UHulumeni Ozimele: Ukwenza Imithetho Yesizwe

Ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu, uhulumeni kahulumeni ukha imithetho esebenza ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izifunda-ma-50. Lombuso ubekwe eKhongolose, igatsha lomthetho likahulumeni wase-United States. UKhongoloshelwa kuyi-bidamal, okusho ukuthi inegumbi: iNdlu yabameleli neSigele, ngalinye elinezindima nemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukene.

Indlu yabameleli inamalungu angu-455 okuvota, ngalinye limelela isifunda sesifunda sesifunda esihlangani esihlukaniswa abantu. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi kunezigaba ezinkulu ezikhona eMthethweni wesizwe. ISigele, ngokungafani, sinamalungu ayikhulu i-— amabili kuhulumeni i-— i-providing imelelo elinganayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-umbuso i-’ ubukhulu. Lomklamo wawuwukuhlehlela ngamabomu ukulinganisela inzuzo yezizwe ezinabantu abaningi nezingandile kakhulu.

Ngaphambi kokuba isikweleti sibe umthetho kahulumeni, kumelwe sidlulele kuwo womabili amakamu ngendlela efanayo. Khona - ke umthetho uya kuMongameli, ongawusayina njengomthetho noma uwenze ushiyiwe. Isishaya-mthetho singathatha i-veto ngo-3 000 abaningi kuwo womabili amagumbi. Lesi simiso sokuhlola nezilinganiso ziqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha likahulumeni elingadala imithetho ngaphandle kokulisebenzisa kamuva.

Imithetho emikhulu ye-Federal ihlanganisa uhlu olubanzi lwezindaba ezibalwe ngokucacile kuMthetho-sisekelo — ihlanganisa ezentengiselwano zamazwe, ukufuduka, ukuwiswa kwemali, ukuvaleka kwemali, nokugcinwa komthetho wemvume. Imithetho emikhulu ye-hulumeni iye yaguqula umphakathi waseMelika, njengoMthetho Wamalungelo Ongamele wonyaka ka-1964, amaMelika anoMthetho wokuKhubazeka, kanye noMthetho wokunakekela owe-Affordic Act. Lemithetho idinga izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuze zakhe iziphakamiso zokugcinwa [[[FLT:]], wenezela omunye uhlaka lwemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi.

Izinga Lezwe: Lapho Izidingo Zendawo Zilawula Umthetho

Ohulumeni boMbuso banegunya elikhulu lokumisa imibandela engacishwa umthetho kahulumeni, isimiso esimiswe yiSichibiyelo seshumi. Leligunya, ngokuvamile elibizwa ngokuthi i- “ iziphathimandla, i-” livumela amazwe ukuba alawule impilo, ukulondeka, nenhlalakahle yezakhamuzi zawo. Ngenxa yalokho, imithetho yombuso ingahluka kakhulu ngokusuka kuhulumeni ukuya komunye, ibonise izindinganiso eziyingqayizivele nezinto eziza kuqala zezwe ngalinye i-’ inani labantu.

Isifunda ngasinye ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska sine-bimadral, ngokuvamile esihlanganisa ingqungquthela noma indlu yabameleli kazwelonke ne-senate kazwelonke. Lezi zindikimba zisebenza ngokufanayo ku-Congress: zihlongoza, ziphikisana, futhi zidlulise izikweleti ezithunyelwa kumbusi ukuze zisayinwe noma zithunyelwe. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zimisa izinkathi zesimiso ezivame ukuhluka-hluka ngokwezikhawu ze-paredis — ezinye zihlangana unyaka wonke, kuyilapho ezinye zihlangana izinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela.

