Iyini Ikhabethe?

Ikhathena lingenye yezinhlangano ezibaluleke kakhulu kuhulumeni wentando yeningi wanamuhla, kodwa izakhamuzi eziningi azikaqondi ukuthi iyini, isebenza kanjani, nokuthi kungani ibalulekile. Ikhathekthe elibusayo liyiqembu labantu abanomthetho ngokomthetho noma umsebenzi ongokomthetho wokubusa izwe noma umbuso, noma ukululeka inhloko kahulumeni, ngokuvamile egatsheni eliphethe. Ukuqonda indima yekhathekrati kubalulekile ezakhamuzini ezifuna ukuqonda ukuthi uhulumeni wazo usebenza kanjani nokuthi izinqumo ezinkulu zenziwa kanjani.

Lo mqondisi obanzi uzohlola konke okudingayo ngekhabethe, kusukela ekudalweni kwalo komlando kuya kwimisebenzi yalo yanamuhla, inqubo yokumisa, nendlela izimiso zekhathebhine ezihluka ngayo emhlabeni wonke. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, isakhamuzi esikhathazekile, noma unelukuluku lokwazi ngemisebenzi kahulumeni, lesi sihloko sizokunika ukuqonda okuphelele ngalenhlangano kahulumeni ebaluleke kakhulu.

Iyini Ikhabethe?

Ikhabethe liyiqembu elinomsebenzi wokubusa izwe noma umbuso, noma ukululeka umphathi wezwe, ngokuvamile ovela egatsheni eliphethe, futhi amalungu alo aziwa njengezikhonzi nonobhala futhi ngokuvamile amiswa abaholi bakahulumeni noma uhulumeni. Ikhabethe lisebenza njengendikimba eyinhloko yesikhulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngumongameli, undunankulu, noma omunye umongameli kahulumeni.

AmaKhabhinethi avame ukuba nomthwalo wemfanelo wokuphathwa kwe-oday nokuphathwa kohulumeni usuku nosuku nokusabela ezigijimeni ezisheshayo, kanti amagatsha omthetho nokwahlulela asebenza ngejubane elilinganiselwe, eziqenjini ngokwezinqubo ezinde. Lokhu kwenza ikhabethe libe nesikhundla esikhethekile sokusingatha izindaba eziphuthumayo nokusebenzisa izimiso ngokushesha nangempumelelo.

Umsebenzi wekhabethe uyahlukahluka: kwamanye amazwe, iyindikimba eyenza izinqumo ngokusebenza ngokuhlangene, kuyilapho kwezinye ingasebenza njengendikimba ephethe i-collegie noma isikhungo esisizayo ekwenzeni isinqumo sombuso noma umholi kahulumeni. Amandla akhethekile nemithwalo yemfanelo yekhabethe axhomeke kakhulu ohlotsheni lwesimiso sikahulumeni endaweni.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo SamaKhabhithane

Ngokuthakazelisayo, imithetho-mithetho eminingi ayilikhulumi ngokucacile igama elithi "cabinet". UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States awumiseli ngokuqondile iKhabhinethi, futhi indima yeKhabhinethi ithathwe olimini loMcimbi u-Claus (uMklamo II, Ingxenye 2, Clause 1) yoMthetho-sisekelo wabaphathi abakhulu beminyango ukuze banikeze iseluleko kumongameli. Naphezu kwalokhu kungabikho kolimi olucacile lomthetho mthetho-sisekelo, ikhathenabe liyingxenye ebalulekile yokubusa kwezikhulu.

Imiswe eSiphakamisweni II, Ingxenye 2 yoMthetho-sisekelo, indima yeKhabhinethi ukululeka uMongameli nganoma isiphi isihloko angafuna ukuba athinteke ngemisebenzi yehhovisi ngalinye lelungu ngalinye. Lo msebenzi wokuqondisa uveza injongo eyinhloko yezimiso zekhabethe ezisezikhundleni zikahulumeni ezihlukahlukene.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Nokuziphendukela KweKhaya

Ukuqonda lomlando kusisiza ukuba sichaze ukuthi kungani amakhabethe anamuhla esebenza ngendlela asebenza ngayo.

Intuthuko Yasekuqaleni ENgilandi

UCharles I waqala u-"Cabinet Council" kusukela ekungeneni kwakhe ngo-1625, njengoba uMkhandlu wakhe wePrivy, noma "umkhandlu womuntu siqu", ngokusobala wawungazimele ngokwanele, futhi ukusetshenziswa kokuqala okubhaliwe kwe-"cabinet" ngokwayo kusuka ku-1444, futhi uphinde ube nobutha futhi uxhumane nemikhuba yangaphandle esolekayo. Igama elithi "cabinet" ekuqaleni lalibhekisela egumbini elincane, lomuntu siqu lapho inkosi yayihlangana khona nabaqondisi be-Privis, kude noMkhandlu omkhulu wePrivy.

Amakhabethe anamuhla aqala ukuvela eYurophu phakathi nekhulu le - 19 lapho uhulumeni womthetho - sisekelo usakazeka kancane kancane, njengoba amakhosi ayesebenzise amalungu ezinkantolo zawo ngaphambili ukuze enze imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yokuphatha, kodwa ukumiswa kokubusa komthetho - sisekelo kwenza izikhonzi zenkosi zaba nesikhundla esisha, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokusungulwa kwamaphalamende ayekhethwe ayedinga ukuvunyelwa kwezindaba zokuhlela nokushaya umthetho.

Ukudlula kweReform Bill ngo-1832 kwacacisa izimiso ezimbili eziyisisekelo zikahulumeni wekhathemende: ukuthi ikhabethe kufanele lakhiwe amalungu athathwe eqenjini noma ezombangazwe aphethe iningi eMzini kaCommo futhi amalungu ekhabethe libonke anomthwalo wemfanelo wokuziphatha kwawo kukahulumeni. Lezizimiso ziyaqhubeka zibumba izimiso zephalamende namuhla.

Isiko Lekhabethe LaseMelika

UGeorge Washington, umongameli wokuqala wase-United States, wahlela izikhulu zakhe eziyinhloko zaba iKhabhinethi, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi bekulokhu kuyingxenye yesakhiwo segatsha eliphethe iWashington, eneKhabhinethi ehlanganisa amalungu amahlanu: yena ngokwakhe, unobhala weSizwe uThomas Jefferson, unobhala weTreator Alexander Hamilton, unobhala weWar Henry Knox noAtttorney General Edmundram Randolph. Lokhu kwamisa isandulela sikamongameli wekhabethe eUnited States.

