Indlela Izinqumo Zikahulumeni Ezishintsha Ngayo Imiphakathi

Ohulumeni boMbuso basebenza njengezindawo zokuhlola idemokrasi, benza izinqumo ezishintsha ngokuqondile ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezigidi. Nakuba imithetho kahulumeni ibeka imingcele ebanzi, izifundazwe zilawula imishini enqumayo ukuthi imigwaqo iyadlula, izingane zithola imfundo yokuncintisana, futhi imikhaya ingakwazi ukunikeza ukunakekelwa kwempilo. Lezi zinqumo zinyakazisa ngaphandle, zithinta amathuba ezomnotho, ukuphepha komphakathi, nempilo ezungezile. Ukuqonda ukujula kwethonya lombuso elisesilinganisweni esiphezulu kubalulekile ezakhamuzini ezifuna ukusekela ngokuphumelela imiphakathi yazo. Lokhu kuhlola izindawo eziyinhloko lapho izinqumo zikahulumeni ziveza khona ushintsho olungokoqobo, ngokuvamile oluhlala njalo, ukuzuza ezibonelweni zangempela zezwe kanye nezimiso.

Izakhiwo Nezokuhamba

Indlela Nendlela Yokutshala Ibhuloho

Iminyango yezokuthutha yoMbuso ilawula ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yezesisekelo esisetshenziswa umphakathi. Uma umbuso uzimisele ukwandisa imigwaqo emikhulu, ungavula amaphasishi ezomnotho. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Taxas eqhubekayo yokwanda kwemigwaqo emikhulu [ ezindaweni ezinkulu ze-metro inciphise izikhathi zokuhamba kwemibhoshongo kodwa futhi ibangele ukukhuphuka okukhuphukayo. Ngokuphambene, isho ukuthi ibhuloho elilungisa ibhuloho elisheshayo kulungisa uhlelo olusha lwebhuloho olusheshayo olufana nolwePennsylvania [1][FLT:pvent] linciphisa izikhathi zokuthutha nokuthutha amaketanga. Isihluthulelo sokuhweba-ekhomputha: amandla amasha kanye nokugcinwa kwempahla ekhona.

Ukuthutha Komphakathi Nesixuku

Ukuzimisela kwabantu ukutshala inzuzo ekuhambeni ngebhasi ngokushesha, umzila olula, nojantshi ohambayo kungaguqula indlela abantu abangena ngayo emsebenzini, esikoleni, kanye nokunakekela impilo. ICalifornia isibopho sokunweba umzila wesifunda [ ngemisebenzi efana ne-Capitol Corridar ne-paneepriedie ephezulu yesitimela ibangele ukuncishiswa kwezindleko ngokuqhathaniswa nokwehla kwesikhathi eside. Ngokungafani, lokho kunciphisa imishini yokuthutha kuvame ukubona ukuncipha kwenkonzo, okuthinta ukuvota okuphansi kwemali nezakhamuzi esezingeni lokuthutha umphakathi. Isinqumo sokuxhasa noma ukuthutha i-dedrust iyinkulumo eqondile ngokuphatheleneyo encipheni yezindawo ezikhishwayo.

Izakhiwo Nezintambo Ezibanzi Zezinombolo

Ukungena kwandayo manje kuqashelwa njengesisekelo esibalulekile. I-United States enjenge- North Carolina isungule izinhlelo zokwandisa ezinkulu kakhulu isebenzisa izimali zikahulumeni nezibopho zikahulumeni ukuxhumanisa izindawo zasemaphandleni. Lezi zinqumo zithinta ukutholakala kwe-telemedicine, izinga lemfundo elikude, nokuncintisana kwezebhizinisi elincane. Amazwe abambezela izingozi zokutshala izimali ekwandiseni okukhulu andisa ukwehlukahluka kwezibalo, ashiya zonke izifunda zihlukene ngokomnotho.