Uchungechunge lwezindaba ezixoxwa ngemithetho kahulumeni lukhulu. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zengamela inqubo yemfundo (kuhlanganise nezindinganiso zemfundo nezimali zesikole), izakhiwo zokuhamba, umthetho wezentengiselwano, umthetho womkhaya (umshado, isehlukaniso, ukugcinwa kwezingane), umthetho wempahla, ukubekwa kwemisebenzi, ukubekwa kwemithetho yendawo ezungezile, nokubekwa kwezempilo. Ngokwesibonelo, izishaya umthetho njengoCalifornia ziye zamisa izindinganiso zobudlova [ zezimoto ezidlula izimfuneko zikahulumeni, kuyilapho amanye amazwe efaka izinhlelo ezibanzi zokukhishwa kwezisu noma zensambiso yezokwelapha ngaphambi kokuba i-mthetho.

Ababusi boMbuso banamandla aphawulekayo enqubweni yokwenza umthetho. Ngaphezu kokusayina noma ukukhipha izikweletu, ababusi abaningi bangakhipha iziyalezo eziphethe ithonya lomthetho ezimweni ezithile. Izinkantolo eziphakeme zoMbuso zifeza indima: bachaza imithetho-mthetho yezwe futhi bashaye imithetho ephula leyo mibhalo.

Ukukhululwa: Lapho Umthetho Wesifunda Udlala Umthetho KaHulumeni

Iphuzu elibalulekile ekuqondeni amazinga okubekwa komthetho ukudlula phambili. Umthetho we-Frederal uwumthetho ophakeme wezwe ngaphansi komthetho-sisekelo we-Supremacy Claus wase-U.S. Uma imithetho kahulumeni nombuso iphikisana nendaba engaphakathi kwegunya likahulumeni, kukhona umthetho kahulumeni. Nokho, amazwe akhululekile ukunikeza ezinye izikhuselo noma izimiso ngalé kwe-teunity, uma nje engaphikisani nendinganiso kahulumeni. Le mithetho idala ukusunduza okuqhubekayo phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni, ngokuvamile abekwe enkantolo.

Ohulumeni Bendawo: Imithetho Ethinta Ukuphila Kwakho Kwansuku Zonke

Ohulumeni bendawo i-— ama-contium, amadolobha, amadolobha, nezifunda ezikhethekile i-— ba izinga lokwenza umthetho ngethonya elisheshayo ezakhamuzini i-’ ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Nakuba ohulumeni bendawo bethola igunya labo kumthetho-sisekelo wezwe nezimiso (ngokuvamile kubhekiselwa kubo ngokuthi i- &lquo; ukukhiqizwa kwezwe i-”), basebenzisa amandla anele ezindabeni zendawo.

Imikhandlu yamadolobha, amakhomishane esifundazwe, namabhodi amadolobha adlulisa imithetho elawula indawo nezindawo ezisetshenziswayo, umsindo nezimiso ezicasulayo, ukuqoqwa kwezindawo zebhizinisi, ukuqoqwa kwemfucumfucu, ukupaka imigwaqo, izikhombi zokwakha, amapaki omphakathi, nezinkonzo zamaphoyisa zendawo. Umninikhaya ofuna ukwakha isakhiwo esenezelwe endlini yakhe uyodinga imvume elawulwa yimithetho yendawo. Indawo yokudlela evuliweyo kumelwe ihambisane nokuhlolwa kwempilo yedolobha kanye nelayisense yezebhizinisi. Izakhamuzi ezihlala khona zingaba nesehlakalo sezentengiselwano-mfo yomsindo wezindawo zendawo.

Ama-Mayator kanye nezikhulu zesifunda ngokuvamile banemibuso efanayo ne-veto kanye nezikhulu zendawo njengoba kunjalo nababusi bendawo. Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo basebenzisa nabaphathi bedolobha abangochwepheshe noma abaphathi besifunda-sifunda abengamele imisebenzi yosuku nosuku lokubusa. Imithetho yendawo ingamiswa ngedemokrasi eqondile kanye ne-— izinyathelo zokuhlola futhi i-endenda ivumele izakhamuzi ukuba zivote ezindisweni zentela zendawo, izinqumo zokuthuthukisa intuthuko, nemibuzo yezimiso.