Umongameli ongumsekeli uJohn Adams wayengafakwanga eKhabhinethi yaseWashington ngoba lesisikhundla ekuqaleni sasibhekwa njengesikhulu somthetho (umholi weSigele), futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaze kwaba khona indawo kumongameli (okwakwenzekanga kwaze kwaba sekufeni kukaWilliam Henry Harrison ngo-1841), kwakungaqiniseki ukuthi isekela lomongameli lalizovunyelwa ukuba likhonze njengomongameli wesikhathi esingaphezu kwegama lokuqala njengesebenza nje njengomongameli kuze kube yilapho kuthathwa ukhetho olusha. Nokho, namuhla, umongameli oyisekela ulpurenti uyilungu le-gamende.

Imisebenzi Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Yekhabethe

Ikhabethe lenza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kukahulumeni. Lemithwalo yemfanelo ihlukahluka ngandlela-thile kuye ngesimiso sikahulumeni, kodwa eminye imisebenzi eyisisekelo ihlala ifana emazweni ahlukene.

Indima Ekhohlisayo

Amalungu eKhabhinethi kaMongameli aluleka uMongameli ngazo zonke izinkinga ezibalulekile amelwe abhekane nazo futhi ahole iminyango yeGafa Eliphetheyo likahulumeni wethu. Lendima embaxambili yomphathi nomphathi yenza amalungu ekhabethe abe nethonya elikhethekile ekulolongeni kwenqubo kahulumeni.

Indima yeKhabhinethi yase-US iwukululeka uMongameli ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene ezihlobene namahhovisi abo, futhi onobhala bomnyango ngamunye kulindeleke ukuba baluleke uMongameli ngokuqondile nganoma iyiphi indlela angase ayidinge. Amalungu eKhabhinethi aletha ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile ezindaweni zawo zomthwalo wemfanelo, anikeze umphathi omkhulu imibono esekelwe ezimisweni eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezimiso Zokusebenza Nokusetshenziswa Kwazo

Iminyango yekhathene inomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa nokumisa imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya - mthetho, kanye nokwakha nokukhipha izinqubo zokusingatha izinto eziza kuqala ezweni. Lokhu kwenza ikhabethe libe yinqubo eyinhloko izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezihunyushelwa kuyo ukuba zisebenze.

Iminyango yeKhabhinethi ifeza indima ebalulekile enqubweni yokwenza izimiso ngokunikeza ubuchwepheshe, ulwazi, nokutusa kuMongameli noMkhandlu. Amalungu eKhabhinethi awamane akhiphe iziyalezo; ahlanganyela ngenkuthalo ekulolongeni izimiso azokwenza.

Ezimisweni zephalamende, indima yekhabethe ekuthuthukiseni isimiso ibaluleke kakhulu. Izikhulu zekhathemini, kuhlanganise nondunankulu, zisebenza ngokucwaninga, ukuhlela, nokumisa imithetho nezimiso kumalungu abo emithetho epalamende. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwemisebenzi yezikhulu neyomthetho kuhlukanisa amakhabethe ephalamende kuwezihlobo zikamongameli.

Abaholi Bomnyango

Amalungu eKhabhinethi angabeziphathi bezombangazwe futhi asebenzisa iminyango yawo ngokuqondisa, futhi njengezikhulu ezimisiwe eziphethe izinhlangano zikahulumeni, la onobhala beKhabhinethi bangabaqondisi abaphethe ngokugcwele iminyango yabo. Leligunya lokuphatha livumela amalungu ekhathektha ukuba alawule izikhundla ezinkulu futhi afeze umsebenzi womnyango wawo.

Amalungu ekhabethe engamela izinkulungwane noma ngisho amakhulu ezinkulungwane zezisebenzi, asebenzisa imali eningi, futhi enza izinqumo ezithinta izigidi zezakhamuzi.

Ukwenziwa kwesinqumo sonke

Ezimisweni eziningi zikahulumeni, ikakhulukazi ezisephalamende, i-khathekhamende lisebenza njengendikimba yokwenza izinqumo. Ngaphansi kwesimiso saseWestminster, amalungu ekhathekhane ayizikhonzi zoMbuso ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wonke womthetho kahulumeni, futhi zonke izikhonzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zinkulu noma zisebumini be-kaputeni noma zisezingeni eliphansi, kumelwe zisekele obala isimiso sikahulumeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izimpikiswano ezizimele.

Amalungu ekhathene angaphikisana ngokukhululekile phakathi komshoshaphansi wemihlangano yekhathekhathi, kodwa lapho sekufinyelelwe isinqumo, wonke abophekile ukusekela izinqubo zekhabethe, kokubili kumaCommo naphambi komphakathi wonke. Lesi simiso somthwalo wemfanelo wonke siqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ukhuluma ngezwi elilodwa, ngisho nalapho izikhonzi ngazinye zingase zibe nemibono ehlukile phakathi nokuhlola kwangaphakathi.

Amalungu Ekhabethe Akhethwa Kanjani?

Inqubo yokukhetha amalungu ekhabethe iyahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngohlobo lwesimiso sikahulumeni nezwe elithile okuxoxwa ngalo. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi imibuso ehlukene yentando yeningi isebenza kanjani.

Isimiso Sobumongameli: Isibonelo Sase - United States

Ezimisweni zobumongameli njengase - United States, inqubo yokumiswa ihilela kokubili amagatsha aphethe nezomthetho, okubangela ukusheshisa nokulinganisela okubalulekile.

Lolu hlelo lokuqondisa lumiswe umongameli futhi luqinisekiswe iSigele saseUnited States. umongameli unokuqonda okukhulu ekukhetheni abameleli, kodwa ngeke kamuva abese ehhovisi.

Ngokuvamile, njengoba bemiswa umongameli, bangamalungu eqembu elifanayo lezombangazwe, kodwa umphathi ukhululekile ukukhetha noma ubani, kuhlanganise namalungu eqembu eliphikisayo, olalela iseluleko nemvume yeSigele. Lokhu kuvumelana nezimo kuvumela amongameli ukuba bakhe amakhabethe ahlukahlukene angase ahlanganise amalungu ezizinda zezombangazwe ezihlukahlukene.

Ngokuvamile, isishaya - mthetho noma ingxenye yaso kumelwe iqinisekise ukumiswa kwelungu lekhabethe; lokhu kumane kungenye yeziphetho eziningi nezilinganiso ezakhelwe isimiso sobumongameli. ISigele sihlanganisa inqubo yokuqinisekisa ihilela ukuzwa lapho abanyunyana bengatshazwa khona ngezimfanelo zabo, imibono, nezingxabano ezingase zibe isithakazelo.

For all the drama generated every four years by Cabinet appointments, defeat of a nominee by a vote in the Senate is extremely rare, with the only time a nominee by a new president was rejected by a Senate vote occurring in 1989, when George H.W. Bush nominated John Tower, a former senator from Texas, to be his secretary of defense.