Imfundo

Ukuxhasa Amafomu Esikole

Indlela uhulumeni ohlela ngayo imali ezifundeni zeK-12 ungomunye wezinqumo ezilandelayo kakhulu. Izifunda eziningi ziye zabhekana nokumangalelwa ngokwezimali engalinganiyo. I-Shahington State isabela esinqumweni esiwubalayo[[ izimali zikahulumeni zanda ngokuphawulekayo ekusekeleni imfundo eyisisekelo, ukunciphisa ukuthembela ezinkokhisweni zempahla zendawo. Lokhu kushintsha izigebe ezilinganiselwe phakathi kwezindawo ezicebile nezimpofu, nakuba kwakudinga ukwanda kwentela ebuhlungu. Ngokuphambene, kuncike kakhulu ezinkokhiswa intela ezindaweni zendawo eshintshwayo, ezithinta ngokuqondile imihovisi ekhokhelo yothisha, izinto zesikole, namathuba engeziwe ezindaweni ezingenisa imali ephansi.

Izindinganiso Nelokho Okuqukethwe Uhlelo

Izikhundla zemfundo zikahulumeni zinquma ukuthi yini abafundi abayifundayo emlandweni, ngesayensi, nangokufunda. Ukusetshenziswa kwezindinganiso ezivamile zezifundazwe eziningi ezihloselwe ukwenza amafayina angaguquguquki, kodwa ukuphambana kwezombangazwe kwaholela amanye amazwe ukuba ayisuse noma ayishintshe. Muva nje, izimpikiswano mayelana nokufundisa ngezinhlanga nangabobulili ziye zaphumela emithethweni evimbela izihloko ezithile. Lezi zinqumo zilawula ukuqonda kwabafundi ukuba nesayensi, kanye nezenhlalo. Amazwe agunyaza imfundo ebanzi yobulili noma isayensi yesimo sezulu aveza iziqu ezilungiselelwe kangcono izinselele zanamuhla, kuyilapho izindinganiso ezivimbelayo zingalinganisela ukucabanga okugxekayo.

Imfundo Ephakeme Iwukulingana

Imali exhaswa uHulumeni emayunivesithi omphakathi ithinta amazinga omphakathi ngokuqondile. Inhlangano yokucwaninga ye-Urban ibonisa ukuthi phakathi noMnyango Omkhulu, izifunda ezincishisiwe zemfundo ephakeme, eziholela ekwandeni kwenani elinzima labafundi abathwele izikweletu. Ezinye izizwe, njengaseWashington nase California, zisanda kushintsha izifundo zomphakathi zamakholiji ezikhululekile noma isifunda esikhuliswe ngokwezimvume ezisekelwe. Lezi zinqumo zithonya izinga lokuphelela kwemfundo yasekolishi, ikakhulukazi ekwakheni lokuqala naseholweni ephansi, futhi zithinta ukuhleleka kwemisebenzi emide.

Ukutholakala Kwezokwelapha Nempilo Yomphakathi

Ukwanda Kwe - Medicaid

I-Affordlable Care Act yanikeza indlela yokwandisa iMedicaid kubantu abadala abathola isilinganiso esingu-88% sobumpofu obuphakathi. Kusukela ngo-2025, 40 izifundazwe ziye zanda, kuyilapho ishumi lingakhuliswanga. Imininingwane ibonisa [[ ukuthi izifundazwe zabona ukuncipha okukhulu kwezinga elingenazimo ezibucayi, ukuthuthukiswa kokunakekelwa okuyinhloko, ukuncishiswa kwezindleko zokunakekelwa kwesibhedlela, nokuncishiswa kwezindleko zokunakekelwa kwesibhedlela. Izikhulu ezingongonyakaze kakhulu, zinezinga eliphakeme labantu abadala abasebenzayo nabanezibhedlela ezisemaphandleni. Lesinqumo esisodwa sithinta izigidi zabantu ukuthi zingazivimbela yini ukunakekela, izimo ezingapheli, noma zigwema ukukhokha.

