Kulokhu kushintsha ngokushesha kwezomnotho zezentengiselwano, imishini ye-popycrocurrenc iye yasungula kokubili amathuba aguqulayo nezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi zokulawula. Okunye ukukhathazeka okucindezela kakhulu kohulumeni namaqembu okuhlakanipha kwezezimali ukusetshenziswa kwempahla yezobuchwepheshe yizinhlangano zamaphekula ukuhambisa izimali ngesivinini esingakaze sibonwe ngaphambili. Njengoba isimiso sembulunga yonke sezimali siqala ukuhlanganiswa, ukuhlangana kwentuthuko nokuphepha kudinga ukusabela okuyinkimbinkimbi, okubekelwe umthetho olawulayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinhlelo ezisetshenziselwa ukulwa nezimali ngama-ocristryry es procession ngemithetho eqinile eyimfihlo, ukudwebela emapulanini ezwe angempela, amathuluzi obuchwepheshe, nemizamo yezizwe zonke.

Ukusongela Okushintshashintshayo: Indlela Amaqembu Amaphekula Asebenzisa Ngayo Izinombolo

I-cyptourrencrecte ehloniphekile neyiyinkohliso inikeza uhlelo oluyingqayizivele lwezingozi ezingekho ezimisweni zezezimali ezingokwesiko. Amaqembu amaphekula aye avumelanisa izindlela zawo zezimali nempahla yemishini yezobuchwepheshe, esebenzisa ijubane, ukungabi namingcele, nokungaqondi okulinganiselwe okunganikezwa izimakethe zokuqala. Nakuba ukuthengiswa kwemigoqo kubhalwe kumholi womphakathi, ikhono lokwenza izikhwama ezintsha ngokushesha nangokushesha futhi ngaphandle komsizi omkhulu kwenza kube nzima ngeziphathimandla ukulandelela izimali ngesikhathi sangempela.

Amaqembu anjenge-ISIS, i-Al-Qaeda, kanye nezinye izinhlanganisela zawo ziye zabhalwa zisebenzisa ama-cypquocrectric ukuze ziqoqe imali, zithole izikhali, futhi zidlulisele imithombo ezifundeni zezimpi. Kwezinye izimo, baye basebenzisa imikhankaso yobunjiniyela bezenhlalakahle ukuze bacele iminikelo eBitcoin, e-Ehoyam, kanye nezinye izikhwama zemali, ngokuvamile beqondisa imali ngokuhlanganisa izinkonzo zokuhlanganisa noma izikhonkwane eziyimfihlo ukuze banqume umzila. Ikhono elikhulayo lalezi zigcizelela isidingo esiphuthumayo sokulungisa inqubo yokulungisa inqubo ekwazi ukuhambisana noshintsho kwezobuchwepheshe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunyuka kwamapulatifomu ahloniphekile emali (DeFi) kanye nokushintshana kontanga nokusebenzisana nontanga kunemizamo enzima kakhulu yokuqinisekisa. Lezindawo zamapulatifomu zisebenza ngaphandle kokuqondisa okuphakathi, zivumela abasebenzisi ukuba baboleke, baboleke, futhi baboleke izinto zezohwebo ngaphandle kokuzithoba ezimisweni ze-KYC. Lokhu kudala amathuba amasha abenzi bezentengiselwano abangekho emthethweni ukuba baguqule imali futhi baqhubeke uma behlala ngaphandle kokufinyelela kwezindawo zezezezezezezezezezemali ezingokwesiko.

Imisebenzi Yokuhlela Nezindinganiso Zezizwe Zonke

Indima Yamandla Ezezimali (FATF)

I-Financial Action Task Force (FATF) iye yavela njengezimiso eziyinhloko zendikimba yomhlaba wonke zokulwa nokuthungatha imali kanye namaphekula ezimali endaweni ye-teknoloji. Ngo-2019, iFATF yakhipha ukutusa okubukeziwe okuthi ngokuqondile kwandise imali i-landering (AML) kanye ne-proseristein mentss mentation mental (CTF) izibopho zokulwa kwabaxhasi bemisebenzi yezemali engokoqobo (VASP), kuhlanganise nezishintshiso, izikhwama zemali, izinkonzo, nezinkonzo zokwanelisa izimpahla. Lezi ziqondiso zidinga i-VASP ukuze kusetshenziswe izinqubo ze-KYCC ezivundliwe, kugcinwe imibhalo yentengiselwano, futhi kuviwe imisebenzi esolekayo ezigunyazayo ezigunyazweni.

