Isingeniso: Ukwakheka Okungabonakali Komphakathi

Isimiso somphakathi sihlela cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwanamuhla, kusukela ezindinganisweni zokuphepha zemoto ohamba kuyo kuya emalini yenzala emalini ofunda kuyo. isakhiwo esingabonakali somphakathi [, sihlela amathuba ethu, izibopho, nezingozi. Ekujuleni kwayo, isimiso somphakathi simelela izinqumo ezingokomthetho nezenzo ezithathwa nguhulumeni, noma ukugwema ngamabomu ukuthatha ukuthatha izihloko zezinkinga zomphakathi. Lesiqondiso sinikeza isisekelo esibanzi sokuqonda inqubo yomphakathi, amandla asenza sisebenze, nendima yezakhamuzi eziyinhloko ezidlala kuyo.

Iyini Inqubo Yomphakathi?

Ukusho isimiso somphakathi kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuqonda ukufinyelela kwaso. Isazi sezepolitiki uThomas Dye wanikeza incazelo eyisiko, ehlanganisayo: " inqubo ye-Public inoma yisiphi isinqumo ohulumeni abakhetha ukusenza noma abangasisebenzisi. Lendlela inamandla ngoba iyavuma ukuthi ukungenzi kuyinqubo yokuzikhethela. Uma uhulumeni enquma ukungalawuli imboni ethile noma ukungangeneli enkathazweni yezindlu, leso sinqumo sinemiphumela engathi sína emphakathini.

Isimiso somphakathi sihlukile ezinqumweni zomuntu siqu ngegunya layo kanye nobungako bayo. Sisekelwa amandla ahlangene ezwe futhi sisebenza kubantu abachazwayo. Sihlanganiswa ngokwemithetho, iziyalezo eziphetheyo, iziyalezo, nezishaya-mthetho zokwahlulela. Kuwusizo futhi ukuqonda izikhundla zabaphathi balezi zinsimbi: i-palpholic [ i-ambrearess yemigomo nezimiso; imithetho edluliselwe yimithetho ye-statry; [[FLT:] ne[FLT:]] imithetho ebhalwe ngemiyalo yemithetho esemthethweni ibhalwe yimithetho esemthethweni, iphethe imithetho ewusizo, iphethe izakhi ezingxenyeni ezine zesimiso somthetho.

  • [[UMTH:0] Inhloso ye-inquit': Umgomo we-ignome noma wokuphatha.
  • [[UMTH:0] I-Centant:[ Amalungiselelo akhethekile nezinqubo zenqubo.
  • Ukwenziwa isampuli: Ukukhishwa kwenqubo yizinhlangano.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imiphumela ephathekayo nomphumela kumphakathi ohloselwe.

Njengencwadi enegunya kulendaba, ukungena kwe-WPP enkambisweni yomphakathi [ kunikeza indawo eqinile yemfundo yokuqala ukuqonda izincazelo zayo ezihlukene nezinga layo.

Okwenza Umthetho Womphakathi Ubaluleke

Ukuqonda isimiso somphakathi akuyona indlela yokufunda, ithinta ngokuqondile izinto ezibonakalayo nezinga lokuphila kwentando yeningi.

Ukuthutha Kwemithombo Yemali Nokuphila Kwansuku Zonke

Isinqumo sokwabela izimali uhulumeni ngamunye siyisakhamiso sesimiso senqubo. Isimiso sokuhlela izimali zokuzivikela kwezempi kanye nezezezezempilo zomphakathi sibonisa ukuthi izinhlangano zezentengiselwano zihlelwe yizezezentengiselwano. i-funo inqunywa imithetho elawula ukuthengwa kwemali yemali yemali ekhona kanye nemali yezindlu. Inqubo yokwahlukanisa i-Manethiwariota yemali [[[FLT]] ihlelwe yizikhungo eziphakathi zamabhange ukuntenga nokusebenza, ithinta amandla okuthenga emali yonke ishekethilo. Ngemithetho yezentengo nemali (ilawula ukuqoqwa kwemali), uhulumeni uphethe ngenkuthalo, wenza ukuphatha okuphethe okukhulu kwezindawo zomphakathi. Inqubo ehlangene yezentengo yomphakathi isebenza ezisemkhankatho, isebenza ngezimo zezentengo yeze yezempi yezempi yezombangazwe.