Impilo Yengqondo Nokusebenzisa Imithi Eyisisekelo

Izimali zikahulumeni zezinkonzo zempilo yengqondo kanye nokuluthwa utshwala ziyehluka kakhulu. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zafaka imali eqenjini lezenhlalakahle yezinkinga zezifo zengqondo nasemagumbini ahambayo, inciphisa ukuthembela emakamelweni nasemajele. Ezinye ziye zanwetshwa ekutholeni ukwelashwa okusizakala ngemithi yokusebenzisa i-opioid. Indlela kahulumeni yokuthola izinga lempilo lengqondo lokulinganisela nokuvivinya umshuwalense ihlanganisa impilo yengqondo ngokulinganayo empilweni engokomzimba, .

Ukulungiselelwa Kwempilo Yomphakathi

Iminyango yezempilo yoMbuso iqala ukusabela ekuqubukeni kwezifo, izinhlekelele zemvelo, kanye nokusongela kwezempilo yendawo ezungezile. Umqedazwe we-COVOVID-19 uqokomisa ukungalingani: usho ukuthi ngezindlela eziqinile zempilo yomphakathi kanye nemithetho ecacile yokuxhumana yasindisa ukuphila, kuyilapho lezo zinyathelo zempilo yomphakathi ezilula noma zokungalinganisi zithintekile kakhulu. Izinqumo eziphathelene nokusakazwa komjovo, ukuhlolwa, kanye nokwaziswa okubonakala ngokuqondile kuthinta ukuqina komphakathi phakathi nezinkinga.

Ukushintsha Kwemvelo Nemithombo Yemvelo

Izindinganiso Zomoya Ohlanzekile Namanzi

I-odoc ingamisa imithetho eqinile kunemithetho kahulumeni. Igunya eliyingqayizivele le-Celia Air Act ngaphansi koMthetho we-Ceac livumela ukuba inyathelise izindinganiso zokukhipha kwezimoto eziqinile, eziye zashukumisa intuthuko embonini ye-otho. Amanye amazwe aye asebenzisa izinga le-colian, adala intengo enkulu yezimoto ezihambayo. Ngamanzi, alawula ukukhishwa kwamanzi angaphansi kwesomiso esinzima. I-Arizona ne-Nevada iye yasebenzisa imiyalelo enzima yokugcinwa kwamanzi ethinta intuthuko yezokuhlala nolimi. I-59 incikekile emanzini ahlanzekile ngenxa yokuphuza nokuzilibazisa.

Ukusebenza Kwesimo Sezulu Namandla Avuseleleka

Izwe liye laba abadlali abayinhloko besimiso sesimo sezulu. Izindinganiso ezivuselelwayo ezidinga imishini yokuvuselela isilinganiso sikagesi emithonjeni evuselelwe, ziye zathathwa yizifundazwe ezingu-30. Umthetho wamandla ahlanzekile weWashington State ubeka isikhathi sokususa amandla amalahle avuthayo. Lemithetho ilawula ukutshala izimali emoyeni nasemapulazini azungeze ilanga, idala imisebenzi, futhi inciphise ukukhishwa kogesi omhlaba. Nokho, isho ukuthi isithiya imisebenzi evuselelwayo noma ifake ipesenti yelahle lamandla emvubukulweni encikelwe ikharbon, ibeka izingozi zezomnotho zokushintsha isimo sezulu.Njengo-5, ukubhidlizwa kwemijinga, ukukhithizwa kwezentengo yezentengo, nokunciliselwa kwempilo yomphakathi.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezwe Nokulondolozwa Kwalo