Enye yezindlela ezinamandla kakhulu i-FATF i-"Travel Rule," eyala ukuba aba-VASP bahlanganyele ukwaziswa komsunguli nomnikazi wezohwebo ngokudlula kumnyango othile. Nakuba i-Fove Rule yayiklanyelwe ukudluliswa kocingo oluvamile, ukusebenza kwayo ekuhlolweni kwe-oppocturery kuye kwakhala inselele ngenxa yokwaziswa okungokwemvelo okungokwemvelo okusemzimbeni we-clockchain. Noma kunjalo, izifunda eziningi seziqalile ukuphoqelela ukuphoqelela umthetho wohambo, zisunduza izikhambiso zokuvumelana kokuthiwa kokukhanya okuhambisana nendawo yobuso bomsebenzisi.

U-FATF futhi uhlola amazwe angamalungu ukuze ahlole ukuvumelana kwawo nezindinganiso zawo, akhuthaze isisekelo sembulunga yonke sokulawula. Lendlela yontanga yokuhlola i-crypto iye yakhuthaza ukuthatha umthetho emazweni amaningi, kusukela e-European Union kuya e-Southeast Asia, idala indlela engcono kakhulu yokuthola izimali eziphikisana nezezentengiselwano.

Izindawo Eziseduze: IMiCA Nangalé Kwazo

Ku-European Union, umthetho we-Markets in Crypto-Assets (MICA) umelela uhlelo olubanzi lwemithetho yempahla ye-apply kuze kube manje. I-MICA imisa izimfuneko zokumisa izisekelo zenkonzo ezinikeza i-crypto-assting, iphoqelela ukuba icace kakhulu futhi ikhiphe izibopho, futhi ihlanganisa amalungiselelo athile okuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezentengiselwano kanye nezimali ezingekho emthethweni. I-CTF, iMiCA igunyaza ukuba zonke izimpahla ze-crapto zihambisane nokwaziswa ngomsunguli nomvuzi, kusebenzise ngokuphumelelayo ukubusa komthetho we-FATF Travery Prevers ngaphesheya kwe-EU.

I-MiCA futhi ihlela izinto ezithile ze-minustre njengezimpawu ze-aset-refered" noma "izimpawu zemali," ezibeka ezimfunekweni ezengeziwe nezigciniwe. Lendlela eguquguqukayo ivumela abalawuli ukuba balungise imithetho esekelwe embonweni wezimpawu zengozi, beqaphela ukuthi izinhlamvu zemali zomuntu siqu nezinqandelo zemithetho zingaveza izinselele ezihlukile zokugcinwa komthetho.

Ezinye izifunda ziye zathatha izindlela zazo siqu. I-United States incike ekusebenziseni imithetho ehlukene kahulumeni nombuso, nge-Namality Crimes Enigforcement Network (FINC) eqamba ukushintshela ngokufihla izinkonzo zemali njengezinkonzo zezinkonzo zemali (MSBs) futhi ifuna ukuba ivumelane neBrann Shirley Act. Okwamanje, amazwe anjenge-Switzerland ne-Singapore aye aqopha izisekelo ezilawulayo ezikhuthaza ukusungulwa kwemigomo eqinile lapho ifaka i-AML/CTF. Ukwehlukahlukahluka kwalezi ziqokomisa kokubili ubunkimbinkimbiso bobudlelwane bembulunga yonke kanye nokubaluleka kwezindinganiso zokuvumelana ukuze kuvinjelwe ukulawulwa.

