Indlela ohulumeni abahlelwe ngayo futhi bathandwe ngayo ngokuvamile ixhomeke kakhulu ezimweni ezingokomlando abaqala kuzo. Izenzakalo ezingokomlando, izindinganiso zamasiko, nezimo zezomnotho ziguqula imiphakathi ekhethayo ehlela ukubusa. Ukuqonda leli thonya kusisiza ukuba siqonde kangcono ukuthi kungani amazwe ahlukahlukene enezimiso zezombangazwe ezihlukene. Izinhlangano zezombangazwe azidalelwanga endaweni engenalutho; zivela ezimweni ezithile ezingokomlando ezichaza izinselele, izindinganiso, namathuba omphakathi onikeziwe. Ngokuhlola ukuhlanganiswa komlando nombuso, singaqonda kangcono izinhlobonhlobo zezimiso zezombangazwe emhlabeni wonke futhi silindele ukuthi zingavela kanjani esikhathini esizayo.

Indima Yezenzakalo Ezingokomlando

Izenzakalo ezinkulu ezingokomlando ezinjengezimpi, ukuvukela, nokubekwa kwamakoloni zinethonya elikhulu ezimisweni zikahulumeni. Lezizenzakalo ngokuvamile zisebenza njengezimo eziguqulayo eziyisisekelo sombuso wamandla, ziletha imibono emisha, futhi zishintshe isivumelwano sezenhlalo phakathi kwababusi nababuswayo. Ifa lezenzakalo ezinjalo lingaqhubeka amakhulu amaningi eminyaka, lingathonye nje uhlobo lukahulumeni kuphela kodwa futhi nempucuko yezombangazwe nezimiso zezinhlangano.

Ukuvukela

Izinguquko zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zivame ukuholela ekugumbuqelweni kwemibuso ekhona kanye nokumiswa kwezimiso ezintsha zikahulumeni. INguquko yaseFrance ka-1789 iyisibonelo esivelele: yachitha ukubusa kombuso wenkosi, yaqeda amalungelo ombuso, yasusa nemibono yeRepublic esekelwe ngenkululeko, ukulingana, nokuhlangana. Inguquko yabangela futhi ukunyakaza okufanayo kulo lonke elaseYurophu naseMelika. Isimiso sezombangazwe saseFrance esiwumphumela sadlula ngokuphindaphindiwe, umbuso, iRepublic", kodwa inguquko ngayinye yayiyimpendulo eqondile emfuywini yenguquko. Ngokufanayo, inguquko yaseRussia kaR17171717 yanikeza isifundazwe sokuqala sobukhomanisi, esafaka isimiso esisodwa esisekelwe ekulawuleni kwezentengo kaMarx kanye nasekulawuleni kwezomnotho. Ifa laleyo nguquko yalo nguquko yalobulolongeka kuphela kodwa futhi izwe lonke i - Russia phakathi kwempi yomshophindisholo.

Isimiso sokusebenza

Ukubusa kwekoloni kwashiya izisekelo ezijulile ezimisweni zikahulumeni wezizwe eziningi. Izinhlangano ezihlangene zaseFrance ngokuvamile zazuza ifa lezakhiwo zokuphatha, izakhiwo zomthetho, nemingcele yezombangazwe ebekwe yizakhamuzi zazo. Ngisho nangemva kokuzimela, lezi zimiso ezizuzwe njengefa zaqhubeka, ngezinye izikhathi ngokuguqula. Ngokwesibonelo, amakoloni amaningi aseBrithani ayethathe idemokrati ye-democrality yaseWestminster, kuyilapho amakoloni aseFrance ayelandela izakhiwo ezisezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu, umongameli wezwe. Nokho, ukuhlanganiswa kobuzwe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene kwamaqembu ezinhlanga namaqembu ezinhlanga ngaphansi kwemingcele yamakoloni kwabangela izingxabano ezihlala njalo eziqhubeka zilawula imibuso yezezwe. EAfrika, ifa lezehholo lokuthola imibuso yezindawo zombuso nezobushiqela lemibuso yemibuso yemibuso yentando yeningi lakwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukusungula izinhlangano ezisezingeni ezisezingeni elivamile.