Ukushintsha Isivumelwano Sezenhlalo

Izimiso zomphakathi zichaza ubuhlobo phakathi komuntu ngamunye nezwe. Ukulondeka kanye namaMedicari amelela isithembiso esihlangene sokusekela izakhamuzi esebudala nasekuguleni. [imithetho] yeSivumelwano ibophezela isibopho sokulingana nokungahlangani. iziqondiso ezingokongavumelani kwezimiso zomthetho [ivolthi] ezihlangeneyo zokusekela umthwalo wemfanelo womoya ohlanzekile namanzi. [ukumisa amalungelo, imisebenzi, nenkatho, nenkambiso yomphakathi, yenza isivumelwano esibonakalayo. [[FLT.6:]]

Ukuthuthukisa Ubulungisa Nokulunga Kwezenhlalo

I-Pymoli ingaba injini enamandla yokulungisa ukungalungi okungokomlando. Izimiso zokuqinisekisa izenzo, izenzo zokuvota, nemithetho yokuthola izikhubazeko konke kuklanyelwe ukuhlobanisa izindawo zokudlala. Ngokuphambene, izimiso ezingaklanywanga kahle noma ezindlululwayo zingabangela ukungalingani okungalingani, njengoba kubonakala emikhubeni evuselelayo engokomlando noma izakhiwo zentela ezibuyiselayo. Ukuqonda isimiso kuqonda amathuluzi akhona okwakha umphakathi onobulungisa.

Izinhlobo zomthetho womphakathi: I-Lowi’s taxinomy

Usosayensi wezezombangazwe uTheodore Lowi wanikeza uhlelo lwenqubo olusetshenziswa kakhulu ekuchazeni izimiso ezisekelwe ethonyeni lazo nasemikhakheni yezombangazwe ezizibangelayo. Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kusiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani ezinye izinqubo ziphikisana kakhulu kunezinye.

Amasiko Asakazayo

Izimiso zokwabelwa zinikeza izinzuzo emaqenjini athile noma kubantu ngabanye ngaphandle kwezindleko ezicaciswe kwelinye iqembu. Lezi zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "imisebenzi ye-pork-barrel" noma izimali zokuxhasa izimali. Izibonelo zihlanganisa izimali zezimali ezixhasayo[, [[FLT]]] [[FLT]] NH [Ukucwaninga] kuyanika [, kanye [FLT]] izikweletu zemali zekhaya [[. Izombangazwe zokususa inqubo zithanda ukuba zifake imvume yokungena elayinini, lapho izivumelwano zemisebenzi, kuholela ekusekeleni imibuthano ezindaweni ezibanzi.

Izimiso Zokuqondisa

Izimiso zokulawula zifaka imingcele ekuziphatheni komuntu ngamunye noma kweqembu ukuze kuzuziwe umphakathi. Zisho ukuthi yini engenziwa futhi ingakwazi ukuyenza. Lesigaba singaphulwa ngokwengeziwe sibe yisimiso sezezomnotho [ (umz., imithetho evimbela ukukhokhwa, amazinga enzuzo) kanye umthetho womphakathi [umz., izindinganiso zendawo ezungezile, ukuvikela komsebenzi, ukuthenga). Izibonelo zihlanganisa i-Ceooooooo Air Act ne OSHA imithetho. Lemithetho ivame ukubangela ukuphikisana okukhulu phakathi kwezentengo zezentengo yomphakathi, njengoba ifaka izindleko ezithile ekunikezeni izinzuzo ezisakazweni ezibanzi.