Inani elikhulu lemithetho yendawo eUnited States liyashaqisa: kunamaqembu angaphezu kuka-90 000 kahulumeni wendawo, kuhlanganise nohulumeni bakamasipala abangaphezu kuka-19 000 kanye namaloshi angu-16,000. Ngalinye linomphakathi walo wemithetho negunya lokwenza umthetho. Ukuhluka kwemithetho yendawo kungaba yimbi kakhulu. Idolobha elifana neSan Francisco lilawula imithetho ebizwa ngokuthi i-oparsquo; ikhona emadolobheni angomakhelwane. Idolobha laseMontana lingavumela imfuyo ezindaweni zokuhlala, kanti isifundazwe saseVirginia sivimbela ukugcinwa kwenyama yenkukhu phakathi kwemikhawulo.

Inqubo Yokwenza Imithetho: Ukusuka Engqondweni Kuya Ekuphoqelelweni

Nakuba izinqubo eziqondile zihluka ngokwezinga likahulumeni, indlela evamile umthetho othatha ngayo inqubo yokuphoqelela ilandela inqubo efanayo kuzo zonke izifunda. Ukuqonda lenqubo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zazi ukuthi umthetho ungaphehla nini futhi kanjani.

Ukuhlongozwa Nokunxenxwa

Umthetho uqala njengomqondo. Lowo mqondo ungavela kumthetho ophethe, igatsha eliphethe, inhlangano kahulumeni, iqembu lenzalo, noma isakhamuzi ngasinye. Lombono ufakwa esivumelwaneni esingokomthetho ngezisebenzi ze-projekthi noma ngeseluleko esingokomthetho senhlangano yezempango. Ummisi-mthetho kumelwe axhase lomthetho futhi awudlulisele ekamelweni lawo. Esilinganisweni sikahulumeni nasezizweni eziningi, lomthetho wabelwe inani futhi ubhekise ekomitini elilodwa noma ngaphezulu lokubukeza.

Ukubukeza KweKomiti

AmaKomiti alapho umsebenzi onzima kakhulu uyenzeka khona. Anezindlebe lapho ochwepheshe, amaqembu athintekile, futhi umphakathi ungafaka khona ubufakazi. Amalungu amakomiti aphikisana ngecala, ahlongoza ukuthunyelwa kwemali, futhi avote ukuthi angayithumela yini ekamelweni eligcwele. Imali ingafa ekomitini uma ihluleka ukuthola ukusekelwa ngokwanele. Lesisigaba sibucayi: izihlalo zamakomiti zinamandla amakhulu okuhlela noma ukubambezela umthetho. Inqubo yekomiti iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izindleko ezithathelwe imvume zifika phansi ukuze kuvotelwe ivoti kuphela.

Impikiswano Neziphendulo Ezivamile

Uma isikhwama somthetho siphuma, siya phansi ukuze kuxoxiswe. Kwezinye izindikimba, impikiswano ihlelwe kahle ngemingcele yesikhathi; kwezinye ingaqhubeka isikhathi eside. Abenzi bomthetho banelungelo lokulungisa, okumelwe kuvotelwe umuntu ngamunye. Imali ingashintshwa kakhulu phakathi nalesisigaba njengoba ukuhlehla kwenziwa futhi kuxoxwa ngezindlela zokuhwebelana.

Ukukhangisa Nokudlula

Ngemva kokuphetha, amavoti agcwele kule ngxoxo. Izindikimba eziningi zemithetho zidinga iningi elivamile ukuze umthetho ovamile udlule, nakuba ezinye izinyathelo zingadinga ukudlula okukhulu kakhulu. Uma imvume idlula, ihamba iye kwelinye igumbi (izimiso ze-bimeral) lapho yonke lenqubo iphinda khona. Uma lamakamu amabili edlula izinguqulo ezihlukene, ikomiti yengqungquthela yamalungu asemagumbini womabili ivumelanisa ukungefani.