Izimpi Nezingxabano

Izimpi, kokubili ezomphakathi nezezizwe, ziye zaba abashayeli abanamandla boshintsho lukahulumeni. Ukuwohloka kweMpi Yezwe II kwashukumisela iJapane neJalimane ukuba zamukele izimiso ezintsha zezombangazwe ezagcizelela ukubusa ngentando yeningi, amalungelo abantu, nezokuthula. EJapane, ukumiswa kwemithetho yentando yeningi ngaphansi kukaJenene Douglas MacArthur kwaqondisa ukumiswa komthetho-sisekelo omusha owaguqula umbuso waba yidemokrati yentando yeningi. IJalimane, ehlukene ngemva kwempi, yasungula izimiso ezimbili zezombangazwe ezihlukene , , [1] ubukhomanisi obubodwa eMpuma, obubodwa embusweni wentando yeningi eNtshona [1] kufike ngo-19909. Izimpi zombangokwawo, njengaseMelika yeMpi yomphakathi (18656) (18656565), yaholela ekushintsheni okuyisisekelo kwemibuso yezwe neyobugqila, ukuvikela kwesigaba sikahulumeni sobugqina. U. U.U.S.

Ithonya Lesiko Nezenhlalo

Izindinganiso zamasiko nezimiso zomphakathi ezigxilile ziqondisa futhi ukukhetha uhulumeni. Izimiso zezombangazwe azizona nje izinto ezinengqondo; zibonakalisa izinkolelo, amasiko, nezinto eziza kuqala zabantu ezibusayo. Izici zempucuko zihlanganisa isimo sengqondo ngegunya, ukubaluleka komuntu ngamunye ngokumelene nenhlala - kahle, amasiko angokwenkolo, nokuhlangenwe nakho komlando okunezici zokubusa.

Ukuqoqa i - “corivism ” v.

I-Societies egcizelela ukwenza izinqumo kanye nokuvumelana kwezenhlalo ngokuvamile idonswa ezimisweni ezibeka umphakathi phambili ngaphezu komuntu ngamunye. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe amaningi aseMpumalanga Asia anezimiso zezombangazwe ezihlanganisa ukungenela okunamandla kwezwe nezakhi zentando yeningi .Nkathi zibizwa ngokuthi “intando yeningi yentando yeningi” noma“ isikhulu sezenkampane yezenkampane yenkolo.” EChina, ukugcizelelwa kokuzinza kwezenhlalo nenhlalakahle yeqembu, okusekelwe ezindinganisweni zenkolo yobuConfucian, kusiza ukusekela isigaba esisodwa somphakathi esiphezulu. Ngokufanayo, amazwe aseMelika, nakuba engowodwa kakhulu, aye athatha isilinganiso sezentengo yezentengo yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano yezelo yezentengiselwano engokwenhlala-yo. Ngokungafani, imiphakathi yesizwe efuna kakhulu i-United States, isilinganiso sokuncikelelwa kwesilinganiso se-demodeli yezwe kanye ne-yonga.

Amasiko Enkolo Nawamafilosofi

Inkolo ngokomlando iye yafeza indima enkulu ekulolongeni izimiso zikahulumeni. Emazweni amaSulumane, ubuhlobo phakathi kwenkolo nombuso buyehluka kakhulu. Amanye amazwe, njengoSaudi Arabia, amukela ubukhosi obungokwasezulwini lapho umthetho ongokwenkolo uyisisekelo sokubusa. Eminye, njenge Turkey, iye yaphishekela ubuzwe kuyilapho isaqaphela ukubaluleka kwempucuko yobuSulumane. EYurophu, iNguquko yamaProthestani kanye nezimpi zenkolo ezalandelayo zanezela ekuphakameni kwezizwe namasiko ombuso wezwe. Amasiko efilosofi eNkampempeleni (ukukhanyiselwa kwezwe), amaMontesquie, noRousseauvau), ngokuyideusch ngokungaqondile athonya ukuthuthuka kwemithetho yentando yeningi yezentando yezwe emakhulwini ekhulu le-18 nele. Ukuqonda lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani izinkolelo ezithile zezombangazwe kwezombangazwe kwezinye izindawo kodwa kuchaza ezinye izindawo.

Izimiso Zomphakathi Nezikhungo Ezivamile

Izikhulu zezenhlalo ezingokwesiko, njengezimiso zesigaba, ukuhlangana kwesizwe, noma ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba, nazo zithinta ukutholwa kukahulumeni. ENdiya, isimiso sokuhlukaniswa ngezigaba siye sathonya ngokomlando futhi siyaqhubeka sibumba izombangazwe ezingokwabantu abakhethiwe nesimiso. Ukusebenzisa kukahulumeni waseNdiya ukusebenzisa uvuma ukuthatha izigaba eziphansi kuwumphumela oqondile wokuhlelwa kwezenhlalo engokomlando. Emazweni amaningi ase-Afrika, ukwethembeka kwesizwe kuvame ukuthatha indawo yesizwe, kuholela ezimisweni zezombangazwe ezincike ekwakheninini nakumandla akhona. Ngakho ukungalingani okungokomlando kudinga izakhiwo zikahulumeni ezisekela noma ukungalingani okungokomlando, kuye ngokwezinganye nezindawo eziphambili zomphakathi.

