Ukuchaza Umthetho Wezombangazwe: Isisekelo Segunya Elilungile

Umthetho ongokomthetho wezombangazwe uyisisekelo lapho igunya lendikimba ebusayo limi khona. Akukona nje ukuba negunya, kodwa ilungelo lokuziphatha nelomthetho lokusebenzisa lowombuso. Umbuso obhekwa njengongokomthetho yilowo obhekwa njengongokomthetho owethulwa ukuba ulalele, hhayi ngenxa yokwesaba ukuphoqelelwa, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi ukholelwa ukuthi igunya lifanelekile futhi lifanelekile. Lomqondo uhlukanisa uhulumeni neqembu labadukisi, futhi uchaza ukuthi kungani abanye ababusi bemukelwa lapho abanye begumbuqelwa.

Igama ngokwalo livela kwelesiLatini livela e-legititus, elisho "enziwa yasemthethweni." kwezesayensi yezombangazwe yanamuhla, ukuqashelwa kuqondwa njengokwamukelwa kwegunya, ngokuvamile umthetho obusayo noma umbuso. Liyimfanelo eguqula amandla angaqinile abe yigunya elifanele. Ngokwesazi sezombangazwe uDavid Beetham, umthetho osemthethweni awuyona into eyodwa kodwa umqondo oyinkimbinkimbi ohlanganisa izilinganiso ezintathu: ukuvumelana nokumiswa kwemithetho (inkululeko), ukulunganiswa kwaleyomithetho ngezinkolelo ezihlanganeyo (ukuthembeka), kanye nokuvumelana kwezenzo ezibuswayo (ukubekwa phambili).

Isimiso esivelele sokuqonda ngokomthetho sasungulwa isazi sezenhlalo uMax Weber, esaphawula izinhlobo ezintathu ezimsulwa zegunya elingokomthetho:

  • Imithetho engokomlando: Lokhu kusekelwe enkolelweni emisiwe ebungcweleni bamasiko ayizinkumbulo kanye nokufaneleka kwalabo abasebenzisa igunya ngaphansi kwazo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa amamonarch, izikhulu zesizwe, nezimiso zobuhlanga lapho igunya lizuzwa njengefa noma lisekelwe esikweni. Ukuqina kuvela emikhubeni emide nenkolelo yokuthi "lokhu bekunje."
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Carismatic Legitacy: Lokhu kusuka ekuzinikeleni ebungcweleni obukhethekile, ubuqhawe, noma ubuntu obuyisibonelo bomuntu ngamunye. Abaholi abanjengoMahtma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., noma Nelson Mandela wayenegunya lokusebenzisa amandla ashukumisayo elabalandeli. Nokho, lolu hlobo lungahleleki ngoba luxhomeke ezimfanelweni zomholi siqu futhi ngokuvamile lubhekene "ne nenkinga yokungaguquguquki" ngemva kokuhamba komholi.
  • ILegal-Ragatimacy: Lena indlela evame kakhulu kuhulumeni wentando yeningi wanamuhla. Isekelwe ekukholelweni ngokomthetho ukufaneleka kwezimiso zemithetho ezilandelwayo nelungelo lalabo abaphakanyiselwe egunyeni ngaphansi kwemithetho enjalo ukukhipha imithetho. Igunya lihlala ehhovisi, hhayi kumuntu. I-Bureacracy, i-democracy, i-democracy, nezimiso zomthetho zincike kuloluhlobo. Inikeza ukubikezela futhi isekelwe ekuqondiseni kwemithetho enjalo.

Nakuba i-tepyology kaWeber ilokhu inethonya, izazi zamanje ziye zandisa ukuhlaziywa. Ngokwesibonelo, isazi sezezombangazwe uJohn Rawls saphikisa ngokuthi ukufaneleka kuhlangene nombono wobulungisa njengobulungisa: uhulumeni wezombangazwe ungokomthetho uma ungavunyelwa yizo zonke izakhamuzi ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele zokucabanga. UJürgen Habermas wagcizelela ukubaluleka kokuxoxa nokwenza izinkulumo zasobala: kuvela ngokusemthethweni uma kwenziwa izinqumo ngokuzenza ngokuhlanganye, impikiswano enengqondo eveza imvume. Le mibono iqokomisa ukuthi ukufaneleka akuyona engathi i-athromple (hjogggn) kumelwe igcinwe ngokuxoxa nangentshumayeza.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngokwakheka kobungwe be-Weber, bheka [[FLT: 0] ukufakwa kwegunya [[FLT: 1].

