Ithonya Lomphakathi Wendawo Ebusa Ngentando Yeningi

Intando yeningi enempilo ixhomeke kakhulu okhethweni olukhululekile nohulumeni osebenzayo. Idinga ukubambisana kwezakhamuzi okungahlela, ukusekela, nokusekela imibuso. Yilapho umphakathi uthatha khona izinhlangano zomphakathi ezingekho zezohulumeni, amaqembu omphakathi, kanye nokubambisana kokuzithandela, umphakathi wenza njengezicubu ezihlangene phakathi kwezwe nabantu. Yinkundla lapho izakhamuzi zihlangana khona ukuze ziphishekele izithakazelo ezihlanganyelwayo, ibangela futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi ithonya lentando yeningi alikho nje kodwa liyasebenza. Lesi sihloko sihlola ithonya elikhulu lomphakathi womphakathi wesizwe embusweni yentando yeningi, sihlola imisebenzi yawo, ithonya lawo ekuhlanganyele kwezombangazwe, izinselele zayo, nendima yawo ehlangeneyo, ibhekene, futhi nendima yayo engokwekhulu lama-21.

Ukuqonda umphakathi wezakhamuzi kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela izimiso zentando yeningi ezihlala zisabela futhi zingenalutho ngayo. Ngaphandle kwakho, idemokrasi isengozini yokuba yize, lapho kuvela khona ukhetho kodwa izakhamuzi zintula izindlela ezinengqondo zokuthonya isimiso phakathi kwemijikelezo yokuvota. Njengoba isazi sezezombangazwe saseHarvard uRobert D. Putnam siphikisa ngokudume, umphakathi wesizwe usungula “inhlokodolobha yezenhlalo” – imifelandawo, izimiso zentando yeningi, kanye nokuthemba okuvumela ukuthatha isinyathelo esibumbene. Lenhloko-nkampane iyisici eyinhloko eyinhloko yesimiso sombuso wentando yeningi. Kusukela ezinhlanganweni zabefundisi bendawo yembulunga yonke yemikhambiso, umphakathi womphakathi uveza isisekelo somphakathi somphakathi sobuningi.

Ukuqonda Umphakathi Wabemi Bangaphandle

Umphakathi womphakathi awuyona inhlangano elawulwa yi-omthorial. Ihlanganisa izinhlangano nezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene ezisebenza ngaphandle komkhaya, imakethe, nezwe. Lezi zinhlangano zivame ukuba ngokuzithandela, ukuzisebenzela, futhi zithambekele ekuzuzeni umphakathi kunokuba zizuze inzuzo. Igama ngokwalo linemvelaphi ejulile yomlando, libuyela emuva ezihlakanipheni zokukhanyiselwa njengoJohn Locke no - Adam Ferguson, ezazibheka umphakathi njengendawo yenkululeko nenhlangano edingekayo ukuze kuncishiswe amandla ombuso.

Namuhla, umphakathi wangaphakathi uhlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zabadlali:

  • [ Izinhlangano zohulumeni-Non (NGOS): kusukela ezinhlanganweni zentuthuko yomhlaba wonke njenge Oxfam kuya ezinhlanganweni zendawo ezinikeza amabhange okudla.
  • Grasroots ntshukumo: Izakhamuzi zihlomaniswa ngezindaba ezifana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ubulungisa bohlanga, noma impilo yomphakathi.
  • Izinhlangano zomsebenzi:[ Amaqembu afana nama-bar ahlanganisayo noma imiphakathi yezokwelapha ethonya isimiso sezomthetho emasimini awo.
  • Izinyunyana:[ Izinhlangano ezisekela amalungelo ezisebenzi kanye nokuthengiselana kweqembu.
  • Izinhlangano ezisekelwe ekukholelweni:[ amaSonto, amathempeli, amasinagoge, nezinhlangano ezisiza umphakathi ezinikeza izinkonzo zomphakathi nezwi lokuziphatha.
  • Amaqembu ahlangene: ama-ambulelano omakhelwane, izinhlangano zabazali nothisha, kanye nama-club omsebenzi wokuzilibazisa akha ubunye bendawo.
  • Amathangi okucabanga nezikhungo zokucwaninga: Izinhlangano eziveza ukuhlaziywa kwezimiso nokuthonya impikiswano yomphakathi.