Izimo Zezomnotho Nohulumeni

Izici zezomnotho zinendima ebalulekile ekunqumeni izimiso zikahulumeni. Izinga lokuthuthuka kwezomnotho, ukusakazwa kwengcebo, isimo somnotho, nokuhlangenwe nakho kwezinkinga zezomnotho konke okunethonya lezimiso zezombangazwe ezisebenza futhi ezikhangayo. Amazwe eZimo zezomnotho angamisa izinhlangano zentando yeningi eziyinkimbinkimbi, kuyilapho amazwe ampofu angathola imibuso eqinile noma ephethe ngokulawula. Izinkinga zezomnotho zingabangela ukushintsha kokubusa, njengoba izizwe zifuna ukuqina nokwanda.

Ingcebo Nentando Yeningi

Kukhona ukuvumelana okubhalwe kahle phakathi kokuthuthuka kwezomnotho nokubusa kwentando yeningi. Izwe elinemfundo engcono, futhi elinezigaba eziphakathi eziqinile lithambekele ekusekeleni izinhlangano zentando yeningi ngokuphumelelayo. Inkolelo-mbono yanamuhla isikisela ukuthi njengoba imiphakathi ikhula ngokwezomnotho, iba nokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba ithole futhi ilondoloze izimiso zentando yeningi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-South Korea ishintshelwe kuhulumeni wempi ishintshele kuhulumeni wentando yeningi wesizwe empumeleni engcono kakhulu kuma-80, njengoba umnotho wayo ukhula futhi umphakathi wayo uqinisa ingcebo yempahla ephakeme ngokulingana naleyo engokongalinganiyo. Ngokuvamile, amazwe amaningi anezingangosimo yezentengiselwano yezo zomnotho, njengoba nje lawo anezingangowoyela eliphezulu, cishe abhekana “isiqalekisoso,” lapho ingcebo evela emithonjeni yemvelo yenza abaholi ukuba badeli bahlubuke futhi bagweme khona. Imithombo yomlando yamazwe nezindawo ezingoko.

Izimo Ezishintshayo Zezomnotho

Izinkinga zezomnotho zivame ukusebenza njengezibangela ushintsho lwezombangazwe. Ukuwohloka Okukhulu kwezomnotho kwango-1930 kwaholela ekuphakameni kwemibuso ye-fascist e-Italy nase-Jalimane, kanye neNew Deal eUnited States, okwandisa indima kahulumeni kahulumeni ezomnotho. Muva nje, i-Asian Financial Crisis yezezimali ka-1997 yenza ukuba ohulumeni abalawuli ababuswayo base-Indonesia naseNingizimu Korea bangakwazi ukubuswa i-democricist. ELatin America, ukukhuculiswa kwemithetho yezomnotho nezindleko ezibhekeneyo kwandisa ukuthathelwa phambili kwemithetho ye-Relifabessssting futhi kwezinye izimo, ukushintshela kwempi kuya kuhulumeni embusweni. Umlando wobunzima bungenza abantu bazimisele ukwamukela igunya elinamandla, noma ukukhathalela kakhulu ukubusa okungokwezinze.

Izici Zezomnotho Nezithakazelo

Isimo somnotho wezwe sibuye silolonge uhulumeni waso. Izinhlangano zama-grarian zingaba nezidingo ezihlukene zokubusa kunezezimboni noma ezisekelwe ekusebenzeni. Ngokwesibonelo, izimiso zezezimali zazihlangene kakhulu nokuphatha indawo kanye nokukhiqiza imikhiqizo yezolimo. Inguquko yezezentengiselwano yabangela izigaba ezintsha zezenhlalo . .Izimboni zandisa izigaba ezintsha zezezezentengiselwano kanye nezindawo zezezezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano nezezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano, okungathinta ubukhosi nenani likahulumeni lokungenela kwezezohwebo ezimbonini zingene ezimbonini zeze izinkonzo ezikhona. Inguquko engoko inqubo yezomlando engokohwebweni iye yahambisana nokuthuthukiswa kwezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano nezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Umlando Wendaba Uyasebenza

Lapho sihlola amazwe athile, sithola ukuthi umlando ushintsha indlela uhulumeni owamukeleka ngayo.

