Amalungelo ayisici esiyisisekelo sanoma isiphi isimiso sentando yeningi, esichaza ubuhlobo phakathi komuntu nombuso. Amisa imingcele yamandla kahulumeni futhi aqinisekise inkululeko edingekayo ukuze izakhamuzi zihlanganyele ekuphileni komphakathi, ziveze imibono ephikisayo, futhi ziphishekele ukugcwaliseka kwazo. Ukuqonda okusho ukuba namalungelo edemokrasi kudinga ukuhlola hhayi nje kuphela izimiso ezingokomthetho eziwachazayo kodwa nezici ezingokwefilosofi, izimiso eziwusizo, nezinselele eziphikelelayo ezilawulayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola indalo, izigaba, nokubaluleka kwamalungelo edemocrali, kuyilapho sibhekisa ezisongweni zamanje ezifuna ukuqapha kwezakhamuzi.

IZisekelo Zamalungelo Ezingokwefilosofi Embusweni Wentando Yeningi

Umqondo wanamuhla wamalungelo uvela emakhulwini eminyaka empi yezombangazwe nefilosofi. Izimo zakuqala ezinjengeMagna Carta (1215) zamisa isimiso sokuthi ngisho nababusi baboshwe umthetho, banikeza izikhulu ezithile. Ongqondo abakhanyiselwe bekhulu leshumi nanhlanu neleshumi nanhlanu leminyaka. UJohn Locke, Montesquieu, noJean-Jacas Rousseau (wasekela umqondo wamalungelo emvelo azuzwa yibo bonke abantu, abazimele ngokomthetho kahulumeni. ULocke waphikisa ngokuthi ukuphila, nenkululeko, nempahla kungenamfashini, nokuthi ohulumeni bazuza ilungelo labo lokuvumelana negunya labo ababuswayo. Le mibono yathonya ngokuqondile iSimemezelo se-Interrection of Instricistism neSimestry of Mashiciom.

Emfundisweni yentando yeningi, amalungelo asebenza njengokuphikisana nokubusa okuningi. Ngaphandle kweqoqo eliqinile lamalungelo avikelwe, idemokrasi izingozi zehlela "ekucindezeleni kweningi," lapho intando yeningi izocindezela khona amazwi amancane nenkululeko eyisisekelo. Ngakho, amalungelo amaningi asemthethweni wentando yeningi anamuhla abekwe ngaphansi komthetho-sisekelo noma umqulu ophakeme okunzima ukuwaqeda, uwabeka angenakufinyelela amanani amakhulu adlulele. Lomthetho sisekelo wenkolo uveza umqondo wokuthi izimiso ezithile zenkululeko yokukhuluma, inqubo engokwenkolo, inqubo efanelekile, ibalulekile kangangokuba kumelwe ivikelwe ngisho nemithetho ye-democricial. Ukuqhubeka kokufunda ngentuthuko engoko ngokomlando, [[FLDY:] [0] [Encyclopedia ye-Prosophysicalsance]

Ukulwela Umthetho

Impikiswano eyisihluthulelo yefilosofi iphathelene nokuthi amalungelo akhona yini njengokuzisholo okulungile ukuthi akhona ekuziphatheni okuzimele ekuqapheleni ngokomthetho (amalungelo emvelo) noma ukuthi amane nje ayindalo yezimiso zomthetho (i-legal positivivism). Inkolelo-mbono yamalungelo emvelo ikholelwa ukuthi abantu banamalungelo athile ngenxa yabantu, njengasekuhlolweni kokuhlushwa noma ilungelo lokuya ekuqulweni okulungile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhulumeni othile uyawavuma yini. I-posivivism, ngokuphambene, iphikisa ngokuthi amalungelo akhona kuphela lokho umthetho othi bayizinganiso zokuziphatha okuphakeme; akukho zimiso zentando yeningi ezisebenza engxube yomiqondo yabo yomibili: bahlanganisa amalungelo emthetho enkantolo kodwa ngokuvamile bafaka izicelo ezisekelwe ekuqondiseni izimiso zokuziphatha emhlabeni wonke lapho bechaza izimiso zomthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho, ikakhulukazi ekwamukeleni amalungelo abantu.