Izimiso Zokufundisa Ezithuthukisayo

Izimiso zokwabelana zidlulisa imithombo yemali ngokuqondile kumaqembu. Lezi ngokuvamile ziyizinto ezibekwa icala kakhulu. Izibonelo zihlanganisa intela yeholo eqhubekekayo, izinhlelo (TENF), kanye [FLT] ne Sacial Security [[[]. Izombangazwe zeRedis project ziphawulwa yingxabano esekelwe kwisigaba nempikiswano eyisisekelo mayelana nokungahleleki, ugwadule, nendima efanele yezwe ekuhleleni ukungalingani kwezomnotho.

Imikhuba Yokuphatha Engaguquguquki

Izimiso eziqinile zimisa imithetho yomdlalo kahulumeni ngokwakhe. Bakha amanxusa amasha kahulumeni, bachaze amagunya, futhi bamise imithetho engokwemithetho. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iProcedificiated Act , elawula indlela izinhlangano ezimisa ngayo imithetho, kanye nokuzinza koMnyango Wezokuvikela Ikhaya . Lezimiso zibumba indawo ehleliwe yokwakha yonke eminye imithetho futhi ngokuvamile zinganakwa naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo kwesisekelo.

Umjikelezo Wesimiso Somphakathi: Umsebenzi Wokuhlaziya

Inqubo iyinkimbinkimbi futhi iyadida, kodwa isiteji esinemiklamo eqinile [ sinikeza ibalazwe lomgwaqo eliwusizo lokuqonda ukuthi izinkinga ziba kanjani izinqubo nendlela izimiso eziphenduka ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukuhleleka 1: I - Agenda

Inkinga ithatha kanjani ukunaka kukahulumeni? [ inqubo echazayo ukuthi izinkinga zomphakathi zidinga ukungenela kukahulumeni. uJohn Kingdon's i-Mulpledies Frames [ inikeza incazelo enamandla. Isikisela ukuthi imifula emithathu ezimeleyo ye-Proctum, i-Procm, i-Promacy, nezombangazwe zihlanganisa impikiswano yokufinyelela phezulu kwezinhlelo. Isenzakalo esigxile (njengenhlekelele yemvelo noma ukudubula) singavula "ifasitela elivamile."""""" futhi kukhona umehluko phakathi kwe [FFOLT:4] system, [FFFF:] [5] [extername]) (impikiswano ephawulekayo ephawulekayo ngokwezingangokwayo) yezombangazwe (Foctalformations.[6] kweyes.[5] kweyesikhasime) kweyenye izibalo sezombangazwe.[Fodmist)

Izitembu 2: Ukumiswa Kwesimiso

Lapho impikiswano isihleliwe, kuqalwa amakhambi. Leliqophelo lihlanganisa amathangi okuhlola , amakomiti enhlangano, amaqembu enzalo, nezinhlangano zegatsha eziphetheyo ezimisa iziphakamiso ezithile zezimiso. I-Ideas iyaphikiswana, kuhlelwa izindleko zezindleko, futhi kubhalwe umthetho wezomthetho. Abathengisi bemithetho basebenza ngenkuthalo ukuthuthukisa izixazululo zabo ezithandwayo, ngokuvamile bazihlanganisa nezimoto ezibanzi zemithetho.

Isilinganiso 3: Ukutholwa Kwabantwana Abangatholi

Lokhu kuyisigaba esingokomthetho sokwenza izinqumo. Kuhilela ukusekela okwanele ukudlulisa umthetho. Esimisweni sase-U.S., lokhu kusho ukuhambisa amakhothali emithetho eyinkimbinkimbi amakomiti, amavoti aphansi kuwo womabili amagumbi eSishaya-mthetho, kanye nokusayinwa kukamongameli noma i-veto. Bragaining, ukuhlanganisa, nokwakha i-movet kusenkabeni. Ukuba khona kweminingi "amaphuzu" esimisweni (umz., i-fivster in Cample) kwenza ukuba isigaba esinzima kakhulu sokushintsha kwenqubo enkulu.

