Ukufuduka kwabantu kusuke kuyingxenye evelele kakhulu yenani labantu ekhulwini lama-21. NgokweZizwe Ezihlangene, cishe amaphesenti angu- 68 abantu emhlabeni kuhlongozwa ukuba ahlale ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ngo-2050, kusukela ku-55% namuhla. Lokhu kufuduka kwabantu abaningi besuka emaphandleni kuya emadolobheni kuya kwamanye asemadolobheni kugcwele e-Asia nase-Afrika, lapho amadolobha ekhula khona ngejubane elingakaze libonwe. Nakuba ukuhlala kwamadolobha kungandisa izinga lezomnotho futhi kuthuthukise izinga lokuphila, isivinini amadolobha amaningi akhuphunyukela khona ikhono lohulumeni namapulani okwakha izakhiwo ezifanele, anikeze izindlu ezibizayo, futhi avikele indawo ezungezile. Ukulawula amadolobha ngokushesha kudinga ukulingana phakathi kwezinzuzo nokuzilimaza kwawo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinselele ezinkulu namathuba okusheshayo okwakha izakhiwo zamadolobha nezindawo ezisezingeni.

Izinselele Zokuthutheleka Kwamabhayisekili Ngokushesha

Ukushesha ukufika kwamadolobha kunikeza uchungechunge lwezinkinga ezingahlobene, ezingase ziphazamise inzuzo yezomnotho nezenhlalo emadolobheni. Izinselele ezicindezela kakhulu ngokuvamile zigxile ekwakheni izakhiwo, ekulondolozeni indawo ezungezile, nasekulinganiseni umphakathi.

Ukuqeqesha

Omunye wemiphumela ebonakalayo kakhulu yamadolobha akhula ngokushesha yimingcingo enzima yezemisebenzi engokomzimba. Imigwaqo eklanyelwe izimoto ezimbalwa kakhulu iyaminyaniswa yizimoto; izimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi zizama ukuhlangabezana nesidingo; imishini yokuthutha amanzi iyavuza futhi ibhuntsha; imishini yokuthutha indle ikhiphela imfucumfucu engalaphelisiwe emizini yamanzi. Emazweni amaningi asathuthuka, amazinga okuhlala emadolobheni adlula 3% ngonyaka, okusho ukuthi inani labantu basedolobheni lingaphindeka kabili eminyakeni engaphansi kwengu-25. Ngaphansi kwalezo zimo, ngisho nasezindaweni zasemadolobheni ezigcwele kakhulu imithombo yamanzi ithola kunzima ukuhambisana nejubane.

Ukuminyana kwezimoto kukodwa kubangela izindleko ezinkulu zezomnotho. EJakarta, elinye lamadolobha agcwele kakhulu emhlabeni, ukuminyana kwezimoto kubiza umnotho cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-6,5 ngonyaka ngenxa yokulahleka komkhiqizo. Izifo ezifanayo ze-racklock ehlasela iLagos, iManila, neMexico City. Ngaphandle kwezomnotho, izakhiwo ezingenele zibangela izinkinga zempilo yomphakathi. Ukuphuza amanzi aphuma ezimisweni zendle ezikhungathene kakhulu kubangela ukuqubuka kwekholera ne-typhoid emadolobheni ngokwethu, kanti ukungcola komoya ngenxa yokuphuma kwezimoto nemisebenzi yezemboni kubangela ukufa kwabantu abaningi ngaphambi kwesikhathi sonyaka.

Ukuswelakala Kwezindlu Nokukhula Kwezindawo Zokuhlala Ezingavamile

Enye inselele enzima ukuswelakala kwezindlu ezithengwayo. Uma inani labantu basemadolobheni likhula ngokushesha kunaleyo etholakala emakethe yezindlu, izigidi zabantu ziphoqelelwa ukuba zibe emijondolo noma izindawo zokuhlala ngokwethukela. NgokweUN-Habitat, abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyinkulungwane bahlala ezimweni ezinjalo, futhi lelonani linganyukela ezigidini ezintathu ngezigidi ezingu-2050 uma izimo zamanje zingaqhubeka. Lamadolobhana ngokuvamile antula izinkonzo eziyisisekelo njengamanzi ahlanzekile, indleko, ugesi, neqoqo lemfucucumfucu.