Ukugunyazwa

Isinyathelo sokugcina sokushaya umthetho sibhekiswe kumphathi-mnyango: uMongameli osesilinganisweni sikahulumeni, umbusi osesilinganisweni sikahulumeni, noma umphathi-meya endaweni yendawo. Umphathi angasayina incwadi yomthetho, ayivumele ukuba ibe umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwa (kaningi ngemva kwezinsuku ezithile), noma i-veto. Abanye abaqondisi banomkhawulo owe-galelo wento ethile ovumela ukuba balahle amalungiselelo akhethekile okusebenzisa isikweleti ngaphandle kokukhipha lonke icala. Uma i-veto ikhishwa, i-pasworline ingazama ukuxoxa, ngokuvamile ifuna ukuvota okubili okuthatha ama-3.

Ukubusa Kwama - Agency

Lapho umthetho usumisiwe, kudinga ukucubungula okwengeziwe ngezimiso zokuphatha. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zibhala imithetho enemininingwane eguqula izinhloso ezibanzi zemithetho zibe izimfuneko eziqondile, eziphoqelelwe. Lenqubo ihlanganisa izimemezelo zomphakathi nezithiyo, ivumela izakhamuzi namabhizinisi ukuba zihlole ukuthi umthetho kufanele usetshenziswe kanjani. Imithetho ewumphumela inamandla agcwele omthetho futhi ingabekelwa inselele enkantolo uma idlula inxusa i ’ i-gatementssion.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Izinkantolo futhi zinendima ekulolongeni umthetho. Uma umthetho ubekelwe inselele njengengavumelani nemithetho noma njengephikisana neminye imithetho, igatsha linquma ukusebenza kwawo. Izinqumo zomthetho wezwe zingagumbuqela imithetho, zandise noma zimise izibopho ezintsha ezingokomthetho. Marbury v. Madison wamisa isimiso sokuhlola komthetho esisesilinganisweni sikahulumeni, futhi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisebenzisa igunya elifanayo emithethweni yombuso.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Eziyilolonga Ngayo Imithetho Eziphila Ngayo

Ukushaya imithetho akuwona umsebenzi okhethekile wezikhulu ezikhethiwe, izakhamuzi zinezindlela eziningi zokuthonya imithetho ezibusayo.

Ukusakaza Izinkulumo Ezikhethwayo

Ukuqamba kuyindlela eqondile kakhulu yezakhamuzi ukuba zithonye ukubekwa kwemithetho. Abavoter bakhetha abamisi-mthetho, ababusi, amameya, namalungu omkhandlu abhala futhi adlulisele imithetho. Izinqumo zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zivume noma zenqabe izinyathelo zokushaya indiva ngemibuzo ethile yenqubo, kusukela ekunyukeni kwentela kuya ekungcolisweni ngokusemthethweni kuya ekushintshweni kwensangu esemthethweni. Ukuvota njalo okuyinhloko, okuvamile, nokhetho lwendawo kuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu ezikhethiwe ziyaqhubeka zisabela ezikhundleni zazo.

Ukuxhumana Nezikhulu Eziqashelwe

Abameli baqaphela lokho abakushoyo. Ukushaya ucingo olusuziwe, i-imeyili, noma incwadi kungaba nomehluko endleleni umenzi womthetho avota ngayo emalini. Ukuhlangana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe noma izisebenzi zazo emahhovisi esigodi noma emnyango wezwe kuphumelela kakhulu. Izinqumo eziningi zemithetho zixhomeke kubantu abameleli abathola imvume. Izindaba zomuntu siqu ngendlela umthetho ongazithinta ngayo i-Caltist &squo; ukuphila kunezinga eliphezulu.