Isiteji 4: Ukusetshenziswa Kwesimiso

Ukwamukela umthetho akusona isiphetho senqubo. Ukubusa kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "uhlu lwamanqamu". Izinhlangano zikahulumeni kumelwe zichaze umthetho, zibhale iziqondiso eziqondile, futhi ziwabophe. Lokhu kuhilela ukuqonda okukhulu. Umqondo kaMichael Lipsky's’s "" isigaba esiphezulu senhlangano yezomthetho" [ iqokomisa indlela izisebenzi eziphambili (abafundisi, amaphoyisa, izisebenzi zezenhlalakahle, izikhulu zezezenhlalakahle) ezisebenzisa ngayo ukuhlakanipha okukhulu ekuxhumaneni kwazo kwansuku zonke nezakhamuzi. Izinqumo zazo ziveza ngokuphumelela umthetho wangempela, ongahluka kakhulu enhloso yokuqala yezenjongo yemithetho. [[FLT:]]

Isiteji 5: Ukuhlola Izimiso

Izikhulu zikahulumeni zihlolwa njalo, kokubili ngokwesiko nangendlela engahleliwe. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezifana ne- Ihhovisi le-accounting (GAO) ukuhlolwa kokuhlola nokuhlola. Amaqembu anesithakazelo, izifundiswa, nezikhangiso zezokuxhumana zihlola imiphumela. Lokhu kuhlola kubuyisela emuva esitejini sokuhlela, ukwenza indida ekhoshayo engaholela ekulondolozeni isimiso, ekulungiseni i-ayisensi, noma ekuqedeni. Inqubo ebhekwa njengehlulekayo ingasuswa kwesimiso, kuyilapho inkambiso ethandwayo idala inqubo yayo esekelayo esekelayo.

Amandla Amakhulu Aphazamisa Umthetho Womphakathi

Inqubo ayibangelwa yizinto eziphilayo ezinamandla ahlukahlukene zabadlali.

Imibono Yomphakathi, Imithombo Yezindaba, Nezithakazelo

Izikhulu eziqanjiwe zicabangela ukusabela ngokusemthethweni ekukhetheni okuhlangene. Nokho, lendlela okungaphelele ngayo i- ifulegiwe [ kuwezindaba nangabezombangazwe bathonya kakhulu ukuqonda komphakathi. Izikhulu zingafakwa njenge "isikhala sempumuzo" noma "isikweli," ukuthuthukisa ukusekela komphakathi. Amaqembu amakhulu kakhulu [ anikeza imithombo yokwaziswa, kanye nokusekela kwe-volota komphakathi ekutholeni imvume yokungena nokuthonya. [FT][5] [5] [5]

Imibono Yezombangazwe Nezimo Zezomnotho

Imibono evelele yezombangazwe yenkathi − noba iKeynesianism, ukunikeza abakhi bezentengiselwano, noma i-relibralism . inikeza uhlelo lokuhlakanipha lwezisombululo zesimiso. Izimo zezentengiselwano [ ezinjengokuntengantenga, ukwehla kwamandla, nokungatholi umsebenzi kucindezela kakhulu abakhi bemithetho. Inkinga enkulu yezomnotho ingavula uhlelo lwenguquko yokushintsha (umzzk., i-New Factor ku-1930, i-bealors nonyuselwa kwemali ngo-2009).

Izakhiwo Ezingokweziqu

Iziqu zihlela inqubo yenqubo. I-FLT]Féreralist isakaza amandla ezweni, kumbuso, nakohulumeni bendawo, idala izindawo eziningi zenqubo nengxabano (umz., i-module isunduzela ukufakwa kwensangu ngokomthetho). ukuhlukanisa amandla [ nokuhlola kanye nokulinganisa kudala amaphuzu amaningi, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuguqula inqubo ngaphandle kokuba kunokuvumelana noma ukulawula iqembu elihlangene likahulumeni. Lokhu kuvumelana ngezenzo kuyisihluthulelo sesimiso somthetho.

Ukuhlola Icala Okubonisa Ukuziphatha Komphakathi

Izici ezingokwezilinganiso ziba nengqondo lapho zisetshenziswa ezibonelweni zezwe langempela.