Okuhlanganisa lezi zinhlangano ezihlukahlukene yindima yazo njengabalamuleli. Ziguqula ukukhathazeka kwazo zibe yizenzo ezihlangene, zilethe ubuchwepheshe enkulumweni yeningi, futhi ziqondise ukusebenza kukahulumeni. Eziningini zemibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi, umphakathi wezakhamuzi uye waba yisici esigunyaza ezinye zezinguquko zezenhlalo ezishintsha kakhulu, kusukela ekuqedweni kwezigqila kuya ekwandeni kwamalungelo okuvota.

Umehluko Phakathi Komphakathi Wangaphakathi Namanye Amahlelo

Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa umphakathi womphakathi nesifundazwe. Nakuba amabhizinisi esebenza ngenjongo yenzuzo futhi esebenzisa igunya likahulumeni elisebenzisa inzuzo, izinhlangano zomphakathi ngokuvamile azizuzisi futhi azizifuni. Nokho, imingcele ingafiphaza. Abanye ba-NGO bathola imali eshisiwe kahulumeni, futhi ezinye izinkampani zihileleke ekufuneni inzuzo. Noma kunjalo, isici esiyinhloko siwukuthi umphakathi usebenza emphakathini ngaphandle kokuthembela ezificelweni zenzuzo noma emandleni ombuso. Lokhu ukuzibusa yikona okwenza umphakathi wesizwe ube nekhono lokubekela igunya lawo inselele.

Imisebenzi Yomphakathi Wezakhamuzi EDemocracy

Umphakathi wezakhamuzi wenza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile esekela ukubusa kwentando yeningi.

Ukumelela Nokuhlanganisa Amazwi

Enye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu ukunikeza izwi emaqenjini ancishisiwe noma angaphansi. Intando yeningi ifanele ibonise intando yabantu, kodwa ngaphandle kokuhlelwa kwelungelo lokubusa, izithakazelo zezincwadi ezimpofu, izinhlanga ezimbalwa, abesifazane, kanye neminye imiphakathi engakwazi ukuvikeleka. Izinhlangano zomphakathi (CSOs) ezisebenza ngokunenzuzo ekuqedeni lezi zinto ezikhathazayo. Ngokwesibonelo, Ilungelo lamaHuman Rights Watch ukuxhashazwa kwezincwadi nengcingo yohulumeni ukuze bavikele inkululeko eyisisekelo. Ngokufanayo, izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo omphakathi (CSOs) ezikhubazeni lezinto ezikhathazayo. Ngokufaka i-CSCGREgiactive nemishini kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhiqiniswa kwenqubo i-RGenetic projective.

Ukuzitika Ngenkani Nethonya Lesimiso

Umphakathi ungumshayeli omkhulu wezimiso. Ngokucwaninga, ukunxusa, imikhankaso yomphakathi, nokucophelela, izinhlangano zilwela imithetho emisha, iziqondiso, kanye nezimiso zokusetshenziswa kwemali. Umzabalazo wendawo ezungezile, namaqembu anjenge-Sierra Club ne Greenpeace, uye waba usizo ekulolongeni isimiso sezulu. Ukuqamba kungaba yisisusa esikhungweni esiphezulu noma esisuka emiphakathini ephezulu. Ngezinye izikhathi kuhilela isinyathelo esiqondile, njengokuvukela noma ukungalaleli komphakathi, okungaguqula umbono womphakathi futhi kuphoqelele nesenzo sikahulumeni.

Ukubheka Uhulumeni Njengonecala

Idemokrasi esebenzayo idinga ukuqondisa. Umphakathi womphakathi usebenza njenge-gadadi, uhlola ukusebenza kukahulumeni, udalula ukonakala, futhi ufune ukuba kube lula. I-inventigative manageism (ngokuvamile exhaswe yizinhlangano ezingazuzisi), i-projective divisionss emelene nokungakhohlisi njenge-Transparency International, futhi isithakazelo somphakathi wonke sifeza lendima. Uma ohulumeni bezama ukusebenza ngokuyimfihlo noma ngokuxhashazwa kabi, umphakathi wezakhamuzi ungakhanyisa ukukhanya kokungalungile. Njengoba i-Arabian Spring yabonisa, amaqembu omphakathi ayenengxenye enkulu ekusebenziseni impatho yempala nokwenza ushintsho.