Izinqumo zikahulumeni ngokuphathelene nokuphatha amazwe omphakathi zithinta ukuzijabulisa ngaphandle, indawo ehlala izilwane zasendle, nokukhishwa kwezimpahla. Isimiso sokuhlela indawo esendaweni sase-Oregon, esamiswa ngawo-1970, silinganisela ukugcwala kwamadolobha kanye nokugada kwamahlathi namahlathi. Ngokuphambene, imithetho yokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo ezibuthakathaka iveza ukukhula okudlangile kokucekela phansi kwezindawo nezingozi zemvelo. Ukuxhasa izakhiwo zemvelo nokulondolozwa kwezindawo zokulondoloza imvelo kunikeza imiphakathi ngezindawo eziluhlaza kanye nezinqolobane ezivimbela izinhlekelele zemvelo.

Izindlu Nentuthuko Yasemadolobheni

Ukushintsha Nokuqina

Zoning umbuso wendawo, kodwa uyaqhubeka ungenela ukuxazulula izinkinga zezindlu. Oregon, California, neMinnesota zimise imithetho evumela ukufakwa kwezindawo zokuhlala (ADES) kanye nokuhlala eduze kwe-transing[. Lezinguquko zihloselwe ukwandisa ukuthengiselwa kwezindlu nezindleko eziphansi. Amazwe amelana nokulawula ukuqasha kwendawo, noma adedededele ukulawulwa kwemali nokushenxiswa. Isinqumo sokubhalisa i-transfermenties ezindaweni zomkhaya owodwa sithinta ngokuqondile ukuthi imikhaya esemishaneni nezisebenzi ezibalulekile zingaphila yini emiphakathini abayikhonzayo.

Ukuxhasa Izindlu Okubizayo

Izimali zezindlu zikahulumeni zikhokha imali yokwakha, yosizo lokuqasha, nezinhlelo zomnikazi wekhaya. AmaMassachusetts naseNew Jersey anemithetho eqinile yezindlu ebotshelelwe isibopho esihloniphekile. Lapho izifunda zinikezela ngemali enikezelwe − njengemali yephepha lokubhala noma intela yokudlulisa indawo-yokwenzelwa kwezindawo − zidala imifula ekhokhelwayo. Izinhlangano ezingenisa imali enkulu yezindlu zikahulumeni zinciphisa izinga lokungabi namakhaya kanye nezindawo eziqinile.

Izikhulu Ezilawulayo

Imithetho kahulumeni ilawula izinqubo zokuxoshwa, izinqolobane zokhuseleko, izindinganiso zokuhlala, nomthetho wokuqasha. I-odoli efana ne-New York iye yaqinisa isivikelo sezindawo zokuqashisa, kuyilapho ezinye ziye zadedela ukulawulwa kwendawo. Isimo sikahulumeni sokuthi “isizathu sokususa” sinquma ukuthi izimfuneko zokuxoshwa kwezindlu zingasuswa ngaphandle kwesizathu. Lemithetho ithinta ukuqina kwezindawo zokuhlala, ikakhulukazi emizini engenisa imali ephansi, futhi ithonya ukuzimisela kwabanikazi bezifemu ukutshala izakhiwo zokuqasha.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi Nobulungisa Besigebengu Kuyinguquko

Izindinganiso Zokuziphatha Nezokulandisa

Izishaya-mthetho zamisa izimfuneko zemvume zamaphoyisa, ukusebenzisa izindinganiso zamaphoyisa, kanye nezinqubo zokuyala. Ngemva kwezenzakalo eziphezulu ze-profile, njenge-New York ne-California, zisho imithetho emisiwe efuna amakhamera endikimba, ukuvala izibambi, nokwakha ukuqondisa okuzimele. Council of State Publicing landela indlela ye-'Roffalet's [ ibonisa ukubonakala okukhulu kwezindawo ezigciniwe ezingalungile. Izifunda ezikhonza ngemithetho ehleliwe kahle eqoqweni lamaphoyisa kubika ukwethenjwa kakhulu nokubambisana komthetho, kuholela ekuvimbeleni ubugebengu okuphumelelayo.