Izimiso Zasephalamende: IFoto YaseWestminster

Izimiso zePhalamende zilandela inqubo ehlukile yokumiswa okubonisa ukuhlanganiswa kwemibuso ephethe neyomthetho.

EGreat Britain namuhla ikhabethe linamalungu acishe abe ngu-15 kuya ku-25, noma abefundisi, abamiswe undunankulu, naye omiswe yinkosi ngesisekelo sekhono lokulawula amavoti amaningi kumaCommon. Ikhono lomphathi omkhulu lokwakha uhulumeni lixhomeke ekusekelweni kwephalamende.

Emazweni amisa isimiso seWestminster, njengeUnited Kingdom noma iAustralia, izikhonzi zekhathekhamende zimiswa ngokwesiko zisuka phakathi kwamalungu ahlezi ephalamende.

Lokhu kuphumela esimweni lapho ikhabethe limiswe khona nge-cono futhi likhonza ngokwenjabulo kandunankulu, futhi kanjalo, ikhabethe ngokuvamile lingaphansi kakhulu kukandunankulu njengoba lingathathelwa indawo nganoma isiphi isikhathi, noma lingasuswa ("lithunyelelwe") liye etheku elihlukile ekhabetheni elinamatheku ngenxa "yokwenza umsebenzi ophansi".

Ukuhlukahluka Kwezimiso Ezihlukahlukene

Akuwona wonke amazwe alandela nje kuphela amafesme angomongameli noma amaphalamende. Izinqubo zokumisa zingancishiswa zibe izigaba ezintathu: ukusungulwa, ukwakhiwa, nokuqinisekiswa, lapho ukuqala kuyisigaba esinquma ukuthi ubani ozomisa uhulumeni futhi ummemele ukuba enze kanjalo, ngokulandelayo, isigaba sokumiswa sinquma ukuthi ubani oyokhethwa njengezikhonzi, futhi izinqubo zokwakha ngokuvamile zilolongwa yizigilamkhuba zeqembu nezingxoxo zangasese.

Ezimisweni eziningi zikamongameli, amalungu ekhabethe awanakuba abamisi - mthetho ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi ummisi - mthetho onikezwa isikhundla sombuso, afune ukusamukela, futhi aqiniselwe isikhundla, kumelwe aphume esihlalweni sakhe.

Nokho, indaba ephakathi iwukuthi izikhonzi zingase zibe amalungu ephalamende, kodwa akudingekile ukuba zibe khona, njengaseFinland naseSpain.

Isikhathi Nokuphumelela Kokumisa

Emazweni angu - 30 anezimiso zeGDP nezomongameli eziphakeme kakhulu, amathathu kuphela athatha isikhathi eside kune - U.S. ukugcwalisa iKhabhinethi yawo ezinguqulweni zamuva kakhulu zokuya enhloko yezwe entsha: iNigeria (izinsuku ezingu - 166), iLiberia (108) neNingizimu Korea (96). Inqubo yokuqinisekiswa kwaseMelika inde ngokuphawulekayo uma iqhathaniswa nezinye idemokrasi.

Amazwe anjengeBrazil, iChile nezinye ezingu - 14 anezintambo zomnyango ezilungele ukukhonza ngosuku lokumiswa kwesikhulu, futhi amanye alawomazwe anikeza izishaya - mthetho zawo igunya lokuqinisekisa izikhundla ezingaphezu kweqembu eliphethe, kodwa ngokungafani neU.S., anika umongameli amandla aphelele okubeka izikhundla zawo eziningi eziphezulu.

Isakhiwo Sekhabethe Lase - United States

IKhabhinethi yase-United States iye yavela ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ku-George Washington's mekhathebhracy eyiziphethu ezinhlanu. Namuhla, iyinhlangano enkulu kakhulu futhi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

Ukuhlelwa Kwekabhinesi Yamanje

IKhabhinethi ihlanganisa iSekela likaMongameli nezikhulu zeminyango engu - 15 — iziNqola Zezolimo, Ezentengiselwano, Zemfundo, Imfundo, Imithombo Yezobuchwepheshe, Impilo Nezinkonzo Zomphakathi, Izindawo Zokulondoloza Imvelo Nezenhlalakahle, Intuthuko Yezindawo Ezizungezile, Izwe Lezisebenzi, Izwe Lokwenza Izinto Zokuthutha, Imisebenzi, Izimali, Nezindaba Zezokwembulela, kanye noMphathi - jikelele Wezikhungo Zokuthutha, kanye noMnyango Wezohwebo.

Leli limelela ushintsho olukhulu lweRepublic yakuqala, lapho amasekela amongameli ayengabhekwa njengengxenye yekhabethe.

Izikhundla Zegumbi Lomphakathi

Ngalé kweminyango engu-15 ephethe, ezinye izikhundla ezimbalwa zinganikezwa isikhundla se-khabethe lebanga eliphezulu ngohlelo lukamongameli. Ezinye izindawo ezicatshangelwayo eMkhandlwini weKhabhinethi zihlanganisa iWhite House of Staff, i-Eviletic Protection Agency (EPA), iHhovisi Lokuphatha noHlathilo, i-United States Trade Screaderism ku-United Nations, i-Council of Economic Adviserers, ne-Smaster Administration encinci, futhi nakuba lezi zingxenye zingatholangamanani emisebenzi yazo siqu, abaphathi benhloko bamukela isikhundla se-Khabhini.

Ukulandelana Kwempumelelo

Abaholi beminyango ephethe bafanelekela − uma befaneleka (kuhlu lobumongameli lokulandelana, olunelungu eliphezulu kakhulu (ngemva kokuba isekela likamongameli) linonobhala kamongameli, ongowesine olandela umlandelano kumongameli, isikhulumi se House of Svacaimers nomongameli weSigele. Lomthetho wokulandela uveza ukubaluleka komlando nobukhulu bezikhundla zekamelo ze-kabati ezihlukene.

Izibonelo Zomnyango Wekhabethe Nemisebenzi Yawo

Ukuqonda lokho leminyango ekwenzayo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde indlela uhulumeni okuthinta ngayo ukuphila kwazo kwansuku zonke.

Umnyango Wezwe

Ekuqaleni uMnyango Wezindaba Zamazwe Angaphandle, lomnyango usingatha izindaba ezihlobene nobudlelwane bomhlaba wonke nesimiso sobuzwe. UMnyango Wezwe ulawula ubuhlobo obuphathelene nezindaba namanye amazwe, uxoxa ngezivumelwano, futhi uvikela izakhamuzi zaseMelika kwamanye amazwe. Usebenza izikhungo zemisebenzi nokuhlanganisa umhlaba wonke futhi ufeza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni ubuhlobo baseMelika namanye amazwe.