Imfundo Yesiphakamiso Nenkululeko Yomphakathi

Izindawo zomphakathi zixhomeke ezakhamuzini ezinolwazi. Umphakathi usiza ngokunikeza imfundo yomphakathi, ukuhlela umphakathi izikhulu zezindaba, nokuqamba impikiswano. Imikhankaso yezemfundo, izingxoxo zomphakathi, nokhetho lokugcona isiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde amalungelo azo nemithwalo yazo yemfanelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izigebengu ezikhokhayo njengemiyalo yezakhamuzi noma imihlangano yehholo yedolobha ehlelwe yi-CSOs zingathuthukisa izinga lenkulumo yasobala. Ngokudala izithuba zengxoxo enengqondo, umphakathi wangaphakathi usiza ekulweni nezindawo zokuhlalisa imingcele.

Ukubeletha Kwenkonzo Nenhlalakahle Yomphakathi

Emazweni amaningi, izinhlangano zomphakathi zigcwalisa izikhala ezishiywe yizwe. Zinikeza izinkonzo ezibalulekile ezinjengokunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, usizo lwezinhlekelele, nokusekela abangenamakhaya. Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kungadala ukuncika, futhi kwakha ukwethembana nokubambisana komphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlangano ezisekelwe ekukholweni zivame ukuba nezikhungo ezifinyelela abasengozini kakhulu.

Umphumela Wokuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe

Uma izakhamuzi zizihlanganisa nabantu, zifunda amakhono anjengokuhlela, ukuphikisana nokuhlehla. Ziqala futhi umuzwa wokuphumelela — inkolelo yokuthi izenzo zazo zingawenza umehluko.

Ukuthumba Izixuku Nemiphakathi

Ukuphuma kuvota kuyinto ethandwayo emphakathini. Izinhlangano ezingathathi ngxenye ziqhuba izintambo zokubhalisa, izindawo eziseduze, futhi zinikeze izinto zokuhamba ezinhlolwayo. E-United States, amaqembu anjengeNhlangano yabesifazane abelokhu enza lokhu isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka. Ngalé kokhetho, uCSOs ukhuthaza izakhamuzi ngezindaba zendawo – ukuphikisa ukuchithwa kwezindawo, ukufuna izikole ezingcono, noma ukuhlela ukucoceka komphakathi. Lezenzo ezincane zokuhlanganyela ziqinisa imikhuba yedemokrasi.

Ukuhlanganyela Ngemishini Nezinhlobo Ezintsha Zokuhlanganyela

I-Internet nezokuxhumana ziye zaguqula ukwakheka komphakathi. Izicelo zomphakathi, ukugconwa, nokuthathelwa phambili kwe-hashtaism kuvumela abantu ukuba bangene kwezombangazwe ngaphandle kokuba amalungu angokwesiko. Izinhlangano ezinjenge- Live Live Live Confe Confect zaqala njengezimpande zotshani ze-hashtag futhi zakhula zaba amandla embulungeni yonke obulungisa bezinhlanga. Amathuluzi emishini anciphisa isithiyo ukuze bangene, okwenza abantu abaningi bakwazi ukuhlanganyela. Nokho, baphakamisa futhi ukukhathazeka nge-reebetivivism ne-alchim.

Ukwakha Inhloko - dolobha Yomphakathi Nokwethembana

Ukuhlanganyela emphakathini womphakathi kwakha inhloko - dolobha yezenhlalo – ukuthembana nokubambisana okwenza kube nokwenzeka. Ukucwaninga kukaPtnam kwabonisa ukuthi izifunda ezinezinhlanganisela eziminyene ezihlangene zinohulumeni abasebenza kangcono nezakhamuzi eziboshelwe kakhulu. Uma abantu bejoyina iqembu lezemidlalo, ikwaya, noma iqembu lomzali, baqala ukuhlobana okuchithekela ekuphileni kwezombangazwe. Lesibopho nokudlondlobala kuqinisa umbuso wentando yeningi osuka phezulu.

Izinselele Nosongo Kumphakathi Wangaphakathi

Naphezu kwendima yalo ebalulekile, umphakathi ubhekene nezinselele ezingathi sína ezingase zenze buthaka ithonya lawo.

Imingcele Kahulumeni Nendawo Encishisiwe

Emhlabeni wonke, ohulumeni bamisa imithetho evimbela imisebenzi yomphakathi. Lezi zihlanganisa izimfuneko zokubhalisa, ukuvinjelwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe, nokuqapha abashisekeli. Ngokwe- COVICUS, ukubambisana kwezinhlangano zomphakathi, indawo yentando yeningi enciphayo emazweni amaningi. Ezindaweni ezinjenge Hungary, Poland, naseNdiya, ohulumeni baye bagxeka izinqubo ezigxeka izinqubo, bezibiza ngokuthi zingabameleli bakwamanye amazwe noma izikhapheli zezombangazwe. Imingcele enjalo ivala ukuphikisana nemithetho yentando yeningi.