Izinqubo Eziyinhloko Zokubuyisela I - crypto Ephumelelayo

Yazi Izilinganiso Zomthengi Wakho (KYC) Nezinga Elilwa Nemali (AML)

Kunoma iliphi isu eliphumelelayo lokulawula kunendlela yokusetshenziswa kwe-KYC kanye ne-ML. Ifuna ukumiswa kwe-crypto eshintshisanayo, abaxhasi bemali, nezinye izikhwama ze-VASP ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi bangubani abasebenzisi babo ngaphambi kokuba bavumele ukuhwebelana kube yindlela yokuqala yokuvikela ekuxhasweni kwezimali ezingaziwa. Lezi zinyathelo zihilela ukuqoqa ukuhlukanisa okunohulumeni, ubufakazi bekheli, futhi kwezinye izimo, imininingwane yezesayensi yezemvelo. Ulwazi lugcinwa futhi lungabekwa ukuze lungasolwa, ngokuthengiseka okuthengiselwayo kubikwa emaqoqweni okuhlakanipha kwezezimali.

Nakuba i-KYC/AML izibopho ze-octive zithotyelwa kabanzi, ukuphumelela kwayo kuxhomeke ekuqinisekeni kokuphoqelelwa kwemithetho kanye nasemandleni ezinhlangano zokwengamela ukuthobela. Ezindaweni ezinemithombo elinganiselwe noma ezifuna ukubusa kwezombangazwe, abasekeli bezempahla bangaba nempatho ephansi, bakha izaba ezisetshenziswa amaphekula. Yingakho ukucindezelwa kwamazwe onke kanye nezindlela zokwakha amakhono kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amazwe amukela izindinganiso eziqinile.

Imishini Yokuhlola Nokuhlela Ukusebenza Ekhuliswe

Ubuchwepheshe bufeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekutholeni imali emelene ne-prokoste. Imboni ye-Blockchain analytics njenge-Chainalysis, i-Ciphertray (manje eyingxenye ye-Mastercard), ne-Elliptic isungule amathuluzi ayinkimbinkimbi avumela abacwaningi ukuba bahlole ukugeleza kwempahla yezezingcingo emiphakathini eminingi evimbela ukuphambana kwemibhoshongo. La mathuluzi asebenzisa ukuhlaziya kwe-heuristlytic, ukuhlanganisa algoring, nokuqaphela ukuhlukanisa amaqoqo emali asolekayo, ukuhlobana amakheli ezinto ezikhona ngempela, kanye nentengo ye-flagi ehlangene nezindawo ezihlangeneyo ezihlangeneyo ezingekho emthethweni ezingekho emthethweni.

Ngokwesibonelo, lapho iqembu lamaphekula lizama ukuguqula ukuncishiswa kwemisebe yemali kube yifathise ngokushintshana, ama-brestchain ancincancayo angabona ukuthengiselana uma ukuthengiselana kuhlangene nomxhasi we-alytic. Lokhu kwenza ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho kukhishwe imishini eqinile noma kuthathe izinto ngaphambi kokuba zisuswe. Ukuhlanganiswa kwabantwanyana abalwayo kube yizinto ze-VASP kuye kwaba umkhuba ovamile wokushintshana, kusebenza njengesivikelo esinamandla ekusebenziseni okungekho emthethweni.

Imishini eqhubekele phambili yenza ukuba kutholakale izinhlanganisela zemali namasu aqinile amaphekula angawasebenzisa ukufiphaza imikhondo yawo yezimali. Ngokuhlanganisa ukwaziswa okune-chain nokuhlakanipha okungenayo, iziphathimandla zingakha izingqiniso ezibanzi zezimali futhi zihlakaze zonke izisekelo ezisekelayo.

Ukubambisana Komhlaba Wonke Nokwaziswa

Uma kucatshangelwa isimo esingenamingcele se-cyptocurrencs, alikho izwe elingalwa ngokuphumelelayo nezimali zamaphekula ngokuhlukaniswa. Ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke kubalulekile ekuvaleni izikhala ezilawulayo, ukuhlanganisa izinhlu zokuhlakanipha, nokuhlela. IFATF yenza lokhu kube lula ngemiphakathi yayo yezindikimba, njenge-Eurasian Group (EAG) ne-Nacial Action Task Force of Latin America (GAFILAT), okunikeza amapulatifomu okuhlolana nosizo lwezobuchwepheshe.