UMnyango Wezimali

Iholwa nguNobhala weTreasure, uMnyango Wezimali unakekela ukukhiqizwa kwemali eUnited States futhi ulawula isikweletu somphakathi, imithetho yezezimali nentela, nemithetho yezezimali. UMnyango wezezimali unomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqoqa izintela, wokuphatha izimali zikahulumeni, nokuqondisa izakhiwo zezezimali zesizwe. Ifeza indima enkulu esimisweni sezomnotho nemithetho yezimali.

Umnyango Wezokuvikela

I-Defense of Defense − eholwe nguNobhala weNjongo − unomthwalo wemfanelo ezindabeni eziphathelene nokulondeka kwesizwe kanye neUnited States Armed Forces. Lona umnyango omkhulu wekhathene ngezisebenzi nangemali, uqondisa iButho lempi, iButho leMpi, iButho loMkhosi wamanzi, i-Matine, ne-Presspoll Forps. UMnyango wezeNsipala unomthwalo wemfanelo wokulwa kwezempi, isimiso sokuvikela, nokuvikela izithakazelo zesizwe.

UMnyango Wobulungisa

I-Attorney General iyinhloko yoMnyango woMahlulelo futhi ikhonza njengommeli omkhulu kuHulumeni wase-U.S., emelela futhi eqondisa izwe kuzo zonke izindaba zomthetho, futhi i-Attorney General yengamela zonke izindawo ze-Department of Justice (DOJ), kuhlanganise neFederal Bureau of Investigations (FBI), i-Drugragment Administration (DEA), kanye ne-Bureauniers of Prison. Umnyango weJaji ugunya ugunyaza umthetho kahulumeni, uqulisa umthetho kahulumeni, futhi uqinisekisa ukuphatha ngokulunga kobulungisa.

UMnyango Wemfundo

Unobhala wezemfundo wengamela uMnyango Wemfundo, amanxusa amancane kunawo wonke ezisebenzi zeKhabhinethi, kanye nezisebenzi zawo ezingu - 4 400 banomthwalo wemfanelo wokusakaza usizo lwemali kahulumeni lwemfundo, ukuqoqa nokusakaza ukwaziswa nokucwaninga okuhlobene nezikole, nokuvimbela ubandlululo ezikoleni. Naphezu kokuba umnyango wekhabethe lomphakathi omncane kunawo wonke, imfundo ifeza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni isimiso semfundo nokuqinisekisa ukuba imfundo ifinyeleleke ngokulinganayo.

Umnyango Wamandla

Unobhala wamandla wengamela ukukhiqizwa kwamandla esizwe nesimiso, ukusungulwa kwezikhali zenuzi — kuhlanganise nezinhlelo zempi zezikhali zenuzi kanye nezinhlelo zemishini yokulondoloza amandla. UMnyango Wezegesi ulawula izikhali zenuzi zezwe, uthuthukisa amandla, futhi wenza ukucwaninga okungokwesayensi okuhlobene nokukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwamandla.

Umnyango Wezolimo

Njengenhloko yoMnyango Wezolimo, unobhala wezolimo wengamela isikhungo sokukhiqiza ukudla, ezolimo nokukhiqiza, ukuphepha kokudla nokuvikelwa kwemithombo yemvelo, neNkonzo yamahlathi yase-U.S. iyinhlangano enkulu kakhulu yomnyango, ephethe amahektare ayizigidi ezingu - 193 amahlathi nezindawo ezifuywayo. Umnyango wezolimo usekela abalimi, uqinisekisa ukulondeka kokudla, futhi uphatha amazwe amakhulu.

UMnyango Wezokulondeka Kwasekhaya

Ihlolwe uGeorge W. Bush esabela ekuhlaseleni kwe - World Trade Center ngoSeptember 11, i - DHS iyihhovisi lesithathu elikhulu kunawo wonke, isingatha izindaba zokulondeka komphakathi njengobuphekula, ukuvinjelwa kwenhlekelele, ukuvikelwa kwezezengcingo, ukuvikelwa kwemingcele, nokufuduka. I Homeland Security imelela omunye weminyango yekhabethe emisha, ebangelwa ukuxazulula izinsongo zokuphepha ekhulwini lama - 21.

UMnyango Wempilo Nezinkonzo Zabantu

I-Divince of Health and Human Services yengamela izinhlelo ezithinta impilo nenhlalakahle yaseMelika, kuhlanganise neMedicare, iMedicaid, i Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), i-Food and Drug Administration (FDA), kanye neNational Institutes of Health (NIH). Lomnyango ufeza indima ebalulekile empilweni yomphakathi, ekucwaningeni kwezokwelapha, nasekutholeni inhlalakahle.

Eminye Imithombo Ebalulekile

Iminyango yekhabethe esele ihlanganisa:

• Izindawo zezentengiselwano: ithuthukisa ukukhula kwezomnotho, ukwakhiwa komsebenzi, kanye nokukhula okungalondolozwa
• Izindawo zezindawo nentuthuko yasedolobheni: amakheli okwakha adinga ukuhlalisana nentuthuko yasemadolobheni
• Imede yengaphakathi: Ilawula amazwe kahulumeni, imithombo yemvelo, kanye nobuhlobo nezizwana zomdabu zaseMelika
• Izindawo zezisebenzi: ivikela amalungelo ezisebenzi, ithuthukisa ukuphepha emsebenzini, futhi yengamela izinhlelo zemisebenzi
• Izindawo zokuthutha: ibheka indawo yezohambo nezokuphepha zezwe
• Imemo yezindaba ze-Vetens:[ Inikeza izinkonzo nezinzuzo komakad ’ ebona bezempi

Umongameli/umongameli/iPhalamende Izimiso zeKhabhinethi yasePhalamende

Umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwezimiso zikamongameli nezokuqondisa zephalamende uyithinta ngokuphawulekayo indlela amakhabethe asebenza ngayo nobuhlobo bawo namanye amagatsha kahulumeni.

Ukuhlukana. Ukususwa kwamandla

Njengoba izimiso zomongameli zincike ekuhlukanisweni kwemibuso ukuze zivimbele amandla kahulumeni, izimiso zephalamende zincike ekuhlanganisweni kwamagatsha ukuze ziqiniseke ukuthi imibuso yezombangazwe iyaqhubeka isesimweni esibucayi, futhi amaphoyisa aphethe ezimisweni zamaphalamende afinyelelwa ngezinqubo ezihlukahlukene zokumisa nokususa.

Ngaphansi kwemfundiso yokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso e - United States, ikhabethe elingaphansi kwesimiso sikamongameli kahulumeni liyingxenye yegatsha eliphethe, futhi ngaphezu kokuqondisa izingxenye zalo zegatsha eliphethe, amalungu ekhathe anomthwalo wemfanelo wokuyala inhloko kahulumeni ezindaweni eziphakathi nesimiso sayo.