I - protection Yeziguli Ne - Affordal Carement (ACA)

I-ACA iyisifundo esiphawulekayo sezehlakalo ezibonisa ukuvuselelwa kwemithetho yokulawula. Ibekwe esinhlolweni ngenkinga yezindleko ezinyukayo zokunakekela impilo futhi i-47 miliyoni yaseMelika engakhohliswanga, yasungulwa futhi yasetshenziswa emigqeni ejulile. Isimiso se "isihlalo esinezinqano" ``````i-commonity''''', i-awuyedwa, i-avwed , futhi i-arensitivel' i-atting', i-active query'ss commental projectal ye-at'. [[FLT:] [FLT: 0] iveza imposogobo yezombangazwe eziphambili [[FLT:] ekulweni kwezombangazwe olusayo] kodwa ekugcineni sanweba ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-20.[A] I-FFoctives.[at]

Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile: UMthetho Ohlanzekile Womoya

I-Ceac Air Act (1970, ilungiswe ngo 1977, 1990) iyisimiso sokulawula isisekelo sokulawula indawo ezungezile. Samisa izindinganiso ze-EPA zezinga lomoya futhi sanika i-EPA amandla okuziqinisa. Izigwegwe zango 1990 zasungula i-pionalstry-market-papy-paddet-trade system[[ ukulwa nemvula eneacid ekhipha isikhutha. Lendlela entsha yabonakala iphumelela kakhulu, inciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ngokushesha nangezindleko eziphansi kunemithetho engokwesiko elawulayo. Indaba ibonisa indlela umklamo wezentengiselwano wezentengiselwano ekwazi ngayo ukuguqula inqubo yezobuchwepheshe. [[FLT:]PA]

Ukulwela Uhulumeni Nokugunyazwa Kwecala KwaseMarijuana

Impi ekhulayo phakathi kokwenziwa ngokomthetho kwenkasa yombuso kanye nokubekwa kwayo ngokuqhubekayo njengeSeptemba I engaphansi komthetho kahulumeni kuyisifundo esinamandla sezehlakalo enkambisweni ehlangene nomthetho. Iqokomisa indlela ukuzama kwesimiso sombuso sombuso ukubekela inselele nenqubo yesizwe, iphoqelela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zisebenzise ukuqapha. Lenkambiso iphakamisa imibuzo enzulu mayelana namalungelo ezindawo, izingamemezelwano zokugcinwa kwemithetho, kanye nezici ezishukumisayo zenqubo ezishintsha isimiso sombuso esimisweni sikahulumeni.

Izinselele Ezibucayi Ekwenzeni Izimiso Zokusebenza Kwezomthetho Zanamuhla

Umjikelezo wesimiso ofanele ngokuvamile ungqubuzana namaqiniso abuhlungu.

Ukwanda Kwezombangazwe Ne - Gridlock

Ukuhlukaniswa okukhulu kwezindawo kwenza ukuba ukutholwa kwesigaba sokutholwa kube nzima kakhulu. Ukukhula kokuhlelwa kwemibono nokuthintelwa kwezindawo kuye kwabangela ukumiswa kwemithetho. Lokhu kuye kwaphumela ekushintsheleni kokubekwa kwemithetho egatsheni eliphetheyo (ngeziqondiso zezikhulu nokwakhiwa kwezinhlangano) kanye nejadicary (okucelelwa ukuxazulula izingxabano ezijulile zezombangazwe). Lokhu kunganciphisa ukulandisa ngentando yeningi nokuqina kwesimiso sesikhathi eside.