Imakethe yezindlu futhi idala izinkinga ezinkulu zokuhlela. Ngoba izindawo ezingahleliwe ngokuvamile zihlala ezweni eliyingozi($flooplain, imithambeka, noma izindawo eziseduze nokungcola kwezezimboni) uhulumeni ushiyelwa ezisekelweni zezindawo zokulungisa imfucumfucu endaweni enzima. Umphumela uwumjikelezo ononya: ukufuduka okusheshayo, ukungonelanga kwezindlu ezingokomthetho, ukukhuphuka okungalawuleki, nokukhubazeka okukhulayo kwezinhlekelele zemvelo.

Ukudilizwa Kwendawo Ezungezile

Ukudlondlobala kwasemadolobheni kunezela ngokuqondile ekungcoleni kwendawo ezungezile. Njengoba amadolobha eyanda ngaphandle, adla izindawo zokulima, amahlathi, namaxhaphozi, kubhubhisa imvelo nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Amadolobha aphakeme abangela futhi ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwemithombo yezinto: amandla, amanzi, nezinto ezitshalwe kumelwe zithunyelwe ngaphandle ezindaweni eziqhele kakhulu, ukwandisa izakhiwo nezindawo eziphilayo edolobheni ngalinye.

Ukungcola komoya kuphakathi kwemiphumela engathi sína yendawo ezungezile. INhlangano yeZwe Lonke Yezempilo (WHO) ilinganisela ukuthi amaphesenti angu-99 abantu bembulunga yonke baphefumula umoya odlula isilinganiso esiphephile, futhi izindawo zasemadolobheni zithinteka ngokungenakuqhathaniswa. Ezindaweni eziningi ezisheshayo ezihlala emadolobheni, ukuthembela ezikhungweni zikagesi zamalahle, izimoto zika diesel, kanye neziphethu zokupheka i-biosis kubangela ukushisa okunciphisa isikhathi sokuphila. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isilinganiso sokushisa sesiqhingi sasemadolobheni sikhuphuza amazinga afinyelela ku-5 - 0,1°C uma kuqhathaniswa nezindawo ezizungezile zasemaphandleni, ukushisa okukhula kanye nomfutho wamandla okupholisayo.

Ukungalingani Kwezenhlalo Nempilo Yomphakathi

Ukuqashelwa kwamadolobha ngokuvamile kwandisa ukungalingani kwezenhlalo. Nakuba amadolobha engaba izinjini zokuhamba ezikhuphuka, izinzuzo azibekelwanga ngendlela elinganayo. Izakhamuzi ezithola imali eningi zijabulela ukutholakala kwezindlu ezisezingeni eliphezulu, imfundo, nokunakekelwa kwempilo, kuyilapho inani labantu abathola imali ephansi liyiswa emadolobheni agcwele noma emijondolo emijondolo eminyene. Lokhu kuncintisana kwemifantu kuqinisa izikhawu zobumpofu nemingcele yezenhlalo.

Izimiso zezempilo zomphakathi emadolobheni akhula ngokushesha zivame ukunqotshwa. Izifo ezithathelwanayo zisakazeka ngokushesha ezimweni eziminyene, ezingahlanzekile. Izifo ezingathatheki njengesifo sikashukela nesenhliziyo zikhula ngenxa yokuphila kokungawuvivinyi umzimba, ukudla okungenamso, nokungcoliswa komoya. Izinkinga zempilo yengqondo, kuhlanganise nokucindezeleka, nazo zidlangile kakhulu ezindaweni ezihlala emadolobheni ezinabantu abahlala ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuzihlukanisa kwabantu kanye nokucindezeleka okungapheli okuhlobene nokuphila okuminyene.

Amathuba Okuthungatha Amadolobha

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele ezisabekayo, ukuvama kwamadolobha kudala futhi amathuba anamandla okuthuthuka komuntu.

Ukukhula Kwezomnotho Nokulungisa Izinkinga

Ukuhlanganisa abantu nemithombo yengcebo emadolobheni kuholela ezomnotho ezikhungweni ezikhungweni. Ukuchuma kusiza amabhizinisi ukuba ahlanganyele ekuthengeni izinto, emachibini, nasolwazini, aqhube impumelelo yomkhiqizo. Amadolobha aveza ukuphumelela okungaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-80 embulunga yonke ye-GDP, nasemazweni amaningi asathuthuka, izindawo zasemadolobheni zinikela ingxenye enkulu kakhulu. Ngakho, ukudayisa amadolobheni kunikeza imigwaqo ebumpofwini ngezigidi zezigidi .