Ukuphendula Nokuzwa Komphakathi

Izinhlangano eziningi zezemithetho nezimiso zinikeza amathuba okukhulumela obala. Izakhamuzi zingafaka ubufakazi enkantolo, zikhulume emihlanganweni yasehholo, futhi zinikeze izimpendulo ezibhalwe phansi ngezimiso ezihlongozwayo. Lezi zindawo zivumela abantu ukuba banikeze imibono yabo ngokuqondile kubaphathi bomthetho nakubaphathi bezinhlangano. Ukuhlanganyela ekuqulweni kwamacala omphakathi kuthinta ngokukhethekile endaweni, lapho izinqumo eziphathelene nokuhlelwa kwezindawo, izishaya - mali, nezinkonzo zomphakathi zenziwa ngokuqondisa okuqondile kwezakhamuzi.

Ukuhleleka Nokuhleleka

Izinhlangano zobushiqela zifaka imvume emazwini ahlukahlukene. Amaqembu agxila ezimpikiswaneni ezithile — noma yinkululeko yomphakathi, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, inqubo yentela, noma i-Herald &mdash yempilo yomphakathi, abashaya imithetho, abaqhuba imikhankaso yemfundo yomphakathi, kanye nabasekeli bezokuqoqa. Ngokuhlangene, lemizamo ingaguqula umbono womphakathi kanye nezinto eziza kuqala. IGrassroot ihlela ukulawulwa kwemithetho, lapho izakhamuzi zansuku zonke zihlela khona omakhelwane bazo nemiphakathi, kuye kwabangela izinguquko ezinkulu zenqubo kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika.

Ukugijima Ihhovisi

Kulabo abafuna ukumisa ngokuqondile ukumiswa kwemithetho, ukujaha isikhundla sokukhetha kuyisinqumo kuzo zonke izinga lohulumeni. Amabhodi esikole, imikhandlu yesifunda, izikhomishane zesifundazwe, izishaya-mthetho zombuso, kanye noMkhandlu wezikhulu zonke ezidinga i-ods. Ukufuna isikhundla kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zilethe imibono yazo ngokuqondile enqubweni yokwenza izinqumo futhi zimele imiphakathi yazo ekuklameni imithetho ethinta zona.

Ukukhonza Ezigunjini Nasemathunyweni

Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo nohulumeni bamisa izakhamuzi ukuba zikhonze emabhodini nasezindaweni eziyala izikhulu ezikhethiwe noma zibe negunya elikhethiwe. Imishini yokuhlela, amabhodi okufaka izikhalo, amabhodi esikole, namabhodi ezincwadi ayizibonelo. Lezi zikhundla zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zithonye izakhiwo ezithile zesimiso esithile futhi zizuze ulwazi ngenqubo yokwenza umthetho.

Isiphetho: Indima Yakho Kulesi Simiso

Imithetho ayiveli kude, futhi ayikho enqubweni. Yakhiwa ngesimiso sobugqizimbela, esihlelwe kahle esisebenza emazingeni amaningi kahulumeni. Umthetho we-Federal umisa imithetho yesizwe, umthetho kahulumeni uvumelanisa imithetho namaqiniso endawo, futhi imithetho yendawo ibusa imininingwane yokuphila komphakathi kwansuku zonke. Izinga ngalinye linezinhlangano zalo, izinqubo, namathuba okuhileleka emphakathini.

Ukuqonda lesi sakhiwo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala esiholela ekuthembiseni umphakathi. Uma wazi ukuthi ubani owenza imithetho nendlela esebenza ngayo, ungathola amaphuzu afanele okungena kwezwi lakho kanye nevoti yakho. Uma uthintana nomphathi wesinqumo sikahulumeni ngesivumelwano esihlongozwayo, ufakazele phambi komkhandlu wedolobha ngendaba yokuhlanganisa, noma umane uphonse isigebengu esinolwazi ngosuku lokhetho, ukuthatha kwakho kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imithetho ophila ngayo ngokubonisa izindinganiso nezidingo zabantu ababusayo. Isimiso sisebenza kangcono uma izakhamuzi zihlanganyela, hhayi izibukeli ezingenzi lutho.