Ukubambisana okusebenzayo kwenzeka ngezindlela ezinjenge-Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Unions, evumela ukuthengiselana kokwaziswa phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu. Ezimweni eziphezulu, amabutho ahlangeneyo aphazamisa ngokuphumelelayo izinhlangano zezimali zamaphekula ngokuhlanganisa ubuhlakani obuvimbela ukuhlangana nophenyo olungokwesiko lwezezimali. INhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene yenze nezinqumo ezikhuthaza amalungu ukuba avimbele ukusetshenziswa kwama-cyptocure enjongo yamaphekula, iqinisa imfuneko yokusebenza kweqembu.

Ukuqondisa Iminikelo Yokuqala (ICOS) Nokuqalisa

Iminikelo yokuqala yemali (ICOS) ibiyimoto ethandwayo ngokomlando yokuphakamisa imali endaweni ye-crypto, kodwa futhi iye yakhanga abadlali abangekho emthethweni abafuna ukuphakamisa inhloko - dolobha ngezinjongo ezizizo. Amaqembu amaphekula angasebenzisa ama-ICO ukuze acele imali kubasekeli, nophawu ngokwalo olusebenza njengonobhala wezimali weminikelo. Ukulwa nalokhu, abalawuli baye babeka imithetho eqinile kuma-ICO, ifuna ukuba abamangali babhalise izikhulu zezezimali, ukuveza ulwazi lwezimali, kanye nokuziphatha kwe-KYC ishekethi yemali ezindaweni ezisebenzela kuzo i-OCOS.

I-U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) iye yathatha isinyathelo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi i-ICO eziningi zephula imithetho yokungaqiniseki, imisa izenzakalo ezinqanda ukukhokha ngokungekho emthethweni. Ngokufanayo, i-European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) iye yakhipha izixwayiso ngezingozi ze-ICOS futhi yabiza ukuphathwa okuvumelanayo emazweni angamalungu. Nakuba lezi zinyathelo zinganciphisa ijubane lokusungula izakhiwo, zidingekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iminikelo yezimpawu ayisetshenziswa njengezimoto zobuphekula i-acrist.

Ukuqaphela Umphakathi Nemfundo

Ukuzilungisa kukodwa akunakuyixazulula inkinga; ukuqapha umphakathi nemfundo nakho kuyizici ezibalulekile zecebo elibanzi. Ngokutshela abazisebenzisayo ngezingozi zokushintshana okungalawuliwe, izimpawu ezixwayisayo zokungaphathi kahle, nokubaluleka kokubika ukuziphatha okusolisayo, ohulumeni nezimboni kungakhuthaza ukuqapha okukhulu kwezemvelo. Imikhankaso yemfundo egxile emiphakathini esengozini kanye nochwepheshe bezezimali isiza ekuthuthukiseni impucuko yokuvuma nokuvimbela ukuthatha isinyathelo okungavumelekile emaqhingani amaphekula.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubambisana phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho nomkhakha wezezimali kuye kwabonakala kuphumelela ekuboneni izinsongo ezivelayo. Izinyathelo ezinjenge-Global Coalition to Counter-Financ of Terrorism, ezihlanganisa izinhlangano zezezimali, izinkampani zobuchwepheshe, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, zinikeza imvume yokuhlanganyela imikhuba emihle kakhulu kanye nezisombululo ezintsha. Lemizamo ibonisa ukuthi indlela yokubambisana, ukuhlanganisa imithetho nemfundo, kungathuthukisa ngokuphawulekayo ukuqina kwe-crypto escloratics ngokuxhashazwa amaphekula.