Okwenza Ukuqashelwa Kudingeke Ukuze Kubuswe Ngokufanele

Ukuqashelwa ababuswayo akuyona nje into elungile; kuwumoya - mpilo wegunya elingokomthetho. Ngaphandle kokuqaphela, ngisho nezinhlangano ezinamandla kakhulu ziphelelwa amandla. Ukuqashelwa kusho ukuthi izakhamuzi zivumelana ngokuzithandela nemithetho, zikhokha izintela, zikhonza ejajini, futhi zihlanganyela ekuphileni komphakathi ngoba zikholelwa ukuthi isimiso silungile. Lemvume yokuzithandela inciphisa kakhulu isidingo sokuphoqelelwa nokuqapha, yenza ukubusa kube okuphumelela ngokwengeziwe nokubusa ngentando yeningi.

Isazi sezezombangazwe uHannah Arendt sawuhlola lo mbono emsebenzini wakhe wegunya. Saphikisa ngokuthi igunya lihlukile kukho kokubili ukuphoqelelwa (igunya) nokunxenxa. Igunya elingokomthetho, ku-Arendt, lidinga ukuqashelwa mahhala kwalabo abacelwa ukuba balalele. Lapho ukuqaphela okunjalo kuwohloka, igunya liyawohloka, futhi umbuso kumelwe usebenzise amandla ukuze ulondoloze ukuhleleka (isibonakaliso) sokuthi ugunya lilahlekile.

Izici eziningana zithonya ngokuqondile ukuthi umphakathi ubheka igunya njengelifanele yini:

  • Izindawo ezingokwe-Profecture Faimer: Izakhamuzi zithambekele kakhulu ekuqapheleni igunya uma ziqaphela ukuthi imithetho yenziwa futhi iphoqelelwe ngokubona, ngokungakhethi, nangezimiso ezingaguquguquki. Ngokwesibonelo, amajaji azimele, amakhetho akhululekile, nemithetho engokomthetho engeyona eyezahlulelo yakha ukwethembana.
  • I-Preformance and Effective: Uhulumeni oletha impahla yomphakathi (ukulondeka, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, izakhiwo (izakhiwo) ngokomthetho ngemiphumela ebonakalayo. Ngokuphambene, ukwehluleka ukuvikela izakhamuzi phakathi nezinhlekelele zemvelo (izinhlekelele, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe, ukuwohloka kwezomnotho) kuqeda ukuqashelwa.
  • Imithetho ye-Historical ne-Caltural Resonance: Imithetho ilolongwa ukulandisa okukodwa, izimpi zomlando, nenkumbulo ehlangene. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wangemva kwe-South Africa uqashelwa njengongokomthetho ngokwengxenye ngoba wavela emzabalazweni ohlonishwayo wenkululeko nenqubo yeQiniso ne-Conciliation Commission.
  • Ukuvaleka nomelelo: Uma zonke izingxenye zomphakathi zizizwa zimelelwa (______ngokumelelwa ngokwesilinganiso, amalungelo amancane, noma amalungiselelo kahulumeni] kulula kakhulu ukubona isimiso. Ukukhishwa okusekelwe ebuhlangani, enkolweni, noma ebulilini kululaza ukufaneleka.

Ukubona ukucwaninga ngendlela izinhlangano ezihlanganisa abantu ezakha ngayo ukufaneleka, bhekisela ku- i-Picial Science Review yase-Americanan ekhuluma ngokusemthethweni nokufakwa .

Izinselele Ezikhona Ezombusazwe: Lapho Iziphathimandla Ziwohloka

Umlando ugcwele izibonelo zohulumeni ababebonakala beqinile kodwa ngokushesha balahlekelwa ukuqashelwa abantu babo. Ukuqonda izinsongo ezivamile zokweqisa kubalulekile kokubili ezimfundisweni nakubaholi.