I-advisory v. Igunya lokwenza izinqumo

Ngokomthetho, ngaphansi kwazo zombili izinhlobo zesimiso, ukuhluka kwesimiso sephalamende nesimiso sobumongameli, ikhabethe "amavise" inhloko kahulumeni: umehluko uwukuthi, esimisweni sephalamende, inkosi, isekela, noma umongameli wesiko uyolandela cishe njalo lesiseluleko, kanti, esimisweni sikamongameli, umongameli futhi oyinhloko kahulumeni nomholi wezombangazwe angasuka eselulekweni se-partime uma bengavumelani naso.

Ezimisweni zikamongameli, umongameli uhlala enegunya lokugcina lokwenza izinqumo futhi angakhetha ukungasinaki iseluleko sekhabethe. Ezimisweni zephalamende, ikhabethe ngokwalo lisebenza njengendikimba eyinhloko yokwenza izinqumo, undunankulu usebenza njengeyokuqala phakathi kwabalinganayo kunanjengegunya eliphakeme.

Imishini Engalandisa

Izikhulu zeKhabhinethi zinomthwalo wemfanelo ngeminyango yazo, kodwa ikhathena lilonke linesibopho sokulandisa ePhalamende ngezenzo zalo, futhi amalungu alo ngamanye kumelwe azimisele futhi akwazi ukuvikela obala imithetho yekhabethe. Lokhu kulandisa okuhlangene kuyisici esichaza izimiso zephalamende.

Ukulahlekelwa yivoti yokuqiniseka noma ukunqotshwa kwemithetho emikhulu ye-avition in the Commons kungasho ukwehla kwekhabethe ekubuseni kanye nokuwa kweqembu lamalungu ayo. Lendlela iqinisekisa ukuthi ikhathena lilondoloza ukusekela kwephalamende futhi lingaholela kuhulumeni ezinguquko ngaphandle kokulinda okhethweni oluhleliwe.

Ngokuphambene, amakhabethe kamongameli awabhekeni namavoti okuqiniseka. Amiswa futhi asebenzele ngenjabulo yenhloko kahulumeni futhi ngenxa yalokho angaphansi kakhulu kukamongameli njengoba engathathelwa indawo nganoma isiphi isikhathi. Amalungu ekhathektha angasuswa, kodwa uhulumeni uwonke awuwi uma inkambiso ethile ihluleka.

Indima Yekhabethe Emazweni Ahlukene

Nakuba umqondo oyisisekelo wekhabethe ukhona kuyo yonke imibuso eminingi ebusa ngentando yeningi, ukusetshenziswa okuqondile kuyahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngokwamazwe.

United Kingdom

Amalungu eKhabhinethi wonke kumelwe abe amalungu ePhalamende, njengoba kufanele abe ngundunankulu, futhi amalungu esikhulu sikahulumeni amele abe iminyango kahulumeni eyinhloko, noma inkonzo, enjenge Home Affairs, Affairs yangaphandle, neExchequer (i-treasy). Isimiso sekhabethe laseBrithani sisebenza njengesibonelo sedemokrati yephalamende yaseWestminster emhlabeni wonke.

Ikhabethe lenza umsebenzi walo omningi ngamakomiti aqondiswa yizikhonzi ngazinye, futhi ukusebenza kwalo konke kuqondiswa iSecretariat, enezisebenzi zikahulumeni ezisebenzayo, futhi ikhabethe ngokuvamile lihlangana ehhovisi lomphathi - mbuso e - 10 Domining Street eLondon.

Amazwe Ahlangene

Amanye amazwe ahlukahlukene angamalungu eCommonwealth, ikakhulukazi iNdiya, iCanada, iAustralia neNew Zealand, alondoloza izimiso zikahulumeni ezihlobene eduze nezakheka eGreat Britain. Lamazwe aye avumelanisa isimiso seWestminster nesimiso somthetho-sisekelo sawo siqu kuyilapho elondoloza izimiso eziyisisekelo zikahulumeni wephalamende.

IYurophu Ezwekazini

Ezwekazini laseYurophu, noma umkhandlu wabefundisi, ngokufanayo waba ingxenye eyinhloko yezimiso zikahulumeni zasephalamende, nakuba kwakunokwehluka okuthile esimisweni saseBrithani, futhi amakhabethe esimanje aqala ukuvela eYurophu phakathi nekhulu le - 19 lapho uhulumeni womthetho - sisekelo usakazeka kancane kancane.

Izinhlelo Zokukhetha Eziqhathaniswa

Ngokwesibonelo, iCanada, iJalimane neUnited Kingdom zinohlu oluhleliwe lwababemiselwe kuyiKhabhinethi abalungele ukucatshangelwa ngosuku lokumiswa kwesikhulu. Lokhu kuphumelela kuhluke kakhulu enqubweni ende yokuqinisekisa yaseMelika futhi kubonisa amalungiselelo ahlukene omthetho-sisekelo namasiko ezombangazwe.

Imihlangano Yekhathene Nezinhlelo Zokwenza Isinqumo

Indlela amakhabethe aqhuba ngayo ibhizinisi lawo ngempela iyahlukahluka kuye ngesimiso sikahulumeni nalokho okuthandwa umqondisi oyinhloko.

Imihlangano Engapheli Nemihle

IKhabhinethi ngokuvamile ihlangana nomongameli eKhabhinethi ezungeze i-Oval House eWest Wing of the White House, futhi umongameli usihlalo imihlangano kodwa akalona ilungu elingokomthetho leKhabhinethi. Izikhathi zemihlangano yekhathemithera ziyahlukahluka ngokuqondisa, abanye omongameli bahlangana njalo ngekhabethe labo eligcwele nabanye bakhetha imihlangano emincane enezinhloko zezifunda ezihlobene.

Nakuba, ngokwenkolelo, zonke izinqumo zekhabethe zithathwa njengeqembu yikhabethe, ngokwenqubo izinqumo eziningi ziphathiswa izibopho zekhabethe ezihlukene ezingaphansi, ezibika ekhabetheni eligcwele ekutholeni kwazo nasekutuseni. Lesimiso sekomiti sivumela ukucatshangelwa okuningi ngokwengeziwe kwezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Indima KaMongameli Noma UNdunankulu

Naphezu kwesidingo sokuvumelana nokusebenza kweqembu ekhabetheni, amandla okugcina okwenza izinqumo asemagunyeni undunankulu weqembu. Ngisho nasezimisweni zephalamende ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wendikimba ehlangene, undunankulu uvame ukuba nethonya elikhulu ezinqumweni zekhabethe.