Izinhlobo Zezinhlangothi Zamalungelo Entando Yeningi

Amalungelo entando yeningi ngokuvamile ahlukaniswa ngezigaba eziningana, ngalinye lifeza umsebenzi ohlukile ekuvikeleni ukuzibusa komuntu siqu nasekukhuthazeni inhlalakahle yabantu abahlangene.

Amalungelo Omphakathi

Amalungelo omphakathi avikela abantu ekuphazanyisweni yizwe nangabanye abadlali. Ahlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokunyathelisa, yokuhlangana, yenhlangano, yenkolo, nelungelo lokuzifihla. Lamalungelo aqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingaziveza, zihlangane nabanye, futhi zigcine uhulumeni ulandisa ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela. Amalungelo omphakathi ahlanganisa futhi izivikelo ezingokomthetho njengelungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga, i-habeas corpus, nesivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Ngaphandle kwamalungelo omphakathi, umbuso wentando yeningi uba yize; izakhamuzi azinakungenacala ezinkulumweni ezidingekile zokuzinqumela.

Amalungelo Ezombangazwe

Amalungelo ezombangazwe avumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ekubuseni kwezwe lazo. Amalungelo ayisisekelo kakhulu yilungelo lokuvota nelungelo lokusebenzela isikhundla somphakathi. Amalungelo ezombangazwe ahlanganisa futhi inkululeko yenhlangano yezombangazwe nokunxusa uhulumeni. Lamalungelo ayindlela eqondile yokubonakaliswa kobukhosi obuthandwayo, ivumela abantu ukuba bakhethe abameleli babo futhi bathonye isimiso somphakathi. Amalungelo ezombangazwe awadingi nje kuphela iziqinisekiso ezingokomthetho kodwa futhi adinga ukufinyelela ngokoqobo − njengokubhalisa okungagunyazi ukuvota kwemibono, izindawo zokuvota okufinyelelekayo, kanye nesivikelo ekumelaneni nomthetho wobuvoti.

Amalungelo Ezomnotho Nangokwenhlalo

Amalungelo ezomnotho nawezenhlalo ahlanganisa izimo zezinto ezibonakalayo ezidingekayo ukuze umuntu aphile ngenhlonipho. Zihlanganisa ilungelo lokusebenza, iholo elifanele, ukulondeka kwezenhlalo, imfundo, nokunakekela impilo. Nakuba lamalungelo ngezinye izikhathi entando yeningi ebonakala njenganesifiso esifiphele kunokuba afanele, imibuso eminingi ebusa ngemithetho yayo engokomthetho noma ngomthetho. Ukugcwaliseka kwamalungelo ezomnotho nawomphakathi kubucayi ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi zinamandla okusebenzisa amalungelo azo omphakathi nawobupolitiki. Ubumpofu obukhulu noma ukuntula imfundo kungasusa inkululeko yabantu, kuguqulele ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwentando yeningi ekubeni yilungelo labacebile. [[FLT: 0] Umthetho womthetho wokwahlukanisa amalungelo abantu [[FLT]] [FLD]] ukunciphisa zonke izinhlobo ezintathu, ubonakalisa ukuhlangana kwenkululeko nenkululeko yeMpi Yezwe II.

Amalungelo Enhlangano

Amanye amademokrasi aqaphela amalungelo amaqembu kunabantu ngabanye. Abantu bomdabu, abantu abakhuluma izilimi ezimbalwa, nemiphakathi yamasiko angase abe nelungelo elihlangene lokulondoloza ulimi, amasiko awo, nokuzilawula emasimini athile. La malungelo aqaphela ukuthi ukuzibusa komuntu ngamunye kuvame ukuhlanganiswa nokutholana kweqembu nokuthi ukuvikela impucuko encane kungase kudinge izinyathelo ezikhethekile. Amalungelo okuqoqa abantu kumelwe alinganiswe ngokucophelela namalungelo omuntu ngamanye ukuze agweme ukucindezelwa noma ukucwaswa.

