Umqondo wamandla kahulumeni usekelwe ezimisweni zikahulumeni zikahulumeni, lapho igunya lihlukaniswa khona phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nezifunda. E-United States, le ngxenye ihlanganiswe eSichibiyelweni seshumi, esigcinela zonke imibuso engekho ezindaweni eziphathiswe uhulumeni kahulumeni noma enqatshelwe. Lo hlelo lunikeza inkululeko enkulu yemithetho yezobuchwepheshe ehlobana nemithetho yesizwe ehlukile ehlangene nezomnotho, nezindinganiso zesizwe. Ukuqonda indlela amazwe asebenzisa ngayo lamandla kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile emandleni emibuso ye-America, intuthuko yezimiso zezimiso, kanye nokuxhumana okuqhubekayo phakathi kobunye nokwehlukahluka kwesizwe esisodwa.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Segunya Lombuso

Amandla oMbuso asuka esimisweni sokubusa okubili esibekwe eMthethweni-sisekelo wase-U.S. ISichibiyelo seTenteth sisho ngokucacile ukuthi amandla angaphathiswa i-United States nguMthetho-sisekelo, noma enqatshelwe ezweni, agcinelwe amazwe ngokulandelana, noma kubantu. Le ndawo egciniwe yakha isisekelo esingokomthetho salokho ngokuvamile okubizwa ngokuthi "amandla empakatho" [“igunya eliyisisekelo lezwe lokulawula impilo, ukulondeka, ukuziphatha, nenhlalakahle yezakhamuzi. Lokhu kuvunyelwa kwegunya kuvumela amazwe ukuba asebenze ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene njengomthetho wobugebengu, imfundo, ukuthutha, ukuthungahambi, ukuhlangana komkhaya, nokusebenzisa yonke imvume yezwe.

Nokho, amandla kahulumeni awaphelele. I-Supremacy Claus iveza ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni ungumthetho ophakeme wezwe, okusho ukuthi lapho imithetho kahulumeni nohulumeni ingqubuzana, umthetho kahulumeni ngokuvamile uyanqoba − i-Prefered Congress yasebenza ngaphakathi kwegunya layo lomthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kucindezeleka phakathi kwe-uhulumeni nokuphakama kwezwe kuhlela cishe zonke izibonelo zokwenza umthetho kahulumeni futhi kudala umkhakha wempi enzima yokuncintisana ngokomthetho nezombangazwe.

Okwenza Umbuso Ube Nezindaba Ezibucayi Esimisweni Esiwumbuso

Ikhono lemibuso lokumisa imithetho yayo siqu lifeza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile ekubuseni ngentando yeningi:

  • Ukuvumelana kwendawo:[ Izishaya-mthetho zikaHulumeni zisondelene kakhulu nabantu futhi zingakhuluma ngezinkinga zesifunda, njengokungathi amalungelo amanzi eNtshona yomile noma esiphepho esilungiselela ukuma eGulf Coast] ngokuphumelelayo kunohulumeni wezwe elikude.
  • I-Policy Laboratories: Njengoba uMahluleli uLouis Brandeis ephawulwe kahle, izifundazwe zingasebenza njenge "imisebenzi yentando yeningi," ukuzama izimiso ezintsha ngaphandle kokubeka isontweni lonke izwe. Ukuhlolwa okuphumelelayo . . . . . . inguquko yenhlalakahle noma imishuwalense yempilo (ngezinguquko) zikhona kanye nezindawo noma ezisezingeni likahulumeni.
  • Itshekhi kuMandla eFederal:[ Igunya likahulumeni linikeza isilinganiso sokumelana nokuphaphanyiswa kukahulumeni, ukulondoloza indawo yokwenza izinqumo nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuhulumeni wezwe oyedwa.
  • [ Isivumelwano nokulungisa: amazwe ancintisana nezakhamuzi, amabhizinisi, nethalenta ngokunikeza indawo ehlukene ezungezile yokuqondisa, izakhiwo zentela, nezinkonzo zomphakathi. Lo mncintiswano ungaqhubekisela phambili impumelelo nokusungulwa kokubusa.