Kusukela ekuqondiseni kukaFranklin D. Roosevelt, uMongameli wase-United States uye wathatha isinyathelo kaningi kakhulu ngehhovisi lakhe siqu eliphethe noma nge-National Security Council kunokuba athathe ikhabethe njengendawana ekhona kubaphathi bangaphambili. Lokhu kushintshwa kubonisa ukuyinkimbinkimbi okukhulayo kukahulumeni nesidingo sikamongameli seseluleko esikhethekile esingaphezu kwalokho iminyango yezikhulu enganikeza.

Ukufihla Isifuba Nezimfihlo Zekhatheyini

Ukuxoxa ngezindaba zomthetho kuyimfihlo, kuvumela amalungu ukuba akhulume ngokukhululekile futhi axoxe ngezingxoxo ngaphandle kokucubungula umphakathi. Lokhu kufihla imfihlo kubaluleke kakhulu ezimisweni zephalamende lapho umthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi wonke ufuna ukuba zonke izikhonzi zisekele obala izinqumo ngisho noma zingavumelani ngasese phakathi nezingxoxo zekhathebe.

Amandla Nethonya Lamalungu Ekhabethe

Amalungu eKhabhinethi anamandla nethonya elikhulu, nakuba izinga lihluka kuye ngesimiso sikahulumeni, umnyango othile, nobuhlobo bomuntu nomphathi omkhulu.

Igunya Lokuphatha

Onobhala beKhabhinethi banegunya elikhulu eminyangweni yabo. Banganikeza imithetho, benze izinqumo zezisebenzi, banike imithombo yempahla, futhi bahlele izinto eziza kuqala phakathi kwesimiso esimiswe umthetho nesiqondiso esiphethe.

Ithonya Lesimiso

Ngaphandle kwendima yabo engokomthetho, amalungu ekhabethe angathonya isimiso ngobuchwepheshe bawo, ubuhlobo bawo nomphathi omkhulu, ukuma kwawo namaqembu anezithakazelo ezifanele, nekhono lawo lokuhlanganisa iminyango yawo. Amalungu ekhabethe asebenza kahle angenza abadlali abayinhloko ekulungiseni izinqumo zezisebenzi ezisezicini zazo zomthwalo wemfanelo.

Umbukiso womphakathi

Amalungu eKhabhinethi asebenza njengobuso bomphakathi eminyangweni yawo nezimiso zeziphathimandla. Afakaza phambi kwamakomiti emithetho, anikeza izinkulumo, izingxoxo zokuqhuba izingxoxo, futhi amelela uhulumeni ezingxabanweni zomphakathi. Lendima yomphakathi iwenza abe yizikhulumi ezibalulekile zesimiso sikahulumeni nabavikeli bezinqumo zezesimiso sokuphatha.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwamandla Ekhabethe

Iminyango ayinawo amandla okubusa ayo siqu, kodwa sebenza ngokuseduze noMongameli futhi inomthwalo wemfanelo wokunikeza iziqondiso ezithile ezikhuluma ngezidingo zabantu baseMelika. Amalungu eKhathene athola igunya lawo kumphathi omkhulu futhi kumelwe asebenze phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho nengokomthetho.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Ukuqondisa Okungokomthetho KweKhabhinethi

Ezimisweni zentando yeningi, amakhabethe angaphansi kwezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokwengamela nokulandisa ukuze avimbele ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla futhi aqinisekise ukubusa okunomthwalo wemfanelo.

Ukuqinisekiswa Kwezigele E - United States

Inqubo yokugunyazwa kweSigele isebenza njengendlela ebalulekile yokuhlola amandla kamongameli. Izinkampani zingangabaza ukuthi zinezimo ezifanele, imibono yezimiso, izingxabano ezingase zibe isithakazelo, kanye namalungiselelo eminyango yazo. Le nqubo yenza igatsha lemithetho likwazi ukuhlola ukumiswa kwezikhulu ngaphambi kokuba lithathe isikhundla.

Inqubo yokumisa ukuqinisekiswa kuwumfanekiso omkhulu wesimiso sikahulumeni wethu sokuhlola nezilinganiso, futhi ngeSigele sokugunyaza ukuqulwa kwecala, igatsha lethu lomthetho lifeza indima ebalulekile ekumisweni komongameli.

Ukuphatha Okuqhubekayo Kwemithetho

Ngemva kokuqinisekiswa, amalungu ekhabethe ahlala engaphansi kokuqondisa kwemithetho. Kumele afakaze phambi kwamakomiti enhlangano, aphendule ekubuzeni, anikeze imibiko, futhi athethelele izimali nemisebenzi yeminyango yawo. Lokhu kuqondisa okuqhubekayo kuyasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukulandisa futhi kuvumele izishayamthetho ukuba ziqondise imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe.

Imibuzo Nezisusa Zokwethembana Ezisephalamendeni

Ezimisweni zephalamende, abaphathi bamakhathemende kumelwe baphendule imibuzo njalo epalamende, bavikele izinqubo zabo ezimpikiswaneni, futhi balondoloze ukuqiniseka kwephalamende. Usongo lwevoti engakholeki lunikeza indlela enamandla yokubeka ikhathekthane liziphendule.

Ukulwela Nokususa

Indlu yomthetho ingase futhi ikhiphe ilungu lekhabethe ngenqubo evame ukuba nzima ukuvumelana nemithetho.

Indima Ekhethekile: Umongameli ongumsizi Kahulumeni Nojenene Oyi - Attorney

Izikhundla ezithile zomnyango wezomthetho zinezimfanelo eziyingqayizivele ezizihlukanisayo ezikhulwini zomnyango ezivamile.

Umongameli Ongumongameli Oyisekela

Ilungu eliwukuphela lomphathi wekhabethe ovotelwe, isekela likamongameli, yilungu lesibili eliphezulu kakhulu likahulumeni, futhi isekela likamongameli likhonza njengomongameli weSigele, onikwe amandla okuvota amavoti aphula uthayi. Indima yesekela likamongameli njengesikhulu esiphethe nesikhulu somthetho yenza lesi sikhundla sibe esikhethekile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanhlanu sigunyaza isekela likamongameli, kanye neningi lezinhloko zeminyango ephethe, ukuba limemezele umongameli “ongenakukwazi ukukhipha imibuso nemisebenzi yehhovisi lakhe. ” Lokhu kunikeza isekela likamongameli nekhathena lomthetho - sisekelo indima ekukhulumeni nomongameli ngokuphaka kwemithetho.

Ujenene We - Attorney

I-Attorney General inesikhundla esibucayi ngokukhethekile njengelungu lekhabethe likamongameli nesikhulu somthetho wezwe. Le ndima ehlangene ingadala izingxabano lapho kucatshangelwa ngokomthetho ngokuphikisana nezombangazwe, idinga u-Attorney General ukuba alondoloze ukuzibusa lapho ekhonza embusweni wezombangazwe.