United States

I-U.S. yamukela isimiso sentando yeningi sentando yeningi kahulumeni esithonywe imibono yokuKhanyiselwa kanye nesifiso sokuzibusa ekubuseni kwamakoloni. Umlando wenguquko, ukungabikho kwenguquko, ukugxila elungelweni lombuso womuntu siqu kwalololonga isimo sawo sikahulumeni. Obaba abasungulayo babethonywe kakhulu yizimfundiso zikaJohn Locke ngokwemvelo nayimibono kaMontesquiee yokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. INguquko yaseMelika (1775-171783) yayingeyona nje impi yokuzibusa kodwa futhi ukulahlwa kwemibuso yenkosi eqinile. UMthetho-sisekelo owezwe ka 1787 wasungula isimiso sombuso esilinganiselayo phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezwe, kanye nesilinganiso semali phakathi kwezikhulu, izikhulu zezikhulu zezwe, izikhulu, izikhulu zesizwe, namagatsha ezokwahlulela. Umthetho womlando wempi (18661) waphinde uqhubekisela phambili ukuvuse ukuvikela kwegunya lombuso futhi uhulumeni, uhulumeni ohulumeni owenakele ukusekela inzuzo.

i-China

Isimiso sikahulumeni waseChina, isifundazwe esisodwa esinengxenye yesobusosha, sathonywa umlando waso omude wombuso, ukuvukela kobukhomanisi, nesifiso sokuzinza kwezenhlalo. Umlando wezobukoloni nezingxabano zangaphakathi wafeza indima ekulolongeni ukubusa kwayo kwamanje. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, iChina yabuswa ababusi nesigaba sesizwe esisenkabeni yesizwe esagcizelela ukuhleleka okuphakeme. Ukuwa kweQiantalyty ngo1911 kuholele enkathini yesiphithiphithiphithi, ukuhlasela kwezizwe, impi yombano nokwembukwambano. Ukunqoba kweKhomanisi ePhakathini likaMao Zedong ngo-1949 kwamisa umbuso weReliginist owaqhubeka ukulawulwa okunamandla ngesikhathi sokuqoqa nokukhushulwa kwezwe kwezwe, ngaphandle kokuqondwa okunamandla kwesimiso sezombangazwe sombuso. Inkumbulo engokomlando “kwehlaziswe inkathini yenkathi enkulu yempi yezwe (inkulu yenkathi ye-kethena yempi yekhulu yekhulu lezwe, ikhulu lekhulu lekhulu lekhulu lekhulu lezwe,

EJalimane

Isimiso sezombangazwe saseJalimane sashintsha ngokuphawulekayo ekusabeleni kwezenzakalo ezingokomlando. Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I, iWeimar Republic yamiswa, kodwa izinhlangano zayo zentando yeningi zathikamala futhi ekugcineni zawa ngaphansi kwenhlekelele yezomnotho namalungelo ezombangazwe, okwaholela ebushiqela bamaNazi (1933-1945). IJalimane yahlukaniswa ngokuphawulekayo eMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga, ngayinye enezimiso zezombangazwe ezihlukene ezibekwe imibuso ehleliwe. IJalimane yamukela idemokramente enesi esinengxenye eyodwa emfunweni eqinile yezwelonke nenkululeko engokomthetho, eklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukuvimbela ukubuya kwe-denanti. Umthetho oMkhulu (Grungesezzzh) wahlanganisa izinqubo ezifana nokuvota okungenathemba nokuqina kwenkantolo yesizwe eqinile ekuqinisekiseni imibuso eMpumalanga. IJalimane, ngaphansi kwethonya elinamandla leSoviet, yaba nesifunda sesizwe sesizwe esinokuthula sezenhlalo sesizwe sesizwe sesizwe sesizwe sesizwe sezwe lonke saseJalimane eJalimane ehlangene esingu - Jalimane (19905).

eNdiya

Ukwamukela kwe-Indiya irepublic yentando yeningi ngemva kokuzibusa ngo-1947 kwalolongwa kakhulu umlando wayo wezwe elizimele nefa lenhlangano yamaNdiya yokuzibusa. Ukubusa kweBrithani kwasungula izici zombuso wephalamende, izikhulu zanamuhla, kanye nohlelo olungokomthetho olusekelwe emthethweni olusekelwe emthetho wesiNgisi. Nokho, ukuzibusa kwe-governthensi ngaphansi kukaMahatma Gandhi noJawaharlarl Nehru kwathatha izinhloso zentando yentando yeningi kanye nesimiso sokuzibusa kwezwe njengendlela yokuhlanganisa isizwe esihlukene kakhulu. Umlando wobudlova bomphakathi kanye nenhlekelele kwezentengosi yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano embuluko, kwagcizelela isidingo sesimiso sezombangazwe nesomphakathi esiphansi, ngokuvamile kumiswa amalungelo embusweni embusweni yezenhlalakahle nengokwembusweni wesizwe phakathi neminyaka engokomlando nokuvusembusweni wezwe eliphansi.