Izinkinga Ezimbi Nemiphumela Engahlosiwe

Izinselele zethu eziningi ezicindezelayo − ukushintsha kwesimiso sobuphekula, kanye nobuphekula, yilokho u-Horst Rittel noMelvin Webber abakubiza ngokuthi izinkinga ezimbi" ezingafani "nezinkinga (njengesakhiwo sebhuloho), izinkinga ezimbi azinakho ukuqiniseka. Ulwazi oludingekayo ekuqondeni inkinga luxhomeke embonweni womuntu wokuyixazulula, ukudala inkinga eyindida. Ikhambi ngalinye elizama ukuveza inselele, ngokuvamile lingalungiseki imiphumela. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukulungisa izinkinga ezimbi kumelwe kuhlolwe, kuvumelaniswe, kuqondiswe futhi kugxile ekufundeni okuqhubekayo kunokulungisa okugcina.

Ikhono Lokuphatha Nekhono Lokuziphilisa

Ukumiswa kwezimiso okuphumelelayo kudinga isikhulu esinekhono, esingochwepheshe. Nokho, izinhlangano zikahulumeni zivame ukubhekana nemingcele yezimpahla, ukuswelakala kwezisebenzi, nokuhlasela kwezombangazwe okukhubaza amandla azo. Ukulahlekelwa ulwazi lwamaqulu nobuchwepheshe kungaphazamisa kakhulu ikhono lokusebenzisa izimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuthunjwa kwezezimboni ezilawulayo nakho kuyinselele eqhubekayo.

Izakhamuzi Njengabaphathi Bemithetho: Indima Yakho Kuyisimiso Sezokusebenza

Kuhulumeni wentando yeningi, inqubo yesimiso ekugcineni inecala kubantu. Ukuba isakhamuzi esikhuthele kuhilela okungaphezu nje kokuvota okhethweni lukamongameli. Ukufunda ukubhalisa kuyikhono lokuqonda izakhi zezimiso, inqubo ekwenziwa ngayo, kanye namasu okuthonya zona. Abantu bangahlanganyela ku:

  • Ukunikeza izinkulumo zomphakathi [ eziqondiswe kumthetho kahulumeni ohlongozwayo .gov, indlela eqondile yokuthonya ukubusa.
  • Ukuvota kuzo zonke izinqumo , ikakhulukazi imincintiswano yendawo ne-ove lapho kunqunywa khona izinqubo eziningi ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke (ibhodi lesikole, amakhomishane okuhlanganisa) kunqunywa.
  • Amaqembu anciphisayo noma ahlanganyele emikhankasweni yezimpande zotshani egxile ezindaweni ezithile zezimiso.
  • [ Ukugijimela ihhovisi noma ukusebenza emabhodini nasemishinini yendawo.
  • Ukuhlala unolwazi [ ngokuhlola ngokucophelela ukwaziswa kumathangi acabangayo, izikhangiso zemithombo yezindaba, nemithombo kahulumeni, uqaphela ukuqamba nokuthakazelela kwento ngayinye.

Ukuhlanganyela nenqubo yenqubo akuyona nje ilungelo; kuyimfuneko yentando yeningi esebenzayo. Ngokuqonda omakhenikha abaphambili ezihlokoni, izakhamuzi zingabheka abaholi bazo belandisa futhi bahlele ikusasa lemiphakathi yazo ngenkuthalo.

Isiphetho: Ukuhileleka Kwesimiso Somthetho

Uhlelo lomphakathi luyindlela esikhetha ngayo ndawonye ngendlela esiphila ngayo ndawonye. Akuyona indawo ekude, engabonakali egcinelwe ochwepheshe nezazi zezombangazwe. Yimiphumela ephilayo yenkulumo - mpikiswano yentando yeningi futhi ilwa kanzima. Ukuqonda imiqondo eyisisekelo yesimiso, incazelo yezimiso, izigaba zomjikelezo, nendima zabadlali abahlukahlukene − kuveza amathuluzi adingekayo ukuze bangenele ngokunenjongo. Ngokucacisa inqubo nokuqaphela izigxobo ezihilelekile, izakhamuzi zingasuka ekubeni izikhonzi ezingenzi lutho zesimiso sokusebenza zingenele ekudaleni kwayo nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Impilo yentando yethu yentando yeningi ixhomeke ekukhokheleni futhi ihlelweni kwesimiso somphakathi.