Ukuhlukahluka Kwezigaba Nemifanekiso YamaKhabhithe

Amakhabethe anamuhla abonisa imizamo eyandayo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu banezici ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa ubulili, uhlanga, isizinda sendawo nokuhlangenwe nakho kobuchwepheshe.

Okwenza Kube Nezindaba Ezihlukahlukene

Ikhabethe elihlukene lingaletha imibono ehlukene ezingxoxweni zezimiso, limelela kangcono inani labantu elibuswayo, futhi lithuthukisa ukufaneleka kwezinqumo zikahulumeni. izinhlobonhlobo zeKhabhinethi zithumela izigijimi ezibalulekile ezibonisa ukuthi umuntu uzoba nethuba elilinganayo lokuhlanganyela emsebenzini kahulumeni.

Intuthuko Engokomlando

Ikhabethe lakudala laseMelika liye lavela ngokuphawulekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Amakhabethe akuqala ayenamadoda amhlophe kuphela, kodwa imingcele iye yancipha kancane kancane. Ilungu lokuqala lekhabethe lamiswa ngo - 1933, i-Afrika yokuqala ngo- 1966, futhi amashumi eminyaka alandela aye abona ukuhlukahluka okuhlukahlukene phakathi kwezilinganiso eziningi.

Ukucabangela Kwangesikhathi Esizayo

Omongameli banamuhla nondunankulu bavame ukucindezelwa ukuba bamise amakhabethe ahlukahlukene abonisa isimo sezwe labo. Nokho, ukucabangela okuhlukahlukene kumelwe kulinganiswe nezinye izici ezinjengobungcweti, okuhlangenwe nakho, ukucabangela kwezombangazwe, nesidingo sokwakha ubuhlobo obuphumelelayo bemisebenzi.

Izikhulu Eziyisithunzi Nezombangazwe Eziphikisayo

Ikhabethe lesithunzi lalamalungu aphambili, noma ama - bandbecher, eqembu eliphikisayo, ngokuvamile eliba nabagxeki abaphethe i - portfolios "isithunzi" izikhonzi zekhabethe, lingabaza izinqumo zalo nezimiso ezingekho, futhi kwamanye amazwe, abefundisi besithunzi kubhekiselwa kubo njengabakhulumeli.

Amakhabethe ayizithunzi abaluleke kakhulu ezimisweni ze-Westminster-style. Avumela amaqembu okuphikiswa ukuba asungule ezinye izinqubo, alungiselele ukuhlolwa okungavela kuhulumeni, futhi alungiselele ukugxekwa okuhleliwe kwemisebenzi kahulumeni. Amalungu ekhabethe eliphethe i-shadoba ngokuvamile aba yizikhonzi zezeqiniso uma iqembu lawo linqoba.

Amaqembu Asethubeni: AmaKhabhithe Asekhishini

Le nqubo iye yaphinda futhi ezikhathini zamuva, njengoba abaholi bebone isidingo sokuba neKhabhinethi yasekhishini noma "sofa uhulumeni". Igama elithi "iKhabhinethi" libhekisela kubaphathi bekhebha elivamile abangase babe nethonya elikhulu kumphathi omkhulu kodwa abangenazo izikhundla ezingokomthetho ekhabetheni elingokomthetho.

Amakhabethe asekhishini angahlanganisa abangane, ochwepheshe bezombangazwe, amalungu omkhaya, noma abaqondisi abathenjwayo abavela ngaphandle kukahulumeni. Lapho bengenagunya elingokomthetho, laba bakhangisi abangahleliwe ngezinye izikhathi bangasebenzisa ithonya elikhulu ekwenzeni izinqumo, baphakamise imibuzo ngokulandisa nokubona.

Izimali Nezikhokhelo Zobisho

Kusukela ngo-January 2025, iqophelo lami laminyaka yonke labekwa ngo-R250 600, futhi iholo laminyaka yonke lesekela likamongameli lingu-R44 600. Onobhala beKhabhinet bathola isinxephezelo esivamile ngaphansi kweSigungu-Sikhulu, esinikeza ushintsho oluzenzekelayo lwezindleko zokuphila.

Izinga leholo lamiswa uMthetho kaHulumeni weReforma ka- 1989, onikeza izindleko ezizenzekelayo zokulungisa ukuphila kwezisebenzi zikahulumeni. Lesi sakhiwo seholo esivamile sisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imbuyiselo isekelwe esikhundleni kunokuba incintiswane yezombangazwe.

Izinselele Ezibhekene NamaKhabhithane Anamuhla

Amakhabethe angesikhathi esizayo abhekana nezinselele eziningi ezithinta ikhono lawo lokusebenza ngokuphumelelayo futhi akhonze isithakazelo somphakathi.

Ukwanda Kobunkimbinkimbi

Izinhlangano zekhatheyini ziphethe izakhiwo ezinkulu, zisebenzise izimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi, futhi zikhulume ngezimiso eziningi ezidinga ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kungenza kube nzima ngamalungu ekhatheyini ukuba alondoloze ukuqondisa okuphumelelayo kweminyango yawo.

Ukwenezelwa Kwezombangazwe

Ebuthweni lentando yeningi, ukwanda kokubusa kwezombangazwe kwenza kube nzima ngamakhabethe ukwakha ukuvumelana, ukusebenza namaqembu aphikisayo, nokusebenzisa izimiso ezisekelwa umphakathi obanzi. Ukuhlukana kwesigaba sombuso kungabangela futhi ukuqiniswa kwenqubo futhi kuholele ekubeni izikhundla ezithatha isikhathi eside zithathe izikhundla eziyinhloko.

Izinhlelo zokuqinisekisa ezibude

Ngisho noma isimiso sokuqinisekisa sase-U.S. siqinisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela, ukulibala kokuqinisekisa onobhala beKhabhinethi kungathonya izisebenzi kanye nekhono lokubusa lezisebenzi ezizayo. Izindawo ezandayo ezisendaweni ye-kamelweni zingaphazamisa ukuphumelela kukahulumeni futhi zishiye izindawo ezibalulekile zezimiso ngaphandle kobuholi.

Ukulondoloza Ikhono

Izikhundla zekhathene zidinga kokubili amakhono ezombangazwe kanye nobuchwepheshe obuncane. Ukuthola abantu abanazo zombili izimfanelo, abazimisele ukukhonza, banganikeza isiqinisekiso, futhi bangazivumeli izingxabano zesithakazelo kungaba yinselele. Umnyango owelula phakathi kukahulumeni nomphakathi ozimele ukhulisa ukukhathazeka okwengeziwe ngezingxabano zesithakazelo nokubanjwa kwesithakazelo.

Ikusasa Likahulumeni Wekhabethe

Njengoba izinselele zokubusa zishintsha, izimiso zamakhabethe ziyaqhubeka zizivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo namathemba.

