Ukuqonda Indima Yakho Emphakathini Kuyini Ukuba Izakhamuzi?

Ukuba isakhamuzi kungenye yemiqondo echaza kakhulu emphakathini wanamuhla. Kudlulela ngalé kokuba nencwadi yokungena komphakathi noma ukuzalwa ezweni elithile. Emzamweni wayo, ukuba umzi wakhona, kumelela ubuhlobo obungokomthetho phakathi komuntu nombuso, kuhlanganisa ukushintshisana ngamalungelo, isivikelo, nemithwalo yemfanelo. Lesibopho sihlela indlela abantu abahlanganyela ngayo nohulumeni wabo, bahlanganyele ekuphileni komphakathi, futhi bahlanganyele enhlalakahleni ehlangene yomphakathi wabo. Ukuqonda ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba isakhamuzi kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukubumba umphakathi, uvikele inkululeko yabo siqu, futhi ufeze izibopho zabo kwabanye.

Kuleli zwe eligcwele ukunyakaza, ubuzwe obubili nezinselele zomhlaba wonke, incazelo yezakhamuzi ihlala ikhona. Nokho izimiso zayo eziyisisekelo − ukuthatha uhlangothi, nokulandisa — zisebalulekile njengakuqala. Lesi sihloko sihlola izici ezingokomthetho, zezenhlalo, neziwusizo zezakhamuzi, sinikeza umbono ogcwele ngendima yakho emphakathini.

Ukuchaza Ukuba Izakhamuzi: Okungaphezu Kwesimo Esingokomthetho

Izakhamuzi zingaqondwa ngezindlela eziningi: ezingokomthetho, ezingokombangazwe, nangokwezenhlalo. Ngokomthetho, kuyisikhundla esinikeza umuntu ukuba abe yilungu eligcwele ezweni elithile, kanye nawo wonke amalungelo ahambisana naleli zwe nesivikelo. Ngokwezombangazwe, lisikisela ilungelo lokuhlanganyela ekubuseni, ngokuvamile ngokuvota nangokuphatha. Ngokwezenhlalo, ukuba umzi wesizwe kuhilela umuzwa wokuba yilungu, nokuba ilungu, kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi.

Amazwe ahlukene achaza ubuzwe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, ethonywe umlando wawo, impucuko, namasiko angokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, i-United States igcizelela ubuzibulo (jus soli), kuyilapho amazwe amaningi aseYurophu ethembele kakhulu ekuzalweni (umculo). Umqondo uhlanganisa nezinhlangano zezizwe njenge-European Union, lapho ukuba ummeli we-EU kunikeza amalungelo engeziwe njengasekuthatheni inkululeko nokuvota ePhalamende laseYurophu. Ukuqonda lokhu kushintshashintsha kusiza ekucaciseni amalungelo nemisebenzi onayo njengesakhamuzi, kungaba ekhaya noma kwamanye amazwe.

Isisekelo Esingokomthetho Sokuba Izakhamuzi

Izizwe zonke zimisa imithetho yazo yokuthola nokulahlekelwa ukuba yizakhamuzi. Lemithetho ihlelwe ngokwesiko emithethweni engokomthetho, imithetho yobuzwe, nezivumelwano zezizwe zonke. Kukhona izindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko:

  • I-borrigion Stockhootitutyship (Jus Soli): inikezwa noma ubani ozalelwe endaweni yezwe, kungakhathaliseki ubuzwe babazali bakhe. Lesi simiso sivamile eMelika, kuhlanganise ne-United States, Canada, ne-Brazil. Ikhuthaza ukuvaleka kwezwe futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu ozalwe ezweni unesikhundla esingokomthetho kusukela ekuzalweni kwakhe.
  • I-Citazer nguDescent (Jus Saguinis): ubumi buzuzwe njengefa kubazali oyedwa noma bobabili, kungakhathaliseki indawo umntwana azalelwa kuyo. Amazwe amaningi aseYurophu nawase-Asia alandela lesi sibonelo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Italy inikeza abantu izakhamuzi ezikanye nokhokho bamaTaliyane, ngisho noma umkhaya wabo usuphile kwamanye amazwe izizukulwane, uma izimo ezithile zikhona.
  • Ukubekwa ngokwesiko: Inqubo engokomthetho ethola ngayo izakhamuzi zakwamanye amazwe ngokuzithandela ngemva kokuhlangabezana nezimiso ezithile, njengobukho besikhathi sokuhlala, ikhono, ulwazi ngomlando nemithetho, nomlando wecala elihlanzekile. Ukuzalwa kuhlanganisa isifungo sokwethembeka nomkhosi ophawula ukuguqukela ekwakheni kwesizwe ngokugcwele.