Izinselele Ekufezeni Nokuphoqelelwa

Imali Yangasese Nezinto Ezingaziwa

Mhlawumbe inselele ebaluleke kakhulu ebhekene nabalawuli abalawulayo ukwanda kwemibhobho eqondiswe eyimfihlo enjenge-Monero, Zcash, ne-Dash. Lemali yemali isebenzisa amasu athuthukile okufihla imininingwane yentengo, kuhlanganise nomthumeli, i-omatimatilosi, kanye nenani, okwenza kube nzima ukulandelela ukusebenzisa izinsimbi ezivamile ezivimbela ukuthungatha, amaqembu amaphekula aye aphendukela kakhulu ezinkonzweni zemali eziyimfihlo ukuze agweme ukuthungathwa, akha ikheli elingekho mthethweni elinzima ukunikeza incazelo ngaphandle kokulahla izakhiwo eziyisisekelo zale buchwepheshe.

Ezinye izikhulu, kuhlanganise iJapane ne-South Korea, ziye zasabela ngokuvimbela imali yemfihlo eshintshwayo ezinhlamvwini ezilawulwayo, kuyilapho ezinye ziye zamisa izimfuneko eziqinile zokubika ukuthengiselana okuhilela izinto ezinjalo. Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi imali yemfihlo ingathengiswa emapulatifomu ahloniphekile noma ezimakethe zontanga, ukuphoqelelwa kusene nenselele. Abaqondisi bahlola ukusetshenziswa kobufakazi bolwazi olungenazinsizi, nezinye izindlela zokufihla ukuze bakwazi ukuthobela ngaphandle kokuhlehla imfihlo, kodwa ikhambi elibanzi lisekhona.

Ukwanda Kwezimali Ezincishisiwe (DeFi)

Izindawo zezezimali ezincishisiwe ziveza omunye umngcele wezimali zamaphekula. Ngokungafani nemithetho egunyaziwe phakathi kwezezimali. Ngokungafani nezindawo zokuhwebelana, ama-DeFi asebenzisa ngokuzimele, abasebenzisi behlala benobudoda bempahla yabo futhi besebenza ngokuphazima kweso ngezivumelwano ezihlakaniphile. Lo kwakhiwa kususa ummeli ukuthi izibopho ezingokwesiko ze-AML/CTF zixhomeke ku-odwa, zidala igebe ekuqondiseni. Amaphekula angasebenzisa amapulatifomu ukuze ashintshe izimpawu, anikeze uketshezi, noma aboleke ngokuboleka ngokuboleka kwabo ngaphandle kwemininingwane yabo, agcine imali ngemicicicicicici elandelanayo yemicimbi eyiphutha.

Abalawuli baphikisana nendlela yokusebenzisa ama-sakhelo asekhona ku-DeFi. Abanye basikisela ukuthi abathuthukisi noma abaqondisi bemithetho elandelwayo ye-DeFi kufanele bathwale umthwalo wemfanelo wokulalela, kuyilapho abanye bephikisana ngokudalwa kwezigaba ezintsha ezilawulwayo ngokukhethekile ezihlelekile. IFATF inikeze isiqondiso esisikisela ukuthi amapulatifomu athile angafaneleka njenge-VASP uma belawula noma bethonya umthetho, kodwa lencazelo ihlala incintisana. Indalo ehlanganisa ngokushesha ye-DeFi isho ukuthi noma isiphi isimo esilawulwayo kumelwe ukuba kokubili ilungiseke futhi siqondiswe ngendlela engokobuchwepheshe.

Ukuhlukaniswa Nokuqondiswa Kwemithetho

Ukuntuleka kwemithetho efanayo yembulunga yonke kudala amathuba okulawula, lapho abadlali abangekho emthethweni bethambekele ekulawuleni ngemithetho eqinile noma ngezimfuneko eziyekelelayo. I-Crypto-bungane njengeMalta, i-Cayman Islands, kanye nezingxenye ezithile ze-Southeast Asia kuye kwakhanga ukuhwebelana nezimali ezingahambisani ngokugcwele nezindinganiso zomhlaba. Nakuba lemibuso iye yathatha izinyathelo zokuqinisa imithetho yayo, ijubane lenguquko lishintshashintshashintsha, futhi ngokuvamile i-acription i-sced.