Ukonakala Nokuzilimaza

Uma izakhamuzi zibona ukuthi izikhulu ziceba ngezindleko zomphakathi, igunya lokuziphatha lombuso liyaphela. Inkohlakalo iphula isivumelwano esiphelele phakathi kwababusi nababuswayo. Ngokwe-Transparency International, amazinga aphakeme enkohlakalo ebhekwa njengevumelana ngokuqinile nokungathembani okuphansi kuhulumeni. EBrazil, ihlazo "IOperation Caray" lalimaza kakhulu ukufaneleka kukahulumeni wePhakathi lezisebenzi nesigaba sezombangazwe.

Ukusetshenziswa Kabi Kwamandla Nobugunya

Ngisho nohulumeni abathi bagunyaziwe ngokomthetho bangazenza abangenamandla angokomthetho ngokuzama ngokweqile. Ukusebenzisa amandla okuvikela ukuze bacindezele ukungavumelani, ukuqondisa ukhetho, noma ukuthulisa izimpawu zezindaba zokuthi uhulumeni uthatha isinyathelo ngokwenzuzo yakhe, hhayi ngokwenzuzo yomphakathi. Ukuvukela kwe-Arabia Spring (200-2012) kwabhebhethekiswa amashumi eminyaka okubusa kwempoqo nokusetshenziswa kabi kwamalungelo abantu okuhlelekile okwaqeda noma iziphi iziphi izivumelwano ezisemthethweni.

Ukuhluleka Kwezomnotho Nokungalingani

Ukuba semthethweni kuxhomeke emandleni kahulumeni okunikeza ukulondeka kwezomnotho. Ukungasebenzi isikhathi eside, ukukhuphuka okukhulu, noma ukungalingani okukhulu kungabangela izakhamuzi ukuba zingabaze ukulunga kwesimiso. Inkinga yembulunga yonke ye 2008 yaholela ezinkingeni ezifanele zemibuso ebusa ngemibuso ezimele yaseNtshonalanga, okubangela ukuvela kwezinhlangano ezilwela ukubusa kweqembu lamazwe ngakwesokunxele nangakwesokudla ezibekela inselele ukuhleleka okukhona.

Ukungenela Kwangaphandle Nokukhipha Izicelo Ezihlukile

Ohulumeni ababhekwa njengonodoli bemibuso yakwamanye amazwe ngokuvamile abakho ngokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni we-Iraq owamiswa ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-U.S. iminyaka eminingi walwa ukuze uqashelwe njengomthetho osemthethweni yi-Iraq, owayibheka njengendlela yokulawula. Umbuso wezwe uyisici esinamandla sokufaneleka; ukubusa kwamanye amazwe noma ukuphazamisa kungaqeda ngisho nemibuso ehloselwe kahle.

Ukwehluleka Ukuvikela Amalungelo Nokunikeza Ubulungisa

Lapho uhulumeni uhluleka ukuvikela izakhamuzi zawo ngonya lwamaphoyisa, inkohlakalo enkantolo, noma ukuhluleka ukuvimbela ubudlova, kuyaphela. Umzabalazo wezenhlalo i-Black Live Matter e-United States wadonsela ukunakekela enkingeni engokomthetho emiphakathini lapho amaphoyisa nezimiso zomthetho zibhekwa khona njengezingalungile. Izicelo zokuguqula ukwahlulela ngokusemthethweni zifunwa ngokuyisisekelo ukuba kubuyiselwe ngokomthetho.

Ukuze uthole ngokunzulu ukuthi ukonakala kululaza ukubusa, bheka i-Stractive International's ukucwaninga okucubungulayo.

Ukuhlola Icala Ngemithetho Yezombangazwe: Izifundo Ezivela Emlandweni

Ukuhlola izindaba zezwe langempela kuyasiza ekukhanyeni indlela okwakhiwe ngayo ngokomthetho, okubekelwe inselele, nokuvuselelwa ngayo kabusha.