Ukuxhasa Ukungalondeki Nokukhathala

Izinhlangano eziningi zomphakathi zithembele ezinhlamvwini ezivela ezisekelweni, kohulumeni, noma ezinikelweni ngazinye. Lokhu kuxhasa ngemali kungaba okungathembeki, kuphoqelele izinhlangano ukuba ziphishekele imisebenzi emifushane kunokuba zakhe amandla amade. Ukuwohloka kwezomnotho ngokuvamile kuholela ekunciphiseni ukupha, futhi ukukhathala kokusiza kungabangela izinkinga ezithatha isikhathi eside. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuncika kuhulumeni ekuxhaseni imali kungahlehlisa ukuzibusa, njengoba izinhlangano zingazidela izivumelwano.

Ukumelana Nesimiso Somzimba Nokushintsha Izakhi

Imizamo yomphakathi ingabhekana nokungaqiniseki noma ukuzondwa ngokuqondile yizingxenye zomphakathi. Emiphakathini ehlukene kakhulu, i-CSOs ingabhekwa njengabadlali abahlukanisayo kunokuba ibhekwe njengamazwi angathathi hlangothi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusekela i-LGBTQ kwamalungelo kubhekene nokuphikiswa okukhulu emazweni amaningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphakathi ungathathelwa iqhaza ngezithakazelo eziphambili. Abanye abantu bagxekwa ngokuthi abakwazi ukuxhumana nabantu abavamile, abamelela izinhloso zokunikela kunokuba bamelele izikhundla zotshani ezidingwa yizo.

Ukubusa Kwangaphakathi Nokulandisa

Izinhlangano zomphakathi ngokwazo zingahlupheka ngenxa yokubusa okuphansi, ukuntuleka kobuholi obungaqondakali. Amaphutha ezinhlanganweni ezinkulu zezezimali aqeda ukwethemba umphakathi. Kubalulekile ukuba i-CSOs ifanekise izindinganiso zentando yeningi ezizikhuthazayo, ngokwenza izinqumo ezibonisayo nezingakhokhi.

Ukuhlola Ithonya Lomphakathi

Ukuhlola izibonelo zezwe langempela kubonisa indlela umphakathi wezakhamuzi oye wathonya ngayo imiphumela yentando yeningi ezimweni ezihlukahlukene.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Abantu E - United States

I-1960s Civil Rights Movement iyicala eliyingqopha - mlando lokuguqula umphakathi ngentando yeningi. Izinhlangano ezinjengeNAACP, i-Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCC), kanye ne-Students Nonligth Couding Comiding Committee (SNCC) ziqoqa izigidi zezakhamuzi ngezenzo zokungalawuleki, ukuhlalisana, nokuhamba. Ukuzibandakanya kwazo kwamalungelo eSivumelweni somphakathi kwaholela eMthethweni wango-19646 kanye neSivumelwano-Rhuduko somthetho, ukususa ukuvikelwa ngokwemithetho kanye nokuncishwa kwe-Blabhuliki. Inhlangano yaseMelika yabonisa indlela ukumelana ngayo, izenzo zomphakathi ezingabanga ubudlova, nokushintsha isizwe.

Inhlangano Yokuzinza EPoland

Kuwo-1980, inhlangano yezokuhlangana kwezokuhwebelana ePoland yaba namandla amakhulu ngokumelene nokubusa kobukhomanisi. Kusukela ekuhlaseleni iGdańsk, yakhula yaba umzabalazo wezwe lonke wamalungu angaphezu kwezigidi eziyishumi. Umanyano, lusekelwe yiSonto lamaKatolika nezinhlangano zaseNtshonalanga, lwasebenzisa amasu omphakathi – ukuzihlela ngokwakho, izincwadi zangaphansi komhlaba, nokubhikisha okunokuthula – ukufuna inkululeko. Naphezu komthetho we-gastal nokucindezela, lenhlangano yaqhubeka futhi ekugcineni yaba nesandla ekuweni kwemibuso yobuKhomanisi eMpumalanga Yurophu. Lokhu kubonisa indlela umphakathi wezakhamuzi ongabekela ngayo imibuso yobuphostolise futhi wakha kabusha identi.