Kwezinye izimo, ubuzwe bungatholakala futhi ngomshado, ngokutshala imali (ngezinye izikhathi okuthiwa “amamvume egolide”), noma izinkonzo ezikhethekile kuhulumeni, njengenkonzo yezempi noma ukuphumelela kwezesayensi. Nokho, lezi zindlela azivamile futhi ngokuvamile zingaphansi kwezimo ezinzima.

Ukulahlekelwa Nokubuyiselwa Kwezakhamuzi

Njengoba nje ubuzwe bungatholakala, bungalahleka futhi ngokuthanda noma ngokungenamdlandla. Ukuzibopha kwenzeka lapho umuntu edela ubuzwe bakhe, ngokuvamile ukuze athole ubunye ubuzwe noma ugweme izibopho ezithile. Ukulahlekelwa okuzenzekelayo kungakwenzeka ngezenzo ezinjengokukhohlisa enqubweni yokuguqula imvelo, inkonzo kwezempi yakwamanye amazwe, noma ukukholwa ekuvukeleni umbuso. Amanye amazwe awavumeli ukuba isakhamuzi esimbaxa - mbili, ngakho ukuzuza ubuzwe obusha kungase kuphumele ngokuzenzakalela ekulahlekelweni kweyakuqala. Ukuqonda lemithetho kugxeka noma ubani ocabangela ukushintsha isikhundla sokuba yizakhamuzi.

Amalungelo Ezakhamuzi: Izivikelo Namalungelo

Ukuba isakhamuzi kunikeza iqoqo lamalungelo ayisisekelo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nokuhlanganyela emphakathini. Lamalungelo ngokuvamile afakwa kumthetho-sisekelo wezwe noma kumthetho welungelo futhi avikelwe ngomthetho. Nakuba uhlu oluqondile luhluka-hluka ngesizwe, amanye amalungelo aqashelwa kabanzi njengesisekelo sezakhamuzi zentando yeningi:

  • Ilungelo lokuqapha nokumela ihhovisi: Izakhamuzi zingakhetha abameleli bazo futhi zikhethwe zona ngokwazo. Lolu uhlobo oluqondile lokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe nesisekelo sentando yeningi yabameleli.
  • [ Inkululeko yokukhuluma nenkulumo:[ Izakhamuzi zingaveza imibono, zigxeke uhulumeni, futhi zingene engxoxweni yomphakathi ngaphandle kokwesaba ukucusumbulwa noma ukuziphindiselela, phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho (njengokuhlambalaza noma ukubhebhethekisa ubudlova).
  • Inkululeko yomhlangano ne-Association:[ Ilungelo lokubuthana ngokuthula, ukwakha amaqembu ezombangazwe, ukuhlangana, nokusungula izinhlangano zomphakathi.
  • [ Access kumfundo:[ Izizwe eziningi ziqinisekisa imfundo ephezulu noma ephezulu ephezulu etholakalayo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi, futhi eziningi zifaka imfundo ephakeme.
  • Izakhamuzi ze-social Security and Welfare:[ zinelungelo lokunikezwa izinkonzo zomphakathi ezinjengokunakekelwa kwempilo, izinzuzo zokungasebenzi, impesheni, kanye nezinhlelo zosizo lwezenhlalo.
  • Isivikelo kuDeportation: Izakhamuzi azinakuxoshwa ezweni lakubo. Leli ilungelo eliyisisekelo elihlukanisa izakhamuzi kulezo ezingezona izakhamuzi.
  • Isivikelo esicutshiwe: Lapho ihamba noma ihlala kwamanye amazwe, izakhamuzi zingafuna usizo ezifundazweni zasemaphandleni akubo nasemikhankasweni.

Lamalungelo awaphelele; alinganiselwe ezimweni ezithile (isizk., ukulondeka kwesizwe, impilo yomphakathi) kodwa kumelwe athethelelwe umthetho futhi ahlolwe. Amandla entando yeningi ngokuvamile alinganiswa ngendlela avikela ngayo amalungelo azo zonke izakhamuzi, kuhlanganise namaqembu amancane.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yezakhamuzi: Imisebenzi Esekela Umphakathi

Amalungelo ahambisana nemithwalo yemfanelo − ama-ditutes izakhamuzi eziwakweleta umbuso wazo kanye nezakhamuzi ezikanye nazo. Lesivumelwano sezenhlalo siqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso siyasebenza futhi umphakathi unezinzuzo eziphelele. Nakuba eminye imithwalo yemfanelo iyizibopho ezingokomthetho, eminye iyimathemba angokomthetho aqinisa ukuphila komphakathi.