Ukuze kulungiswe lokhu, iFATF iye yakhuthaza wonke amazwe ukuba asebenzise ukutusa kwayo futhi yasungula "umthetho omnyama" wezindawo ezihlulekayo ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke. Nokho, uhlu luphumelela kuphela ekuzimiseleni komphakathi womhlaba wonke ukusebenzisa ukucindezela nokubeka izijeziso. Ukuthembisana ngokusemthethweni, usizo lobuchwepheshe, kanye nezisusa zokulalela konke kubalulekile ukuze kuncishiswe ukwahlukana nokuvala imingcele elawulwa amaphekula ayisebenzisayo.

Indlela Ephambili: Ubuchwepheshe Obufudukayo, Umthetho, Nokubambisana Kwembulunga Yonke

Uma ubheka phambili, indawo edinga izimali zobuphekula izakulolongwa yindawo eqhubekayo phakathi kokusungulwa kwezobuchwepheshe nokuzivumelanisa nokulawula. Ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa (AI) kanye nokufundwa komshini kunikeza amathuluzi athembisayo okuhlola izindlela zokusola ngesikhathi sangempela, ukuhlaziya ama-data amakhulu athengisekayo, nokubikezela izinsongo ezavelayo. Lezi zinqubo zingathuthukisa abahlaziyi babantu futhi zisize abalawuli abahlala phambili lapho izigebengu ziqala ukusungula izindlela ezintsha zokuvimbela ukuthatha amagebe.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusebenzisa ama-curreccy (CBDC) ebhange elikhulu kungaguqula amandla ezimali zamaphekula. CBDC, okuyizindlela zobuchwepheshe zemali ekhishwa futhi elawulwa amabhange aphakathi, kungavumela ukulandelelana nokulawula okungakaze kubonwe nokungalingani kwezezimali. Nakuba i-CBDCs iphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokukhululekile, ingasebenza futhi njengethuluzi elinamandla lokuqinisa umthetho, ibangele ukushiswa kwempahla kanye nokuhlelwa kwangempela komsebenzi wokusola. Inselele kuzoba ukuklama izimiso zeCBDCDC ezishaya izinga elifanele phakathi kwezindaba zomuntu nokulondeka.

Okokugcina, ukutshala imali okuqhubekayo ekuxhumeni kwezizwe zonke kubalulekile. Akukho zwe elilodwa elingaxazulula inkinga yokuxhasa ngezimali ngamaphekula kuphela. Amapulatifomu ahlangene okuhlola, amabutho omsebenzi ophenya, nezivumelwano zokusizana ngokomthetho kumelwe ziqiniswe futhi zandiswe. Ingxenye yomuntu siqu futhi inendima ebalulekile yokuyifeza, njengezintengiselwano, izikhwama zezimali, kanye nezinhlangano zobuchwepheshe zinolwazi oludingekayo ukuze zibone izinsongo. Izivumelwano zomphakathi ezikhuthaza ukwethembana nokuthuthukisa ukwaziswa kuyodingeka ekwakheni impumelelo, ukusabela okuhlangene embulungeni yonke.

Isiphetho

Ukumelana nokusebenzisa izimali ngemithetho eyimfihlo kuwumgomo oyinkimbinkimbi kodwa ongafinyeleleka. Ngokuhlanganisa izimfuneko ze-KYC/AML eziqinile, izisekelo eziphambili zomnqakathi, ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke, kanye nezinyathelo zokuzihlela ngokulandelana kwezobuchwepheshe bokuvela, iziphathimandla zinganciphisa ngokuphawulekayo ukusebenziseka kwempahla yezemishini ekuxhashazweni kwamaphekula. Umzila oqhubekela phambili ufuna ukushintshwa okuqhubekayo, ukutshala imishini, kanye nokuzimisela okuqinile kokubambisana kwembulunga yonke. Nakuba izinselele zikhona, amathuluzi nezinqubo ezikhona namuhla zinikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokuvikela isimiso sezimali kulabo abafuna ukuyisebenzisa ngokuxhaphaza. Ngomzamo oqhubekayo nobunye obuphakathi, umphakathi wezizwe zonke ungaqinisekisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe kusebenza njengemishini ebumbeni yezokuthunga.