Ukuvuselelwa futhi kuyachuma emadolobheni. Izinhlangano zezentengiselwano, ezemfundo, nezitsha zezimali zakha indawo lapho imibono emisha ihlolwa ngokushesha futhi ilinganiswe khona. ISilicon Valley, iShenzen, neBangalore konke kuyimikhiqizo yokuqamba amadolobha. Ngisho namadolobha amancane angaba izikhungo eziphambili ezikhethekile cishe, ngokwesibonelo, ngobuchwepheshe obuluhlaza, noma ukucwaninga kwezokwelapha okukhangayo kwezindawo kanye nokukhanga.

Ukutholakala Okuthuthukisiwe Kwezinkonzo

Ukuhlala emadolobheni kuletha izinkonzo eziyisisekelo ezifinyelelwa kalula kubantu abaningi. Izikole, izibhedlela, amabhange, nezinhlangano zamasiko ziningi kakhulu futhi zinekhono kakhulu emadolobheni. Kubantu abahlala emaphandleni, ukuthuthela edolobheni ngokuvamile kusho ithuba lokuqala lezingane zabo ukuba ziye esikoleni njalo, noma zizodwa ukuze zithole ukwelashwa. Izindawo zogesi, i-internet, kanye namanzi afakwe amapayipi kunwe ngokuphumelela kakhulu emiphakathini eyanda kunasemakhaya asakazekele.

Lokhu kugcwala kwezinkonzo kungaholela empucukweni esheshayo ekuthuthukiseni abantu. Ngokwesibonelo, inani labafayo ababelethiyo livame ukwehla emadolobheni ngoba ukunakekela okuphuthumayo kufinyeleleka kakhulu. Amanani okusebenza kwamaqanda okufunda ayanda ngenxa yokuthi izingane zingahamba ziye esikoleni. Ukutholakala kwemitapo yezincwadi yomphakathi, iminyuziyamu, nezindawo zokubukisa imidlalo yeshashalazi kuthuthukisa ukuphila kwamasiko nenhloko - dolobha.

Intuthuko Yobuchwepheshe Namadolobha Ahlakaniphile

Ukusetshenziswa ngokushesha kwamadolobha kusheshisa ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe. Isidingo sokulawula izimiso zasemadolobheni ngokunempumelelo siye sabangela ukuba kuphakame “idolobha eliyinkimbinkimbi” umqondo, lapho kusetshenziswa khona izinzwa, i-metarytics, kanye nokuzithungatha kwemishini ukuze kulungiswe izimoto, kuncishiswe amandla, kuthuthukiswe ukusetshenziswa kwemfucumfucu, futhi kukhuliswe ukuphepha komphakathi. I-Barcelona, iSingapore, neTokyo ziyizibonelo eziphambili zezindlela eziphambili eziye zanciphisa ukuminyana, ukuncishiswa kwemizwa kwezimoto, nokuncishiswa kwezindleko.

Ubuchwepheshe bungenza izinkonzo zasedolobheni zihlanganiswe kakhulu. Iziteshi ezihambayo ezikhokhela imoto, ama-apps adonsayo, nezinkonzo zikahulumeni zisiza ukuhlanganisa izisebenzi ezikhululekile nemiphakathi encishisiwe nezindawo ezihleliwe ngokwezentengiselwano. Imininingwane yangempela evela ezinzweni nasemifanekisweni yeziphuphutheki isiza abahleli ukuba baqaphele ukwanda kwamadolobha futhi baqaphele izindawo ezingaphansi kwe-osethi. Ithuba lisekusebenziseni amathuluzi emishinini hhayi nje ukuze iphumelele, kodwa ukuthuthukisa impumelelo.

Izinhloso Zokulawula Ukwanda Kwamadolobha

Ukuguqula izinselele zokuya emadolobheni ngokushesha zibe amathuba aqinile kudinga ukuhlelwa ngamabomu, okuhlangene nokungenela kwenqubo. Amasu alandelayo, athathwe ezimisweni zokuphatha amadolobha eziphumelelayo emhlabeni wonke, anikeza indlela ebheke phambili.

