.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola i-opensets zombuso ezingenisa ukwaziswa ekulandeleni izindleko zangempela; i-Brookings Institution ikhuthaza ukucwaninga [[ ekuhloleni izifundo zobuphiko; kanye ne [[FLT]] LYP] Light Dislofisurect i-database ye-Discrom [ i-Hofisi yeSikhungo yomthetho ye-U.S.