Izici Zesayensi Yezwe Nezobuchwepheshe

Nakuba umlando ungokomlando uyi-lens eyinhloko, ukuma kwezwe nobuchwepheshe kuhlangene nomlando ukuze kuthonye izimiso zikahulumeni. Izici ze-ographic ezinjengesilinganiso sezwe, indawo, isimo sezulu, nokungena kwezindlela zokuhwebelana zingaklama izakhiwo zokuphatha. Amazwe amakhulu, ahlukene, njenge-internet, enjenge-United States, Russia, neCanada ziye zathola izimiso ezisemthethweni zokulawula izifunda zezifunda ezihlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusungulwa kwezikhali zenuzi kungathuthukisa izinto ezizakhekile zokuzivikela nezimiso zakwamanye amazwe. Ngokufanayo, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe enjengezokunyathelisa, esakaza imibono eguquguqukayo, noma i-inthanethi ye-internet, eyenza ukuba kube nezindlela ezintsha zokuthatha igalelo-linye igalelo lezombangazwe ezisebenza ngaphansi kohulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, ukukhiqiniswa kwezikhali zenuzinga lokulawula kwempi kanye namandla phakathi kwemibuso yentando yentando yentando yeningi kanye ne-demorideism phakathi kwempi.

Ithonya Nesihlukaniso Samazwe Ngamazwe

Ekugcineni, umongo ongokomlando wobuhlobo bomhlaba wonke awunakwa. Ohulumeni ngokuvamile bathonywa isibonelo somakhelwane abanamandla, ababeyimibuso yamakoloni, noma imibono yomhlaba wonke. Ukusakazeka kwentando yeningi ngekhulu le-19 nelama-20 kwaqhutshwa ngokwengxenye yimpumelelo yemibuso yentando yeningi enjenge-United States ne-United Kingdom, kanye nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke. Ngokuphambene, ukuvela kwemibuso yentando yeningi ezindaweni zombuso kahulumeni wesidleke kuma-1930 kwaveza ukuthambekela kwembulunga yonke kwefascism nempi yempi. Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, isimo somshoshaphansi sabangela amazwe amaningi ukuba alungelelane ne-United States noma iSoviet Union, kanye nezindawo zawo zezombangazwe zezombangazwe eMelika eMpumalanga Yurophu. Namuhla, ithonya lezizwe zonke imibuso yembulunga yonke, njenge-Europe, ukucindezela kwezimiso zempi ezingokomlando kuqhubeke nokubusa kwezwe. Izwe elingumphakathi liyaqhubeka nokubusa kwesimiso sezwezwe elingaphandle.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda umongo ongokomlando wezwe kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngokuthi kungani izimiso ezithile zikahulumeni zamukelwa. Lezizimiso azimi ndawonye; ziyaguquka njengoba imiphakathi ishintsha futhi isabela ezinkingeni ezintsha. Ukuqaphela lokhu kudlala kusisiza ukuba siqonde ukuhlukahluka kwezimiso zezombangazwe emhlabeni wonke. Umlando awunqunyelwe, kodwa umisa izinga lapho kwenziwa khona izinqumo zezombangazwe. Izinguquko, izimpi, izifundazwe, izindinganiso zempucuko, izimo zezomnotho, nezingcindezi zezizwe ngezizwe ezihlanganisa khona ukuthi umlando uyizinto ezikhiwa ohulumeni. [[Fla] [F1], singabikezela kangcono ukuthi izimiso zezombangazwe zingazivumelanisa kanjani izinkinga zesikhathi esizayo namathuba, futhi singahlanganyela ngokucabangela ngokwengeziwe nezimiso zezombangazwe ezibunjwa umhlaba wethu. Ngokuqhubekayo, imithombo yezesayensi yezezombangazwe inikeza izinhlelo zezesayensi yezembubhishobhishobhiso, izibona umsebenzi wezezwe [Fla][F1][F1] noma iqoqo lesayensi yezezombangazwe, inikeza ucwaningo sezesayensi yombuso:[Fogromeststst:[3][3][4][3