Izibopho Ezingokomthetho

  • Ukuqamba uMthetho: Izakhamuzi kumelwe zivumelane nemithetho yezwe lakubo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa yonke into kusukela emiyalweni yomgwaqo kuya emithethweni yobugebengu. Ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaphumela ekukhokheleni, ekujeziseni, noma ekuboshweni.
  • [ Ukukhokha Intela:[ Izimali zentela zentela njengomphakathi wezesisekelo, imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nokuzivikela. Izakhamuzi zidingeka ukuba zikhokhe intela futhi zikhokhe ingxenye yazo esemthethweni, ngokunqunywa umthetho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Jury Duty: Emazweni amaningi omthetho, izakhamuzi zingabizwa ukuba zikhonze emajajini, isici esibucayi sesimiso sobulungisa esiqinisekisa ukulingwa kunqunywa ontanga.
  • Inkonzo eyimfihlo noma Inkonzo Ehlukile: Amanye amazwe adinga inkonzo yezempi ephoqelelwe (imvume) isikhathi esithile. Ezinye zinenye indlela yokungathathi hlangothi esemthethweni kwabanqaba ngenxa kanembeza. Ngisho nalapho izakhamuzi zingabizelwa khona ngokuzithandela ukuvikela isizwe ngezikhathi zempi noma ngezikhathi eziphuthumayo.
  • Ukubhalisa Inkonzo Yokukhetha: e-United States, abesilisa abaneminyaka engu-18-25 kumelwe babhalise nge hlelo leNkonzo Yokukhetha, eligcina uhlu lwemibhalo ebhalwe phansi engenzeka uma kungenzeka umshini ubuyiselwe.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Ebalulekile

Ngaphandle kwemisebenzi engokomthetho, ukuba isakhamuzi esinomthwalo wemfanelo kuhilela ukuthembisana ngokuqhubekayo emphakathini.

  • Ukuhlala: Izakhamuzi kufanele zizifundise ngezenzakalo zamanje, isimiso somphakathi, nezenzo zikahulumeni wazo. Ukhetho olunolwazi lwenza izinqumo ezingcono ebhokisini lokuvota futhi luba nesibopho sokulandisa.
  • [[Ukhetho:0] Ukuvota: Nakuba ukuvota kuyilungelo, futhi kuwumthwalo wemfanelo. Umvoti ophansi unciphisa ubugunya bentando yeningi futhi angaholela ezimisweni ezingabonisi intando yabantu.
  • Ingxenye eMhlabeni: ukuvolontiya, ukuya emihlanganweni yehholo lasedolobheni, ukujoyina izinhlangano zendawo, nokusekela omakhelwane izindlela zokwakha inhloko - dolobha nezokuzinza kwezenhlalo.
  • Ukubheka amalungelo abanye:[ izakhamuzi ezithembekile ziyaqaphela ukuthi inkululeko yazo iphelela lapho amalungelo omunye umuntu eqala khona. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubekezelela imibono ehlukene, amasiko, nendlela yokuphila.
  • Ukuveza ubugebengu nokukhonza njengoFakazi: Ukubambisana nokugcinwa komthetho nesimiso sobulungisa kusiza ekulondolozeni ukulondeka komphakathi nokubusa komthetho.
  • [ Ububanzi obungokobukhoma: Abaningi babheka ukuvikela indawo ezungezile njengomsebenzi womphakathi, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izizukulwane ezizayo zizuza iplanethi ekwazi ukutholakala.

Indima Yokuba Izakhamuzi Ekwakheni Imiphakathi Eqinile

Ukuba isakhamuzi okunempumelelo yinjini ebangela intuthuko yomphakathi nenhlalakahle yomphakathi. Uma abantu bethatha indima yabo njengezakhamuzi, banezela emzweni wokuba abenawo kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo. Lokhu kubonakala ngezindlela eziningi:

Ukuhlanganyela Okuqhubekayo Kwemicikilisho

Izakhamuzi ezikwaziyo ukuzihlanganisa kakhulu nomphakathi wazo zithambekele kakhulu ekuhlanganyeleni ekubuseni kwendawo, ekuhlanganyeleni emihlanganweni yomphakathi, nasekusekeleni intuthuko. Zivota okhethweni lwendawo, zisebenza emabhodini esikole, futhi zibophele ukuhlanzwa komphakathi.