INguquko YaseMelika: Ukuzivumelanisa Ngemithetho Ngesivumelwano

Ukuvukela kwabenzi bamakoloni baseMelika ngokuyisisekelo kwakuyinkinga engokomthetho. IPhalamende laseBrithani lathi linegunya lokukhokha intela amakoloni ngaphandle kokuwanikeza ummeleli. Abaholi baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kwakuphula isimiso sokuvuma (‘ isici esiyinhloko sokubusa okungokomthetho. ISimemezelo se - Independence sisho ngokucacile ukuthi ohulumeni bazuza “amandla abo alungile ngokuvunyelwa ababuswayo." Ukuphumelela kwalenguquko kwamisa uhlelo olusha lwezombangazwe olusekelwe ezimisweni zamaRiphabliki, kodwa futhi lwabhekana nezinselele zalo siqu, ikakhulukazi ukukhishwa kwabantu abagqilaziwe nabesifazane.

INtwasahlobo Yama - Arabhu: Ukuphahlazeka Kwemithetho Yombhali

Kusukela ngo-2010, igagasi lobhikisha lahlasela eTunisia, eGibithe, eLibiya, e-Siriya nakwamanye amazwe. Le zinhlangano zaqhutshwa amashumi eminyaka enkohlakalo, ukucindezelwa, ukuntengantenga kwezomnotho, nokungabi nankululeko yezombangazwe. Imibuso kaBen Ali eTunisia naseMubarak eGibithe yawa ngokushesha ngenxa yokuthi yalahlekelwa yikho konke kodwa ukufihla okuncane kakhulu kokusemthethweni. Nokho, umphumela wabonisa ukuthi kunzima kangakanani ukwakha kabusha. EGibithe, uhulumeni wobuSulumane obukhethiwe bamaSulumane wagumbuqelwa nezempi, waholelwa umjikelezo wokuzi wokuncishwa kwemithetho ekhona namuhla.

I-Apartheid yamuva eNingizimu Afrika: Ukwakha imithetho yokushaya indlebe

Ukuguqulwa kobandlululo kusuka kuhulumeni wentando yeningi kuyisibonelo esinamandla sokumiswa kwasemthethweni ngamabomu. Umbuso wobandlululo wawusulokhu ungekho emthethweni emehlweni ezakhamuzi eziningi. Isivumelwano sengxoxo, iQiniso ne-Conconciliation Commission ngaphansi koMbhishobhi Omkhulu uDesmond Tutu, kanye nokusetshenziswa komthetho-sisekelo oqhubekayo kwasiza ekusunguleni umthetho omusha. I-African National Congress (ANC) ngaphansi kukaNelson Mandela yajabulela igunya elikhulu lokuziphatha. Nokho, eminyakeni yamuva iye yabona ukuthi incishwa ngokufanelekile ngenxa yezenzo zokonakala, ukungalingani kwezomnotho, nokungahambisani kwenkonzo, nokungagunya okuqinile okumelwe kugcinwe njalo.

IChina: Umthetho Osekelwe Emsebenzini

IQembu lamaKhomanisi laseChina lihlela ukuba libe semthethweni hhayi ngokuyinhloko ngokhetho kodwa ngokunikeza intuthuko esheshayo kwezomnotho, ukuphakamisa amakhulu ezigidi zobumpofu, nokuzinza. Lokhu kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ukulunga." Nokho, izazi ziphikisana ngokuthi lolu hlobo lungasekelwa. Uma ukukhula kwezomnotho kwehla, noma lapho umphakathi ufuna inkululeko enkulu yezombangazwe, umbuso ungabhekana nenhlekelele engokomthetho. Imibono yaseNtshonalanga yobukhompuyutha futhi ivelele ukuthi ingenza izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zisekele igunya emithonjeni ehlukahlukene.

Ukuze uhlole ngokuqhathaniswa ukuba semthethweni ezimisweni zezombangazwe ezihlukene, bheka ungeno [oxford Bibliographies] kwezombangazwe- ngokomthetho.

Indima Yezinhlangano Ekulondolozeni Umthetho

Iziqu ziyisisekelo somthetho wezombangazwe. Ziyimithetho, izimiso, nezinhlangano ezilawulayo futhi ezinikeza ukubikezela. Ngaphandle kwezinhlangano eziqinile, ukuqamba icala kuba yizimo eziguquguqukayo futhi kuncike ezicini eziqinile ezifana nempumelelo ethandwayo yomholi yezentengiselwano noma yezomnotho yesikhashana.