Ukuthola Izinto Ezishintshayo

Izentengo ezilungisayo kumelwe zibheke phambili futhi zivunyelele izinhlekelele zesikhathi esizayo, kuhlanganise nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Kunokuba nje kufakwe izimiso ezikhona, amadolobha kufanele athathe indlela “yakha kangcono, hhayi nje engaphezulu”. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuvuselelwa kwezimiso ezithambile zokusakaza amanzi ezingasingatha kokubili isomiso nezimo zikazamcolo, ukwakha izakhiwo ezisebenza kahle, futhi asebenzise ama-microid anokuvuselelwa asebenzayo phakathi nezindawo zokuphuma kwe-grid.

Ukubolekisana kuseyisithiyo. Amadolobha amaningi angenisa amadolobha ngokushesha emazweni asathuthuka awanawo amandla okuxhasa imisebenzi emikhulu yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi. Ubudlelwane bomphakathi, ukuboleka amabhange athuthukile, kanye nokuthatha amazinga okusebenza (lapho inani lomhlaba onyukela ekungeniseni imali yomphakathi likhokhwa ukuze kuxhaswe ukutshala izimali) kunganikeza imifudlana egciniwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-World Bank’s City Resilience Program isiza amadolobha ukuba athole imali yokuxhasa izakhiwo zemo yezulu.

Ukuthuthukisa Izinto Zokuhamba Ezisekelayo

Izinto zokuhamba ziwumgogodla wezomnotho nezindawo ezizungezile zedolobha. Ukuze agweme ukungcoliswa kwe-rapy nomoya, amadolobha kumelwe ahlele ukuthutha komphakathi, ukuhamba, nokugibela ibhayisekili phezu kwezimoto ezizimele. Izimiso zokuthutha ezisheshayo (BRT), njengoba zisetshenziswa eCuritiba, Brazil, nase Bogotá, eColombia, zinikeza izixazululo ezibizayo. Ukuhlanganisa i-metros, ukutshala amabhasi kagesi, nokwenza imizila yamabhayisekili ephephile kunganciphisa kakhulu ukuminyana nokukhipha igesi.

Intuthuko efinyelelwe (TOD) ingelinye icebo elinamandla. Ngokugxilisa izakhiwo eziphezulu ezindlini zezokuthutha kanye nezindawo zezentengiselwano ezizungeze iziteshi, amadolobha akhuthaza izakhamuzi ukuba zisebenzise izimoto zomphakathi esikhundleni sezimoto. I-TOD inciphisa ukusakazeka kwamadolobha ngokuthumela izakhiwo ezihlangeneyo, ezihambayo. I-Pricies enjenge-priggrand, imingcele yokupaka izimoto, nentela yamafutha inciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemoto yangasese futhi iveze inzuzo yezokuthutha.

Izindawo Eziluhlaza Nendawo Ezungezile Ezikhuthazayo

Ukufudumala kwemvelo emadolobheni kubalulekile ekushintsheni isimo sezulu nasekuphileni. Amapaki, uphahla oluluhlaza, amahlathi asedolobheni, namaxhaphozi asiza ekulawuleni amanzi ashisayo, ukunciphisa iziqhingi, ukuthuthukisa izinga lomoya, nokunikeza indawo yokuzilibazisa. Amadolobha anjengeSingapore enza “idolobha lasemasimini” libe yindawo eyisisekelo yokuhlela kwawo, okuphumela ekushiseni kwezindawo eziluhlaza eziphezulu ezipholisa idolobha futhi zisekele izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.

Ukulondolozwa kwezindawo kufanele kudlulele nasezindaweni ze-peri-urban. Ukuvikela izinqolobane zemvelo njengamahlathi, amathena, namapulazi azungeze amadolobha kungavimbela izikhukhula, amanzi alondekile, kanye nokugcina izimiso zokudla zendawo. Amabhande aluhlaza (_______afana nalawo aseLondon nase Seoul) / okungalawuleki nokungalawulwa kwezindawo ezizungezile. Ohulumeni bomuzi bangabambisana nezinhlangano zokulondoloza imvelo ukuze bazuze futhi baphathe la mazwe.

Ukusebenzisa Izindlu Eziningi

Ukusingatha ukuntuleka kwezindlu kudinga indlela ebanzi. Okokuqala, ohulumeni kumelwe bandise ukutholakala kwezindlu ezithengwayo ngokwakha ngokuqondile, ukuxhasa, kanye nezisusa zokuba abathuthukisi abazimele bakhe amaqoqo aphansi abiza imali. Izimiso zokuhlanganisa izindlu zidinga ukuba isilinganiso sentuthuko entsha sibhekwe njengezindlu ezithengwayo, njengoba kusenziwa emadolobheni anjengeSan Francisco neNew York.