Imishini Evikela Amalungelo Embusweni Wentando Yeningi

Ukuba namalungelo ephepha akwanele; idemokrasi kumelwe yakhe izinhlangano nezinqubo ezenza amalungelo aphumelele. Inqubo eyinhloko umthetho, efuna ukuba zonke izakhamuzi nezikhulu zikahulumeni zithotyelwe izindinganiso ezingokomthetho ezifanayo futhi zisetshenziswe ngokungaguquki nangokusobala. Ebuthweni lentando yeningi, akekho ongaphezu komthetho, ngisho nesikhulu esiphakeme kakhulu.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Nezinkantolo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Iningi lemibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi linika izinkantolo amandla okuhlola umthetho nezenzo zezikhulu zokuvumelana namalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho ephula imithetho eyisisekelo, inikeza i-cheke ekwakheni izicukuthwane zemithetho elawulayo. Izinkantolo zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho noma izinkantolo eziphezulu ezinaleligunya zisebenza njengabavikeli besimiso samalungelo. Ukuzimela kwazo kukhulu; uma amajaji engenziwa noma asuswe ngesikhulu, ukuvikeleka amalungelo kuba yize. Izibonelo ezaziwayo zihlanganisa iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States neNkantolo yeSishayamthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho waseJalimane.

Ukuthunywa Kwamalungelo Abantu Nabadukisi

Ngaphandle kwezinkantolo, izinhlangano ezikhethekile zisiza ekuhloleni nasekuthuthukiseni amalungelo. Izinhlangano zesizwe zamalungelo abantu zihlola izikhalo zokwephulwa kwemithetho, ukucwaninga, futhi zitusa izinguquko zezimiso. Izikhulu ezizimele ezithola izikhalo ngokuxhashazwa kweziphathimandla − zinikeza ikhambi elitholakalayo lezakhamuzi ezinamalungelo aphulwe yizinhlangano zikahulumeni. Lezi zindikimba zibaluleke kakhulu emaqenjini abhekene nezithiyo zokufinyelela isimiso senkantolo esingokomthetho.

Imithombo Yezindaba Nezakhamuzi Ezizimele

Amalungelo avikelwa futhi yizinhlangano zomphakathi eziqaphile futhi ezikhuthele. Izintatheli zidalula ukuxhashazwa, ukuphatha kabi amandla, futhi zifundisa umphakathi ngamalungelo azo. Izinhlangano (NGOS) ezingezona ezohulumeni njenge- Civil Liberesties Union noma i-Merthom International litigate, iphethe i-advocacy, futhi isekela izinhlangano zotshani. Izinhlangano ze-democratic zichuma lapho kunendawo yomphakathi egcwele lapho izakhamuzi zingahlela futhi zikhulume khona ngokukhululekile.

Ukubaluleka Kwamalungelo: Amandla, Ubulungisa, Nokuqina

Izakhamuzi ziyawazi amalungelo azo futhi ziyawasebenzisa, ukubusa ngentando yeningi kuzenza zibe nezibopho ezihlukene futhi zikhuthazele.

Amandla Ezakhamuzi

Amalungelo anika abantu amandla okusebenza njengezakhamuzi ezikhuthele kunokuba balwele ukuvota. Ilungelo lokuvota linikeza abantu iphimbo eliqondile ekukhetheni abaholi babo. Ilungelo lokubuthana livumela ababhikishi ukuba baphikise izinqubo ezingalungile. Ilungelo lokwaziswa lisiza abavoti ukuba benze izinqumo ezifundile. Izakhamuzi ezinikwe amandla maningi kakhulu ukuba zithathe icala likahulumeni, zinciphise ukonakala nokuzibusa ngokuzikhethela. Ucwaningo lwamalungelo lubonisa ukuthi amazwe anezinga eliphakeme lokuvikelwa anezinga eliphansi kobudlova bezombangazwe kanye nezinga eliphakeme lokuthembana ezikhungweni.