ISifunda: Umgadi Womthetho

Ikomiti esemthethweni yamajaji isekela isimiso sokuthi akekho ongaphezulu komthetho .(ne-10) uhulumeni ngokwawo. Ukuzimela ekwahluleleni, ukungakhethi, nokutholakala kwemvume kuyagxeka. Uma isimiso senkantolo sibhekwa njengesilungile, izakhamuzi zithambekele kakhulu ukwamukela imithetho yaso nokuthemba ukuthi amalungelo azo azakuvikelwa. Ngokuphambene, "ukupakisha izintambo" noma ukumangalela okushukunyiselwa kwezombangazwe kululaza ukwahlulela ngokomthetho futhi kwandisa wonke umbuso.

IMithetho: Ukumelela Nokukhipha Inkululeko

Isishaya-mthetho esisebenza ngempela esimelela izithakazelo ezihlukene nalezo eziboniswa obala singumthombo oyinhloko womthetho osemthethweni. Uma ukhetho lukhululekile futhi lulungile, futhi lapho izikhulu zikhethiwe zisabela kumalungu azo, inqubo yokwenza umthetho izuza ukuthembeka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izishaya-mthetho ezizindikimba zenjoloba kuphela noma ezihileleke ekuvimbeleni okudlulele zingaqeda ukwethemba esimisweni sezombangazwe.

Isiqondisi: Ukubambisana Nokulandisa

Igatsha eliphethe (umongameli, undunankulu, umongameli) kumelwe libonise ikhono ekuqondiseni isimiso futhi libekwe icala ngokuhlola nangokulinganisela, ngokuhlola, nangokukhetha okuvamile. (ngokwesibonelo), lisebenzisa iziyalezo eziphetheyo ukuze liphumele kumphathi wendlu yomthetho noma lihluleke ukusabela ezinkingeni) ngokushesha.

Umphakathi Wangaphakathi Nemithombo Yezindaba

Izinhlangano ezingezona ezohulumeni, amaqembu azimele, amaphephandaba akhululekile, kanye nemithombo yezindaba ezizimele zisebenza njengezindawo eziqaphile nezingalawuli. Zinikeza ukuzwana kuhulumeni futhi zisize izakhamuzi ukuba ziphendule abaholi. Ukuhlasela izintatheli noma imingcele kuNGO ngokuvamile kuyizimpawu zenhlekelele engokomthetho, njengoba umbuso uzama ukuthulisa i-critique.

Ukuqinisa lezi zikhungo kuwumsebenzi wesikhathi eside. Njengoba isazi sezezombangazwe uFrancis Fukuyama siphikisa ku- Uhlelo lwezeProlithi no-Decay yezombangazwe, izinhlangano zingabola ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uma zibanjwa amaqembu enzalo noma ziba lukhuni. Ngakho, inguquko eqhubekayo nokuqapha komphakathi kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe umthetho wenhlangano.

Ikusasa Lomthetho Wezombangazwe Ezweni Eligcwele Imbulunga Yonke

Umthetho ongokomthetho wezombangazwe awuwona umbono ohlukile; uvela ngezinguquko zezenhlalo, ezobuchwepheshe, nezokuma komhlaba.

Ukubusa Kwezizwe Zonke Nemithetho Engekho

Iziqu ezinjenge-European Union, iZizwe Ezihlangene, nezinhlangano zezentengiselwano zomhlaba wonke zibhekene nesithiyo "sobushiqela" ngoba zikude kakhulu nezakhamuzi futhi azinacala eliqondile lentando yeningi. Umthetho we-EU wavivinywa kakhulu phakathi nenkinga yezikweletu ze-Yurozone kanye ne-Bretit tempendam, lapho abavoti abaningi babenomuzwa wokuthi izinqumo zenziwa amabhubesi angagunyazwanga. Ukubusa kwesikhathi esizayo kuyodinga izindlela ezintsha zokwakha ubukhosi bentando yeningi ngaphezu kwesizwe, mhlawumbe ngemikhampane yemithetho yesizwe ehlukene noma ngezimiso zokulawula.