Izindawo Eziyinhloko Lapho Amazwe Abeka Khona Imithetho Yawo

Lezi zindawo eziningana ezivelele lapho ukushaya umthetho kukahulumeni kuye kwaba nethonya elikhulu khona.

Ukuqashelwa Ngokomthetho Nokubuyiselwa Kwamacala

Esinye sezibonelo eziphawuleka kakhulu zamandla kahulumeni ekhulwini lama-21 leminyaka kuye kwaba ukugunyazwa okungokomthetho kwenkanyezi ekukhiqizweni kwenkasamu yezokwelapha nokuzilibazisa. Kusukela ngomthetho wenkasa wase California ngo-1969, izigungu ziye zamelana ngokuqhubekayo nokwenqatshelwa kwentela kwe-Guedied Substances Act. Colorado neWashington zaba yizifunda zokuqala zokugunyaza ukubhalisa insangu ngo-206, ukukhipha i-galelo lokukhiqiza, ukuthengisa. Kusukela ngo-2024, amazwe acishe abe ngamashumi amabili aye alandela intengo, afaka intela yezigidi ngenani lapho umthetho kahulumeni uqhubeka nokuhlela umnsangubo njengegede njengegebe. [[FLT] [FLT:] [FLT] [FLD] [1] ikhutshwe i-Amperencessom yomthetho we-Oma elungiselelwe i-ogcompatmentalmpirent, i-mpirensivent, i-ogcustomssss, isikhulu seze isikhulume

Ukubuya Kwezikhali Zomlilo

Ukulawula izibhamu kungomunye umbuso lapho amandla ezwe esetshenziswa khona ngamandla. Nakuba iSichibiyelo sesibili siqinisekisa ilungelo lomuntu ngamunye lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali, izimemezelo zinenkululeko ebanzi yokulawula izibhamu phakathi kwemingcele yazo. I-United States enjenge California, i-New York, i-Massachusetts imise eminye yemithetho yezikhali eqinile yesizwe, kuhlanganise nokuhlola isizinda sendawo yonke, ukuvimbela izikhali, imingcele eqinile, imingcele evimbela ukuvimbela umagazini, nemithetho ebomvu evumela ukususwa kwezibhamu phakathi kwemingcele yabantu abaluleki. [FOPlat], ngokwendlela efana ne-Texaster, i-Texas, i-Fograph, ne-Alaston (F.[2001] imingcele esobala, futhi imingcele encishisiwe yemithetho ye-State, i-Rhoverse.[2]) i-Foglet , futhi i-oglet .[2] Imithetho ehlukene ye-Evidusvolution, i-E.[2] i-R

Izindinganiso Zemfundo Nezimali

Imfundo ngokwesiko iwumsebenzi wesifunda nemisebenzi yendawo. Imfundo ibeka izindinganiso zemfundo, izimfuneko zokufundisa, izimfuneko zokuthweswa iziqinisekiso, nezinqumo zokuthweswa iziqu, nokuhlola imibuso. Zilawula futhi ingxenye yebhubesi yemfundo, ngokuvamile ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifuna ukuhlanganisa imithombo yemali phakathi kwezifunda ezicebile nezimpofu. Ngokwesibonelo, amaMassachusetts ayaziwa isikhathi eside ngezindinganiso zakhe eziphakeme zemfundo nangomsebenzi wabafundi oqinile, ngenxa yezinguquko eziye zamiswa kuma 1990 ezahlanganisa izilinganiso eziqinile nezingathsithelela. Amanye amazwe, njengaseTexas, aye athonya izimakethengiso zezincwadi zezincwadi zezwe ngezindlela zawo zokuzala. Eminyakeni yamuva, amazwe asezinkulu kakhulu izikhungo zemfundo, kuhlanganise nezikole zemfundo, izinhlelo zemfundo eziphambili. Okwamanje, izinkulumo zokufundisa ezigxekayo ze-likelelene, i-LB, nemithetho yemithetho yezemfundo engoko yezemfundo yamazwe akhona.