Ukugwetshwa Nokubuyiselwa Kwezinguquko

Imithetho yezigebengu yamazwe inquma izigwebo zasejele, ukukhishwa kwesigwebo, nokuthola imiphumela engcono njengamalungelo okuvota. Phakathi neminyaka eyishumi edlule, amazwe amaningi aye anciphisa izigwebo ezibophayo zecala lezidakamizwa, ukukhokhwa kwemali esebenzayo, futhi asusa ibheyili yemali. I-Sevencissing Project [ imibiko yokuthi izinguquko ezinjalo ziye zanciphisa amazinga okugcinwa ngaphandle kokwanda kobugebengu. Amazwe afaka izinhlelo zokuqeqeshelwa ukugcinwa kwemilaliso yezidakamizwa, ukuqeqeshelwa kwezindlu, ukusebenzisa inzuzo yemali, ukusebenzisa i-diviviism futhi ukusiza abantu ababevalelwe ngaphambili aba amalungu omphakathi akhiqizayo.

Ubulungisa Nendlela Yokuvimbela Intsha

Izwe lithatha izinyathelo zokulunga kwentsha ngendlela ehluka kakhulu. Abanye baye bakhuphula iminyaka yobudala yaba ngu-18, kanti abanye baye bafaka imali yokulungisa izinhlelo zobulungisa nezokuzilibazisa. UHulumeni waseWashington wasusa izindleko zezingane nezinhlawulo. Lezi zinqumo zithinta ukuthi izingane eziphula umthetho zinikezwa ithuba lesibili noma ziphoqelelwa ukuba ziboshwe. Izinhlangano ezinezinhlelo eziqinile zokuvimbela ubugebengu zibona amazinga aphansi kanye nemiphumela engcono yesikhathi eside entsheni.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezomnotho Nezisebenzi

Izikhangiso Zentela Neziheha Amabhizinisi

I-Expand incintisana ngokuthatha intela, imali, nezimali ezisekela izimali. Ukuphumelela kwalezi zisusa kuyaphikiswa, kodwa amasheya aphezulu e-profile (njenge-HQ2 yokufuna kwe-Amazon nezindawo ezinkulu ze-ecomputer) qhaqhaza ukuthi isimiso sikahulumeni singakhanga abaqashi abakhulu. Nokho, izikhulu ezinikeza izisusa eziphanayo ngaphandle kokulandisa zingalahlekelwa imali ezikoleni nasezinkonzweni, ekugcineni izakhamuzi ezizihambela kahle. Izakhamuzi ezithola imisebenzi engcono nezimfuneko zokuqasha zendawo zizuzise, kuyilapho lezo ezinikeza imali eningi kakhulu zingabona izinzuzo ezilinganiselwe.

Ukuqeqeshwa Kwezisebenzi Nemfundo

Ukutshala izimali zikahulumeni emakholijini omphakathi, amapulani okuqeqeshelwa umsebenzi, nokuqeqeshelwa umsebenzi kuthinta ngokuqondile ikhono lezisebenzi lokuzivumelanisa nokushintsha izimboni. Imali ye-FEderal WIOA isetshenziswa ngamabhodi kahulumeni, kodwa izifunda zinganezela ngezinhlelo zazo. I-Dirvey yaseTennessee ukuya ku 55% yabantu abadala abanezimboni ze-postseconding, ivule ukufinyelela ekuqeqesheni imishini. I-United States ehlela ukuqeqeshwa ngezindawo eziphakeme ze-demand [1]heathrearecure, amandla ahlanzekile, ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqiza, ukukhokha kahle kwezakhamuzi ngaphandle kokuzinika.