Igunya Lobukhosi Bezinombolo Nemithetho Yomthetho

Izinkampani zobuchwepheshe njenge-Google, Meta, ne-Amazon manje zinamandla amakhulu okwaziswa, ezentengiselwano, kanye nokusebenzelana kwabantu. Kodwa azinacala ngedemokrasi. Lokhu kuye kwabangela imibuzo ethi "izikhungo zobuchwepheshe zifanele"""""" ilungelo elicatshangelwayo lamapulatifomu ekulinganiseni okunezelwe, ukucubungula, noma ukuhlelwa kwenkulumo yasobala. Ohulumeni baqondisa ngokuqhubekayo lezindawo zomphakathi, kodwa ukuhlobana phakathi kwegunya lezwe namandla enkampani kusengumngceleni oncintisanayo.

I - Populist Nenselele Ku - Elite Ukushaya Icala

Izinhlangano ezikhulayo zezikhulu zezokubusa emhlabeni wonke zibekela inselele ukufaneleka kwezinhlangano ezingokwesiko, imithombo yezindaba. Ababheki bezigebengu bathi bamelela "abantu" ngokumelene nomphakathi owonakele. Nakuba lokhu kungavuselela ukungenela kwentando yeningi, futhi kululaza ukubusa komthetho kanye nazo kanye izakhiwo ezibangela ukuba abaholi balandi babe nesibopho. Umbuzo wesikhathi eside uwukuthi i-populist ingaphendukela emthonjeni omusha wegunya elingokomthetho noma ukuthi izoholela ekuntengantengisweni nakubusa ngempoqo.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nokusebenzelana Kwezimo Zomzimba

Izinqumo zezombangazwe mayelana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu zinemiphumela emikhulu edlula izizukulwane. Intsha iqala ukukungabaza ukufaneleka kohulumeni abahluleka ukuthatha isinyathelo ezisongweni zendawo ezungezile. Imibiko ye-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) iqokomisa ukuphuthuma kwesenzo. Ukufaneleka kwezimiso zezombangazwe kungaxhomeka kakhulu ekhonweni labo lokuvikela ikusasa, hhayi nje kwamanje. Lokhu kukhula kwandisa ungwengwengwezi olusha emqondweni wokuvuma kwezakhamuzi zesikhathi esizayo ezingeke zikwazi ukuveza lokho ezizithandayo.

Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe ngokomthetho wokubusa kwezwe lonke, bheka isihloko se- Global Constitutionism kamagazini ngokusemthethweni ngalé kwezwe.

Isiphetho: Umsebenzi Ongalungi Wobubusi Obungagunyaziwe

Umthetho wezombangazwe awusona isici esinqunyiwe esithola futhi sigcine phakade. Ubuhlobo obunamandla phakathi kwegunya nezakhamuzi obudinga ukulungiswa njalo. Imiphakathi eqinile yileyo esemthethweni eyakhelwe engxubeni yokulunga, amandla okuhlela, ukusebenza, nokuxoxa. Ikusasa lizofuna ukuba abaholi baqaphele imithombo emisha yokuthola amalungelo omthetho omthetho //ubukhoma, ukubusa kwezizwe zonke, ukulunga kwenkathi ephakathi, ngesikhathi esifanayo kuqashelwe ukukhohlakala nokuxhaphaza okuye kwaqeda ukuthembana ngokomlando.

Kuzakhamuzi, ukuqonda ukufaneleka kwezombangazwe kuzenza zikwazi ukufuna okwengeziwe kohulumeni bazo futhi ziqaphele lapho igunya seliqedile. Abantu abalindele ukubuswa okungokomthetho bangabantu ababheka abaholi babo njengabanesibopho sokulandisa. Enkathini yokungalinganiswa, ukuhlukaniswa, nokushintsha ngokushesha, umqondo wokufaneleka kwezombangazwe ungase ube obaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Yintambo ehlanganisa isisekelo somphakathi, efuna kokubili ababusi futhi bawufune ngokuzikhandla, usuku nosuku.