Ushintsho Lwezobuchwepheshe

Ubuchwepheshe obuxubile budala izinselele ezintsha ezingase zingangeni kahle ezakhiweni zemithombo yegazi ezikhona manje.

Ukubambisana Kwembulunga Yonke Nokubambisana Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Izinselele eziningi zamanje − kusukela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu ekusabeleni kwesifo esiwumshayabhuqe ekuqondiseni kwezomnotho − . Lokhu kuthinta ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke. Lokhu kuthinta indlela amakhabethe asebenza ngayo, njengoba izikhonzi kumelwe zisebenzelane kakhulu nozakwabo kwamanye amazwe futhi zihambe ngezinhlangano zomhlaba eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Izidingo Zokubona Izindawo Nezokulandisa

Izakhamuzi zilindele ukuba kube lula kakhulu emikhankasweni kahulumeni nokulandisa okuvela ezikhulwini zomphakathi. Lokhu kubangela ukucindezela kwezinqubo zokhabethe ezivulekile, nakuba kumelwe zilinganiswe nesidingo sokuhlola ngokuyimfihlo izindaba ezibucayi.

Izakhiwo Zomnyango Ezijikelezayo

Isakhiwo nokuhlelwa kweminyango yeKhabhinethi kuye kwavela ukuze kubonise ushintsho ezingeni nasemithwalweni yemithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni, futhi njengoba indima kahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni iye yanda, iminyango yeKhabhinethi entsha iye yasungulwa ukuze kuxazululwe izinto eziza kuqala ezweni, njengokulondeka kwesizwe, ukuvikelwa kwendawo ezungezile, nezinkonzo zezenhlalo.

Okwenza Ukuqonda Izindaba Zekhatheyini Kubantu Abahlala Ezakhamuzini

Kubantu abavamile, kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela ikhabethe elisebenza ngayo ngenxa yezizathu eziningana.

Ukusakaza Imikhiqizo Eyingcweti

Lapho izakhamuzi zivotela amongameli, abefundisi, noma amalungu ephalamende, zithonya ngokungaqondile ukuthi ubani ozokhonza ekhabetheni.

Ukulandisa Nokuphatha

Izakhamuzi zingalandisa ngohulumeni kuphela uma ziqonda ukuthi usebenza kanjani. Ukwazi ukuthi ubani onomthwalo wemfanelo wezindawo ezihlukahlukene zezimiso kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziqondise ukukhathazeka kwazo ezikhulwini ezifanele futhi zihlole ukusebenza kukahulumeni ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwesivumelwano

Ukuqonda izakhiwo zezinqumo kusiza izakhamuzi ezikwaziyo ukuhlangana nomphakathi.

Ukuba Umthetho Wentando Yeningi

Lapho izakhamuzi ziqonda izinhlangano zikahulumeni eziyisisekelo ezinjengekhabethe, zingayiqonda kangcono indlela intando yeningi esebenza ngayo, iqaphele lapho isebenza kahle noma kabi, futhi zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo ezimisweni zentando yeningi.

Isiphetho: Indima ePhakathi yeKhabhinethi ekubuseni kwentando yeningi

Ikhabethe liyinhlangano ebaluleke kakhulu kuhulumeni wentando yeningi wanamuhla. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lisebenza njengendikimba yezenkolo ezimisweni zobumongameli noma njengegunya eliyinhloko lokwenza izinqumo ezimisweni zephalamende, amakhabethe afeza indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izimiso, ekugcwaliseni, nasekuqondiseni.

Kusukela emikhandlwini yamakhosi engokomlando emikhandlwini ezimele kuya ekubonakaliseni kwayo kwamanje edemokrasi emhlabeni wonke, ikhathende liye lazivelela ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezishintshayo zokubusa kuyilapho lilondoloza imisebenzi eyisisekelo yezeluleko, ukuqondisa, nokuhlela okuhlangene. amalungu ekhatheyini aletha ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile ezinkingeni zezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi, ahola iminyango kahulumeni emikhulu, futhi akhonza njengezici eziyinhloko phakathi kwegatsha eliphethe nomphakathi.

Ukuqonda indlela amakhabethe akhiwa ngayo, indlela asebenza ngayo, nendlela ahluke ngayo ezimisweni zikahulumeni kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngendlela idemokrasi esebenza ngayo. Inqubo yokumisa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingendlela yokugunyaza umongameli nokugunyazwa kweSishaya - mthetho noma ngokukhethwa kwephalamende, kubonisa izimiso eziyisisekelo ngokuhlukaniswa noma ukuhlanganiswa kwemibuso kahulumeni kanye nezinqubo zokuqinisekisa ukulandisa.

Njengoba izinselele zokubusa ziqhubeka ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zixhumene, amakhabethe kumelwe aqhubeke evumelanisa imisebenzi yawo ebalulekile. Ukulinganisela phakathi kobuchwepheshe nokulandisa kwezombangazwe, phakathi kokuzihlolela okuyimfihlo nokuveza umphakathi, kanye nokuzimela komphakathi nokuhlanganisa abantu kusemqoka ekuphumeleleni kukahulumeni wekhabethe.

Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukuqonda uhulumeni wazo futhi zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ezicini zentando yeningi, ulwazi lwesimiso sombuso wentando yeningi lubalulekile. Ngokuqonda okwakha ikhabethe, indlela amalungu akhethwa ngayo, imithwalo yemfanelo ezinayo, nendlela ezibhekwa ngayo, izakhamuzi zingakuhlaziya kangcono ngayo ukusebenza kukahulumeni, zihileleke enkulumweni yezombangazwe enolwazi, futhi zisebenzise amalungelo azo entando yeningi nemithwalo yemfanelo.

Ikhabethe lingase linganakisi umphakathi ngaso sonke isikhathi ngendlela okhetho noma izimpi zemithetho ezisebenza ngayo, kodwa umsebenzi walo uthinta kakhulu ukuphila kwezakhamuzi nsuku zonke. Kusukela ekulondekeni kwesizwe kuya ekufundiseni, kusukela ekunakekeleni imvelo kuya ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile, iminyango yekhathektha isebenzisa izimiso ezimisa umphakathi. Ngakho ukuqonda lenhlangano ebaluleke kakhulu akusona nje isidingo semfundo kodwa kuyisidingo esiwusizo nganoma ubani ofuna ukuba isakhamuzi esifundiswayo nesinesibopho emphakathini wentando yeningi.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngohlelo lukahulumeni nemfundo yomphakathi, vakashela imithombo enjenge USA.gov's iziqondiso emagatsheni kahulumeni noma uhlole izinto zokufundisa ezivela ezinhlanganweni ezinjenge izi-icips[ umsebenzi onikeza imithombo yemfundo ebanzi.