Okwesibili, ukuthuthukisa izikhungo ezingahleliwe .Isibonelo esiphawulekayo sokuguqula amakamu abe yizindawo ezihlangene. Izindawo ezilondekile, izinkonzo eziyisisekelo, nezinto zokwakha ezithuthukisiwe zisiza izakhamuzi ukuba zifake imali emakhaya azo nasemiphakathini yazo. I-Favela-Bairro uhlelo lwezikhungo zemvelo eRio de Janeiro luyisibonelo esiphawulekayo esiguqula amakamu asemaxhaphozini ahlangene. Okwesithathu, ukuqasha imingcele yesivikelo kungavimbela ukushenxiswa kwezakhamuzi ezingenisa imali ezindaweni ezicekelwe phansi. Ekugcineni, izikhangiso zezindlu ezintsha njenge-coneing, izindlu ezincane, nokwakha ngenkani enziphonsi kunganweba izindlela zokukhetha amaqembu athola inzuzo ehlukahlukene.

Ukusebenzisa Ukwaziswa Nobuchwepheshe Ekuhleleni Amadolobha

Ukwenziwa kwesinqumo sokwaziswa kubaluleke kakhulu ekulawuleni ukuhlelwa kwezindawo zasemadolobheni ngokushesha. Izimiso zokwaziswa ze-Goographic (GIS), umfanekiso wesatellite, kanye nezinzwa zangempela zingadweba izinhlelo zasemadolobheni, izimpawu zezindawo ezizungezile, futhi zibone izikhala zezakhi. Amapulatifomu okwaziswa avumela izakhamuzi nabahleli ukuba basebenzisane ngezixazulu. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha laseMedellín, eColombia, lisebenzise izimboni zokudayisa izimali zomphakathi ezindaweni ezimpofu kakhulu, ukunciphisa kakhulu ubudlova nokuthuthukisa ukuhamba.

Ukufakelwa kwemishini kungasiza futhi ekulindeleni izinselele zesikhathi esizayo. Imithetho-mithetho yokuhlola izibalo ingabikezela ukukhula kwenani labantu, indlela yomgwaqo, kanye nesidingo samandla, ikwazi ukuhlela ngokuqhubekayo kunokulawula inhlekelele. Ukuhlanganisa izimpawu zemishini yamawele [1] Amawele angokonyaka amadolobha angokoqobo--inyaniss zokungenela kwezimiso ngaphambi kokuba zibekwe. Nokho, amadolobha aqinisekisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe abukwazi ukuveza ukungalingani; ukufinyelela kobuchwepheshe kumelwe kube jikelele, futhi izinkathazo zomuntu siqu kumelwe ziqondiswe nge-athonsi.

Isiphetho

Ukusetshenziswa ngokushesha kwamadolobha akulungile ngokwemvelo noma akukubi, kodwa kungamandla amakhulu athonya ikusasa lezigidi zezigidi. Uma kulawulwa kabi, kuholela ekuminyaneni, ukungcola, ukungalingani, nokungalingani komphakathi. Uma kusetshenziswa ngokuhlakanipha, kuvula i-synamsism, ithuba lezenhlalo, kanye nokulondolozwa kwendawo ezungezile. Umehluko phakathi kwalemiphumela uxhomeke ekuhleleni ukuhola, ukuhlelwa, nokutshala imali.

Ohulumeni bamadolobha abanakuzisingatha bodwa lezi zinselele. Izimiso zesizwe kumelwe zisekele ukuqina kwamadolobha, ukubambisana kwezizwe ngezizwe kumelwe kube nezindawo zezezimali, futhi imiphakathi yendawo kumelwe ibe nezwi ezinqumweni ezithinta ukuphila kwayo. Ngokwamukela amasu ahlangeneyo `izakhiwo zemvelo, ezokuthutha eziqinile, izindawo eziluhlaza, izindlu ezigcwele, kanye nokulawula ukwaziswa okungashintshwayo kungaguqula ukucindezela kokuhlala emadolobheni kube isisekelo sokuchuma isikhathi eside. Amadolobha angomuso azakulolongwa ngezindlela ezizokwenziwa namuhla. Isikhathi sokuthatha isinyathelo manje.