Isivikelo Sendawo Ezungezile

ICalifornia iye yavela njengomholi wembulunga yonke wezimiso zendawo ezungezile, isebenzisa amandla ayo ezwe ukuba ibeke izindinganiso ezidlula kude izimfuneko zikahulumeni. Ngaphansi kwe-Ceally Air Act, iCalifornia ijabulela i-paverter ehlukile evela kwi-Ndevironmental Protection Agency evumela ukumisa isilinganiso sayo siqu semoto, “‘ izitembu eziye zathathwa ezinye izifunda zomhlaba. Ngo-20222, iCalifornia yathola [[FL:0] EPA] ukuvunyelwa [ [indlela] yayo ephambili yokulawula i-Ceac Cars II, okuthiyayala ukuba zonke izimoto ezintsha ezithwala abantu ezidayiswayo ezweni zibe yize ngo-2035. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo lwe-frate-tradessss, izinga lazokhuphuzisayo eliphambili lokukhipha umoya, nemithetho yayo ye-pulasitiki ezindaweni ezisembukubusayo zonke, imfuyo, futhi izikhulu zeze izikhulu zezwe emhlabeni jikelele.[neze ngisho nezokuhweba."

Ukunakekelwa Kwempilo

Igunya likahulumeni ekunakekeleni impilo likhulu, lihlanganisa ukulawulwa komshuwalense, ukulawulwa kwe-Medicaid, ukugunyazwa kwempilo yomphakathi, nokuvuselelwa kochwepheshe bezokwelapha. Isibonelo esivelele yi-Massachusetts'' ukuguqula umthetho wempilo ka- 2006, owadinga cishe zonke izakhamuzi ukuba zithole umshuwalense wempilo, wasungula ukuthengiselwa imali ephansi yabantu ngabanye, futhi wasungula ukusungula ukuthengiselana umshuwalense wempicalo we-mshuwalense. [[3] Izinhlangano zezezinye izinhlangano zezentelekelelo , izinhlangano zezentelekele izindleko ezivamile, inqunyuko, inqunyu yeze izinhlangano zeze futhi i-'ibhulo. [[3] [zinye izinhlangano izinhlangano zezezimo ze-'inguquase ,[3][3] [izikhulu zezezimpondo zezezi] [R.F], izifunda zezindawo ezingaphezulu], izifunda zezindawo ezigciniwe zezindawo:[3], lapho izikhulu, lapho izikhulu,

Ukulinganiselwa Nezinselele Embusweni Kahulumeni

Naphezu kwegunya lombuso, amandla amaningana angalinganisela noma anqobe ukwenza umthetho kahulumeni:

  • Intethelelo engaphezulu: Lapho uMkhandlu umisa umthetho ophethe yonke insimu, imithetho kahulumeni kuleyondawo incishisiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe awanakulawula ukuphepha kwezindiza, ukugcinwa kwezokufuduka, noma ukuvaleka kwemali ngenxa yokuthi umthetho kahulumeni ulawula. I-Preasttion ingacaca, njengalapho amasu kahulumeni ahlanganisayo ebanzi kangangokuba awashiyi ndawo yokuthayisela i-odrensitive.
  • Jodicial Review: Imithetho yoMbuso ingalahlwa ngenxa yokwephula umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Ngaphandle kwezibonelo zeSichibiyelo sesibili nokukhishwa kwezisu, izinkantolo ziye zalulaza imithetho kahulumeni yenkululeko yokukhuluma, yezohwebo, yesivikelo esilinganayo, nezimiso ezifanele. Imithetho yoMbuso ethwesa umthwalo phakathi kwezentengiselwano zamazwe noma ikhetha kakhulu ezithakazelweni zezomnotho ezingekho mazwe isengozini.
  • Iminyango yezentengiselwano nezezomnotho: Amazwe avame ukubhekana nokucindezela okuvela kuhulumeni kahulumeni ngezipho zemibandela ethile, okudinga ukuba amazwe avumelane nezimo zikahulumeni ukuze athole imali. Ngokwesibonelo, usongo lokulahlekelwa izimali zasemgwaqweni omkhulu, luye lwasetshenziselwa ukubangela ukuba amazwe akhuphule iminyaka yokuphuza abe yi-21, ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangano ezinkulu nenzalo zingase zivuselele imithetho kahulumeni noma zisongele ukukhokha izimali, zinqande ukukhethwa kwezimiso zikahulumeni.
  • Ukuxabana kwe-Interstate and Conation: umbuso ungabangela izingxabano phakathi kwezwe, njengamalungelo amanzi avela emifuleni ehlukene, intela yabahambi, noma imiphumela yokuchitheka kwemithetho yokuyekelela (umz., ukuvakasha ngezidakamizwa). Ngezinye izikhathi lezingxabano zidinga ukungenela kwezwe noma ukuhlanganisana kwezifunda.

Ekuqulweni kwecala le-Dpeth lomthetho woMbuso

Ukuhlola izenzakalo ezithile kukhanyisa abakhangisi nemiphumela yamandla kahulumeni.

Ukutadisha Indaba 1: Ukushintsha Kwendlela Yokunakekela Impilo YaseMassachusetts

Ngo- 2006, ngaphansi koMbusi Mitt Romney, uMassachusetts wamisa umthetho wezempilo obanzi (iMacape 58 yezEnzo zika- 2006) owawuhloselwe ukufinyelela ingqikithi ebanzi. Izici eziyinhloko zahlanganisa igunya lomuntu ngamunye, izijeziso zomqashi, ukwanda kwe-Medicaid (Mas Health), nokuxhasa umshuwalense womuntu siqu ngentengo yezentengo yezentengiselwano ebizwa ngokuthi i-ACCOA. I-Massachusetts yabonisa ukuthi umthetho ukunciphisa izinga elingabekezeleleki cishe isilinganiso esingu-10% kuya ngaphansi kwe-3% ngo-2008, ngisho nanjengoba inguquko yabhekana nezindleko zempilo ezikhulayo. Lenguquko yanikeza ukuhlolwa kwezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano kamuva eyayizofakwa e-ACAweni yangaphakathi, kodwa yaqokomisa nenselele inselele ekulawuleni komthetho womthetho omkhulu. Inguquko yandandala nesimiso sesizwe sezwe sezentengiselwa.

Isifundo secala 2: Imithetho yendawo ezungezile yaseCalifornia

Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kahulumeni eCalifornia enkambisweni yendawo ezungezile akunakuqhathaniswa eUnited States. I-California Air Resources Board (CARB), eyamiswa ngo-1967, iye yasungula imithetho ephambili ngokuphathelene nokukhishwa kwegesi yemoto, izindinganiso zikaphethiloli, nezinga lomoya okuye kwabangela ukuba i-corinoo eyaziwa kakhulu i-corinia ibe yizindinganiso zesizwe ngenxa yobukhulu bemakethe ye-colorian. Ukuqondisa i-Obama kwanika i-corarder i-otarting i-atting transbource i-mouse ehlela ukukhipha igesi emotweni, kodwa i-Trump i-complective, iholela ekulweni kwempi engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho. I-Biden i-biden ibuyisela i-waterraverse transchemiststing, futhi i-maker symsting, i-marksssssssting, idland, i-odrivertive idla i-eting