Ukusekela Amabhizinisi Amancane

Izimiso zikahulumeni ezithinta ukukhokhela intela, iholo elincane, ikhefu elikhokhelwayo, kanye namathuba okuthola izinto alolonga indawo ezungezile yamabhizinisi amancane. Izwe elinjengeColorado neNew York liye laphakamisa iholo eliphansi futhi lagunyaza ikhefu lomkhaya elikhokhelwayo, lisiza izisebenzi ezihola imali ephansi kodwa likhuphule izindleko zabaqashi. Abanye banemisebenzi ehambayo ukuze kukwenze kube lula ngabantu ukuqala imisebenzi. Ukulinganisela phakathi kwesivikelo somsebenzi nokuzigcina usebenze kuyingxoxo eqhubekayo yezwe kanye nemiphumela ethinta izomnotho.

Ukulawula Izindaba Zomuntu Siqu Nezokwaziswa

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintsha, izifundazwe zingena ezindaweni ezilawulayo ezishiywe uhulumeni. ICalifornia, iVirginia, iColorado, neConnecticut ziye zamisa imithetho yemininingwane yabathengi ebanzi yezokwaziswa [ inikeza izakhamuzi ilungelo lokungena, lokulunga, nokususa ukwaziswa okuphethwe yizinkampani. Lemithetho ithinta indlela amabhizinisi asingatha ngayo ulwazi lomsebenzisi, ngokuthengiseka, ukulondeka, nokuthembana. Izwe elihluleka ukuthuthukisa ukugcinwa kwemininingwane yalo yezaziso zezaziso noma ukuvikela ukwaziswa okugcina izakhamuzi zisengozini yokuziswe ekuzibekeleni izimpawu nokuqashe. Imicimbi evikela imfihlolo eqinile ikhuthaza ukuthenjwa kakhulu kwemishini, okubaluleke kakhulu ekuhlanganyeleni ekuthengeni kwezomnotho kwanamuhla.

Ukulawulwa Kwezimo Eziphuthumayo Nokusabela Kwenhlekelele

Uma izinhlekelele zemvelo `i - hurricanes, imigodi yemlilo, izikhukhula , izikhukhula, ohulumeni bezwe bangabaxhumanisi abayinhloko bempendulo nokululama. Imishini yokwakha, i-defaster inquma ukuthi umphakathi uqinile kanjani. FAMA’s Buildial Respirant Restuation ne-ovectives incike ezimisweni zikahulumeni zokuxhasa izakhiwo ezinjengokulawula isikhukhula nezokuvinjelwa kwengozi. Izindawo ezifaka izimali ebalazweni, ezixwayisayo, izimiso zokuqala zezenzwe ze-attings, nezindawo ezinciphiliza ukuphila kwazo futhi zinciphisa izindleko ezinde. Ngokuphikisanayo, izisho ezilula isimiso sokwakha noma ukuvala izinhlelo zezindawo zezindawo ezidalulwayo ukuze zikhungathene.

Amandla Okuhlanganyela Ngolwazi

Izibonelo ezingenhla zibonisa ubukhulu bethonya likahulumeni wombuso — kusukela emoyeni esiwuphefumulela ezikoleni izingane zethu eziwunakekelayo kumanetha okuphepha asibamba ngezikhathi zobunzima. Lezinqumo azikho ezingabonakali; zihumushela ezingosini ezigcweleyo noma ezinganakwa, emakamelweni anezimo eziphuthumayo, eziqinile noma ezivaliwe. Izakhamuzi eziqonda lezizigqi ezingasheki zingahileleka ngokuphumelelayo futhi zigcine izivumelwano zezombangazwe, zifaka ubufakazi bokuxhumana, ukuxhumana nezishaya umthetho, noma ukusekela amaqembu amaqembu okuphatha abantu abashayelelayo. Uhulumeni kahulumeni awulona isilinganiso sokubusa esiseduze kakhulu nokuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke, futhi izinqumo zawo zifanelwe ukuhlolwa nokugcinwa okufanayo kwezombangazwe zesizwe. Noma iziphi izingozi ezisemkhankalweni ezibuswayo zezwezwe ngaphandle kwezimiso zomthetho.