Ubulungisa Bezenhlalo Nokuhlangana

Amalungelo angamathuluzi abalulekile okusingatha ukungalingani komlando nokwakha. Ngokuqinisekisa isivikelo esifanayo nangokunqabela ubandlululo ngezizathu ezinjengohlanga, ubulili, inkolo, noma indlela yobulili, ukwakheka kwamalungelo kusebenza njengesisekelo sobulungisa bezenhlalo. Izimiso zokuthatha isinyathelo sokuqinisa, izindawo zokuhlala ezifanele kubantu abakhubazekile, namalungelo olimi olulinganiselwe wonke umuntu aphuma ekubophekeni ukwenza amalungelo abe angokoqobo kuwo wonke umuntu. Ngaphandle kwezinyathelo ezinjalo, ukulingana okungokomthetho kungafihla ukuhlukana okukhulu ekungeneni nasethubeni.

Ukuqina Kwentando Yeningi Nokuguquka Ngokuthula

Amalungelo avikelwe kahle anciphisa amathuba empi enobudlova. Uma izakhamuzi zinezindlela ezingokomthetho zokuveza izikhalo, ukuncintisana, nokufuna ukuvuselelwa, akunathuba lokuphendukela ekuvukeleni. Izikhulu ezinamarekhodi aqinile alwela amalungelo zivame ukujabulela ukudluliswa ngokuthula okukhulu kwamandla nokuzinza okukhulu phakathi nezinhlekelele. Ngokungafani, lapho amalungelo ephulwa ngokwezimiso, ukuthembana kwezenhlalo kuyancipha, futhi ukuntengantenga kwezombangazwe kuyakhula.

Izinselele Zamalungelo Ezimpi Zombuso

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwazo okuyisisekelo, amalungelo entando yeningi abhekene nezinsongo ezikhulayo ekhulwini lama - 21.

Ukusekela Umlobi Nokubusa Ngentando Yeningi

Emazweni amaningana aye abhekwa njengentando yeningi eqinile, abaholi abakhethiwe baye balulaza izinkantolo ezizimele, balinganisela inkululeko yokunyathelisa, futhi bahlasela abaphikisi bezombangazwe. Lenqubo, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi ukuphambuka kwentando yeningi, ayihileli ukugumbuqelwa ngentando yeningi, njalo ihlanganisa ukuthathwa ngempoqo okungalindelekile; ingenzeka njengoba ohulumeni beqeda amalungelo kuyilapho begcina imbonakalo yokukhetha. Ukuncishiswa kwezingcingo nezilinganiso, izinkantolo ezigcwele abantu, nokuphambana kobugebengu kuyizimpawu eziyisixwayiso. Izakhamuzi nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke kumelwe zihlale ziqaphile ekubikeni imizamo enjalo.

Ubuchwepheshe Bezinqubo Zobuchwepheshe Nezinga Lobuchwepheshe

Ukuguqulwa kwemigomo kuye kwadala imingcele emisha yamalungelo. Izinhlelo zokuhlola inqwaba, ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa yizinkampani ezizimele, nokwenza izinqumo ze-algorithm kungaphazamisa ekuzinzeni nasenqubweni efanele. Amaplatifomu ezenhlalo angandisa kokubili ukuveza izinkulumo ngesihle futhi asakaze i-rediodition elula. Imithetho ethinta ukuvikelwa kwe-data yentando ye-algoric, ukucaca komthetho, nokukhuluma ngezonotha kuyazisusa, kodwa ngokuvamile kubangela ushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe. Ukulinganisela ukuphepha, ukusungula, nokufihla imfihlo kuyinselele ye-demo ye-demodefactronic Foundation yamanje. [[FLT:]]