Ukuhlolwa kwendaba 3: Ukuvuselelwa kwe-Marijuana

Ukuhlolwa kweColorado kwenkasangu esemthethweni, eyaqanjwa ngo-2023, inikeza umfanekiso ocacile wamandla kahulumeni amelene nokwenqatshelwa kukahulumeni. Izwe lamisa isimiso esiqinile: abalimi abagunyazi, amalabhu, amasheya, nentela ye-15% kanye nentela ekhethekile ye-15%. Ngo-2023, iColorado yakhiqiza imali engaphezulu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-5, entengiselwaneni yentela edayise edayiseni lensangu edayiseni, ifaka imali ekhokhisweni yemali esemthethweni esikoleni somphakathi, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa, nokugcinwa komthetho. Nokho, izinselele zikhona. Umthetho ongekho emthethweni uvimbela ukubhakela intengo ephakathi, nokucwaninga. Ngo-20181818, umqondisi wezentengo yomthetho ongokomthetho owe-Calbarcen, wakhipha ukungaqiniseki komthetho oqhubekayo kwaze kwafika e-Attedney Colearsy Scriepriartry ephethe ephethe ngokuqhubekayo.

Ikusasa Lamandla KaHulumeni Esizweni Esinemivubukulo

Njengoba i-United States ikhula ngokuhlukana ngokukhula kwezindawo nemibono, amandla ezwe cishe akhula ngisho nangokwengeziwe. Izwe lithatha izikhundla ezihlukile ekushintsheni isimo sezulu, ukugcinwa kwezokufuduka, amalungelo okuvota, amalungelo okudlulisa ulwazi, umthetho wobuchwepheshe. Ezinye izazi zibhekisela kulokhu ngokuthi "umbuso omusha wombuso wezwe" noma "ukubambisana kombuso wezwe," lapho amazwe ezihlukanisa khona ngokunamandla ukudonsa izakhamuzi namabhizinisi anezici zawo. Ikhono lokuhamba ngokukhululekile phakathi kwezifundazwe, ukuhlanganisa abantu ngabanye namabhizinisi, ukukhetha indawo engokomthetho evumelana nezintando zabo. Lokhu kucindezela okunamandla kokubili emazweni futhi kuthinta amalungelo ayisisekelo ahambisana noMthetho-Constitution.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uhulumeni ulondoloza amathuluzi anamandla . "umthetho olawulayo", ukuthatha imithetho yesikhulu, izinqumo zokwahlulela, nokusebenzisa amandla okwahlulela − ukulinganisela ukunyukela kukahulumeni. Ukulinganisela phakathi kombuso nombuso kuzakuqhubeka kulolongeka ngokhetho, ukumiswa kweNkantolo Ephakeme, nezinhlangano zezombangazwe kuwo womabili amazinga kahulumeni. Ukuqonda indlela imibuso emisa ngayo imithetho yayo akubalulekile kubenzi bemithetho nochwepheshe bezomthetho kuphela, kodwa kuzakhamuzi zonke ezihileleke enqubweni yentando yeningi.

Isiphetho

Amandla oMbuso awawona nje umthetho-sisekelo ohlukile; awuwona nje iqiniso elinamandla, eliphikiswayo, futhi elilandela i-propatission elilolonga ukuphila kwezigidi. Kusukela ekuqanjweni ngokomthetho kwensangu kuya ekuqondisweni kwezibhamu, kusukela ekuholeni indawo ezungezile kuya ekuhlolweni kwempilo, asho ukuthi igunya lawo lokubonisa izindinganiso zendawo, izinselele eziyingqayizivele, nokuqondisa okusha. Nakuba ukubusa kukahulumeni nokuqondisa kokwahlulela kubeka imingcele, isilinganiso esanikezwa ukubusa ngeSimende se-Tenth sihlala sibanzi. Izibonelo ezihlolwe lapha zibonisa ukuthi amandla ezwe liyingxenye ebalulekile yombuso we-America, okwenza ukuba umbuso wezwe uvumelane nezimo ezishintsha izimo kuyilapho ulondoloza indawo yentando yendawo. Njengoba amazwe ebeka izinselele ezintsha, indima yemithetho yawo iyoba esezinziwa kakhulu ephakathi kwemithetho yawo siqu eqhubekayo.