Ilungelo LaseNdiya Lokuqhuba Ukwaziswa

ENdiya, umkhankaso wotshani owenziwa umphakathi wesizwe njengeMazoo Kisay Kiskanti Sangathan (MKS) waqhutshekwa ukuze kubonakale uhulumeni wendawo. Ngokuzwa nokwenza izicelo zomphakathi, bafuna ukuba izakhamuzi zikwazi ukufinyelela amarekhodi kahulumeni ahlobene nokusetshenziswa kwentuthuko. Umzabalazo waphumela ekwakheni iSivumelwano seSivumelwano sokwaziswa sango-2005, esinika izakhamuzi amandla okucela ukwaziswa kuziphathimandla zomphakathi nezikhulu ukuba zilandise.

Ukuvikelwa Kwendawo Ezungezile Nesivumelwano SeParis

Umphakathi wembulunga yonke wezemvelo wafeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekulolongeni i-Paris Climate Agreement Agreement ka-2015. Izinhlangano ezinjenge - World Wildlife Fund, Greenpeace, ne-Climate Action Network zahlanganisa imikhankaso, ohulumeni abavivinyelwe, kanye nokuzingelwa komphakathi. Isivumelwano, nakuba singaphelele, simelela isibopho esihlangene sokulinganisela ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Umphakathi uyaqhubeka uhlola ukumiswa kwemisebenzi futhi uqhubele phambili ekufuneni ukuvelela okukhulu.

Ukuqinisa Intando Yeningi: Indima Yangaphambili Yomphakathi Wangaphakathi

Enkathini yokuphambuka kwentando yeningi, ukudlondlobala okukhulayo, nokuphazamiseka kwezimiso, umphakathi wezakhamuzi kumelwe uzivumelanise nokuhlala uphumelela.

Ukwakha Izinkolo Ezingaphesheya Kwamahlelo

Ayikho inhlangano eyodwa engasingatha izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi iyodwa. Izinhlangano ezihlanganisa amaqembu ahlukene – amalungelo abantu, indawo ezungezile, umsebenzi, inkolo – zingandisa ithonya. [[FLT: 0] Impi yemali enguR1 [R1,50] eUnited States ngokuphumelelayo ezisebenzayo ezisheshayo, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, namaqembu omphakathi ukuphakamisa umholo olinganiselwe. Izivumelwano ezinjalo ezisekelwe ezindaweni eziningi zakha amandla ezombangazwe nokuzivuselela.

Ukwamukela ukuguqulwa kwamanani

Umphakathi kumelwe ube nobuchwepheshe obunamandla bokuhlela, ukuqoqa imali, nokulawula izimali kuyilapho ulungisa izingozi zawo (i-mistry, ukuqapha). Imikhankaso yokwaziswa, amahholo asemadolobheni, nokuxhumana okuyimfihlo kungathuthukisa ukufinyelela. Nokho, izinhlangano kumelwe zifake futhi imali ekuvikeleni imishini nakwezokubhala ukuze zivikele bona kanye nezindawo ezikhonza kuzo.

Ukuthuthukisa Imibuso Ebusa Ngentando Yeningi

Ukuze zilondoloze ukufaneleka, izinhlangano zomphakathi kufanele zenze lokho ezikushumayelayo. Ukuqondisa okusobala, ukukhetha okuvamile kobuholi, nokulandisa emalungwini nakwabazuzayo kubalulekile. Uma i-CSOs ngokwayo ibhekwa njengentando yeningi, ithembeke kakhulu ekukhuthazeni izinguquko zentando yeningi.

Isiphetho

Umphakathi womphakathi awuyona into yokunethezeka kwentando yeningi; kuyisidingo. Inikeza isisekelo sokuhlela, izwi labakwehliswayo, ukuqondisa ukunqanda ukuxhashazwa kwegunya, nemfundo yomphakathi esekela ukuthatha isinyathelo ngolwazi. Nakuba ubhekene nezinselele ezinkulu – kusukela ekuncipheni kwendawo yomphakathi ukuya ebuthakani bangaphakathi; ithonya layo elihlala njalo licacile. Izinhlangano ezikhuthaza umphakathi womphakathi oqinile, ozimele zisabela ngokwengeziwe, ziqinile, futhi zilungile. Njengoba sibheka phambili, isiphetho sentando yentando yeningi yeningi singaxhomeke emandleni omphakathi wayo womphakathi womphakathi wezakhamuzi – izinxulumano zawo ezingalingani, izinhlangano ezivamile ezihlala zikhona.