Ukubambisana Nokwethembana Emphakathini

Izakhamuzi zithuthukisa izimpawu ezihlangane ezingahlukanisa izinhlanga, inkolo, nezomnotho. Uma abantu benomuzwa wokuthi bangowesizwe esisodwa, bazimisele kakhulu ukubambisana nokwethembana. Lokhu kuthembana kwezenhlalo kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni kwezomnotho, ukuphepha komphakathi, nokubusa okuphumelelayo. Amazwe anezinga eliphakeme lokuthembana emphakathini athambekele ekubeni namazinga aphansi obugebengu, impilo yomphakathi engcono, kanye nezinhlangano ezingcono.

Amandla Nokusetshenziswa Kwamandla

Izakhamuzi eziqonda amalungelo azo nemithwalo yemfanelo zinikwe amandla okukhuluma ngokumelene nokungabi nabulungisa. Zingakha amaqembu okuthola imali esemthethweni, ziqale izicelo futhi zisebenzise imikhondo engokomthetho ukuze zifune ushintsho. Izinhlangano ezingokomlando zamalungelo omphakathi, ukuvikelwa kwabesifazane, nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile zashukunyiswa izakhamuzi ezenqaba ukwamukela isimo esikhona. Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla, kuhlanganise nezokuxhumana, kwenze kwaba lula ngezakhamuzi ukuhlela nokukhulisa amazwi azo, nakuba ziveza izinselele ezinjengokungamangaliswa nokungahlazi kahle.

Izinselele Ekwakheni Izakhamuzi Ekhulwini Lama - 21

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo okuyinhloko, impikiswano yokuba izakhamuzi ibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu namuhla.

Ukubandlululwa Nokukhishwa Icala

Emazweni amaningi, amanye amaqembu abhekene nezithiyo zokuba isakhamuzi esiphelele. Lokhu kungasekelwe ohlazweni, ebunkweni, ebulilini, ebulilini, noma ekukhubazekeni. Imithetho yokulahla izivumelwano ingavimbela lamaqembu ekuvoteni, ekutholeni imfundo, noma ekutholeni ubuzwe ngokwabo. Ukungabi nabuzwe. .[1] Isimo sokungaqashelwa njengesakhamuzi nganoma yiliphi izwe (asemgangeni) izigidi zabantu emhlabeni wonke, zibashiye bengenamalungelo ayisisekelo nesivikelo. Ukukhuluma nalamaqembu amacala ahlukene kungawasiza ekukhetheni futhi kubaluleke kunoma yimuphi umphakathi obheka ubulungisa.

Ukunganaki Kwezombangazwe Nokunganeliseki

Ukukhomba umvoti nokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe embusweni okhulayo wokungavumelani phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni bazo. Izizathu zihlanganisa ukudunyazwa yizimiso zezombangazwe, ukungathembani kwezombangazwe, nomqondo wokuthi amavoti angabantu ngabanye awabalulekile. Ikakhulukazi, intsha, izizwa ikhishwa ezinqubweni zokwenza izinqumo. Ukuvuselelwa kwalokhu kudinga ukuba imfundo yomphakathi ingene ngokwengeziwe, ukunciphisa imingcele yokuhlanganyela, nokubonisa ukuthi ukungeniswa kwezakhamuzi kungaholela ekushintsheni kwangempela.

Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nokufuduka

Ukuhamba okuthé xaxa kuye kwaholela ekwandeni kwezakhamuzi ezimbili, izikhulumi ezizihambelayo, nezakhamuzi ezihlala isikhathi eside ezingase zizizwe zihlangene kakhulu namazwe amaningi kunamazwe ahlukene. Lokhu kuphikisa imibono engokwesiko yokuba izakhamuzi njengesibopho esisodwa, esikhethekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abafuduki nezisebenzi zesikhashana ngokuvamile abanamalungelo ezakhamuzi nakuba benikela ngezomnotho nangezenhlalo emazweni akubo. Ezinye izazi zisekela imiqondo efana nethi “ukungahlanga” noma“ ukushiya izakhamuzi zesizwe” ezinikeza amalungelo athile asekelwe ezindaweni zokwakha indawo eyodwa, hhayi ebuzweni. Ukulinganisela amalungelo esizwe nenkululeko angokobuntu kuhlala kuyinseleleko enzima.