Ukungalingani Kwezomnotho Nokubanjwa Kwezombangazwe

Ukungalingani okukhulayo kwezomnotho kuguqula ukungalingani kwezombangazwe. Abantu abacebile nezinkampani bangathonya ngokungenakulinganiswa ngomthetho, imikhankaso, nezinhlangano ezilawulayo, kululaze ngokuphumelelayo isimiso sentando yeningi sezwi elilinganayo lezombangazwe. Uma imali ibusa ezombangazwe, amalungelo ezakhamuzi ezivamile okuthi zimelelwe angazikhohliswa. Ukuguqula kwezezimali, ukuvimbela, nezinyathelo zokulwa nokungalungisi zidingekile ukuze kuncishiswe ithonya lemali kwezombangazwe.

Ukusakaza Nokuhlasela Kwamalungelo Amancane

Izinhlangano zePopulist zivame ukuzibonakalisa njengezinqobi "abantu" ezimelene nabaphezulu, kodwa zivame ukuhlasela amaqembu amancane `ahlala kwamanye amazwe, amaqembu ezinhlanga noma amahlelo enkolo, i-LGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye. Ukukhuluma okunjalo kungaholela ekwahluleleni okunciphisa amalungelo, njengemithetho emelene nokunqanda ukugcinwa kwenqubo okufanele, noma imingcele ekunakekeleni ubulili. Ukuvikela amalungelo amancane ngenxa yenzondo yabaningi kuyimpikiswano entando yeningi. Isivikelo somthetho-Stromaster nomthetho-gesaldicium ayisivikelo esidingekile.

Indima Yezakhamuzi Ekuvikeleni Amalungelo

Okokugcina, ukuba namalungelo entando yeningi akusona isimo sokungalawuleki; kudinga ukuthembisana ngokuzikhandla. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zaziswe ngamalungelo azo, ziwasebenzise, futhi zisekele izinhlangano ezizivikelayo. Ukukhuluma nokuhlanganyela ezimpikiswaneni zomphakathi kuyizinyathelo zokuqala, kodwa ukuvikela amalungelo kudinga imithetho engalungile kakhulu, ukusekela izinselele ezingokomthetho, ukunikela ezinhlanganweni zenkululeko yomphakathi, nokubeka izikhulu ezikhethiwe icala. Amalungelo anamandla kuphela njengabantu abazimisele ukuwamelela.

Imfundo inendima eyinhloko. Izikole akumelwe zifundise nje amagama amalungelo kuphela kodwa umongo wawo ongokomlando kanye nokucabanga okungemva kwawo. Ukufunda imithombo yezindaba kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlukanise iqiniso nenkulumo - ze. Futhi isiko lokubekezelelana nokuhloniphana liqinisekisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa amalungelo akunciphisi. Ekugcineni, idemokrasi iyisimiso esidinga ukugcinwa njalo, futhi amalungelo ayisisekelo sayo.

Isiphetho

Ukuba namalungelo edemokrasi kusho ukuba nakho kokubili inkululeko engokomthetho edingekayo ukuze umuntu azisebenzise futhi asebenzise izinqubo zokuhlela ukuze abophe lezo nkululeko. Kuhilela ukuzibopha ekubuseni umthetho, ukulingana, nesithunzi sabantu. Amalungelo anika abantu amandla, akhuthaza ubulungisa, nokuthuthukisa ukuzinza, kodwa awasoze alondeka ngaphandle kwesivikelo esisebenzayo. Njengoba izinsongo ezintsha zivela [1] ekuhloleni okungokwezinqubo zentando yeningi kuya ekuhlukaneni kwezomnotho, izinhlangano, nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke kumelwe zisebenze ndawonye ukusekela amalungelo okwenza idemokhrasi ibe nokwenzeka. Ikusasa lokubusa kwentando yeningi lixhomeke ekuphatheni amalungelo ethu njengefa elilondolozwayo noma njengesivumelwano esiphilayo okumelwe isizukulwane ngasinye siphinde siphinde sivuse.