Ubuchwepheshe Nezokuxhumana

Ukwanda kwe-inthanethi nama-tem communter kuye kwadala isilinganiso esisha se-inthanethi. Abantu manje bahlanganyela emiphakathini ye-inthanethi, bahileleke ekusebenziseni i-actronicism, futhi bangenele izinkonzo zikahulumeni ngemishini ehamba phambili. Nokho, izindaba ezinjengokuhlolwa kwemishini, izimfihlo zemininingwane, ulwazi olunganembile kuyi-webhusayithi, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwemishini kuphakamisa imibuzo ngemibuzo yokuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba isakhamuzi enkathini yobuchwepheshe. Amanye amazwe aye ahlola umthetho “izakhamuzi zesizwe” ngokusebenzisa imishini yobuchwepheshe nokuvota imishini, kodwa lezi zingena ezingozi okumelwe ziqondiswe ngokucophelela.

Ukuqinisa Ukuba Izakhamuzi Ngekusasa

Uma sicabanga ngalezi zinselele, singawuvuselela kanjani umqondo wokuba isakhamuzi?

  • Imfundo ye-CVIC exhunyiwe: Izikole akumelwe zifundise nje kuphela omakhenikha bakahulumeni kodwa futhi nezindinganiso zokuhlanganyela, ukugxeka, nokuhlonipha izinhlobonhlobo. Izinhlelo ezilingisa izinqubo zentando yeningi, njengokhetho olugconayo nemikhandlu yabafundi, zingafundisa umphakathi ukufunda ngezandla.
  • I-Policies ehlanganisa ukuNatura: Amazwe angenza kube lula ngezakhamuzi ezihlala isikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi lezo ezafika zisezinganeni noma ezinengxenye enkulu ezomnotho, ukuze zithole ubuzwe. Izinqubo ezihlohliwe kanye nezindleko ezincishisiwe zinganciphisa imingcele.
  • Ingxenye yendawo ethatha indawo: Ukwenza isinqumo esinenzuzo emazingeni endawo kunikeza izakhamuzi amathuba engeziwe okuthonya izindaba ezithinta ukuphila kwazo kwansuku zonke. Ukuhlanganyela ekuhleleni imali, imikhandlu yomphakathi, kanye nokuhlela umphakathi kuyizibonelo eziphumelelayo.
  • Itechnoloji ebhabhayo: Ohulumeni bangasebenzisa amathuluzi emishini ukwenza izivumelwano zomphakathi zitholakale, njengakuyi-inthanethi yokuvota, amahholo e-octal edolobha, kanye namabhokisi avulekile okwaziswa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kumelwe bavikele ekusongweni kwezezingosi futhi baqinisekise ukufinyelela okulinganayo kobuchwepheshe.
  • Ukuhlanganisa i-Cal of Service:[ Izinhlelo zenkonzo yesizwe (i-civilian noma i-sovile) kungakhuthaza umuzwa wokwenza injongo kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo. Ngisho namathuba okuzithandela angesikhathi esifushane angasiza abantu ukuba baqonde ukubaluleka kokunikela kokuhle okufanayo.

Isiphetho: Indima Yakho Njengezakhamuzi

Ukuba isakhamuzi akulona ilebula elingenzi lutho − kuyindima esebenzayo umuntu ngamunye okumelwe ayikhethe ukuthatha. Nakuba isikhundla esingokomthetho sinikeza amalungelo nesivikelo, amandla eqiniso ezakhamuzi axhomeke ekuhlanganyeleni. Ngokuvota, ukuhlala unolwazi, ukuhlonipha abanye, nokunikela emphakathini wakho, usiza ekulolongeni umphakathi ohlala kuwo. Izinselele zokucwaswa, ukunganaki, nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke zingokoqobo, kodwa azinakungenakunqotshwa. Isibopho esivusemthethweni, esisekelwa yizimiso eziphelele nezinhlangano eziqinile, singaqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zihlala zingumoya wenkululeko, ubulungisa, nokulunga.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyisakhamuzi ngokuzalwa, ngokuzalwa, noma ngokuzalwa, indima yakho ibalulekile.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola lemithombo: United Nations on Human Rights and Comunityship, Britannica engeneni eSizweni [, kanye iGuardian emlandweni wesizwe [.