Table of Contents

Imihlangano yekomiti yeCongress imelela enye yezingxenye ezibucayi kakhulu kodwa ezivame ukungaqondwa kahle kwenqubo yemithetho yaseMelika. Lemibuthano engokomthetho isebenza njengegumbi lenjini leSishaya-mthetho, lapho kwenziwa khona umsebenzi oningiliziwe wokwenza, ukuhlola, nokucwenga ngaphambi kokuba izindleko zifike eMzini noma eSihlalweni seNkantolo. Ukuqonda okwenzekayo kule mihlangano kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngendlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo nendlela ukulandisa kukahulumeni okugcinwa ngayo eUnited States.

Ayini Amakomiti Obumbano?

Amakomiti emithetho akhethekile angamaqembu ezishaya - mthetho asebenza ngokuhlola izindawo ezithile ezingokomthetho, ukuqondisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni, nokuqondisa umsebenzi wemithetho yeziKhomishane. AmaKomiti abalulekile ekusebenzeni okuphumelelayo kwezindikimba zomthetho, enza amalungu akwazi ukuthuthukisa ulwazi olukhethekile lwezindaba ngaphansi kwegunya lawo lapho ehlola imisebenzi kahulumeni eqhubekayo, ahlukanise izindaba ezifanele ukubukezwa kwemithetho, aqoqe futhi ahlole ukwaziswa, futhi atuse izifundo zezenzo.

Isimiso sekomiti savela esidingweni esiwusizo. Ekuqaleni sasihloselwe ukuxoxa ngomthetho wesikhashana weKomiti ye-Whole, isimiso samakomiti sakhula futhi sakhula phakathi nekhulu le-19 kanye nobukhulu bukahulumeni, namakomiti amaningi akhethiwe aba amakomiti amile. Le nguquko yaguqula amakomiti aba izilinganiso ezihlala njalo ezinezikhundla nemithwalo yemfanelo emisiwe.

Izinhlobo Zamakomiti Ombuso

Ukuqonda lezi zakhiwo ezihlukene zamakomiti kudingekile ukuze siqonde ukuthi umsebenzi wobuhlanga uhlelwe futhi ufezwe kanjani.

Amakomiti Amile

Amakomiti amile amiswe ngokuhlala njalo ngaphansi kwemithetho emisiwe yeSigele futhi asebenza kakhulu ekucabangeleni izindawo ezithile eziyinhloko, futhi iSigele njengamanje sinamakomiti amile ayi-16. Indlu inamakomiti angu-20 amile. Lamakomiti asingatha umsebenzi omkhulu womthetho futhi anegunya lokubika izikweletu egumbini eligcwele.

Amakomiti amile ayimikhandlu ehlala njalo enemithwalo yemfanelo ekhethekile kanye nemithetho echazwe eMthethweni, futhi nakuba amanye amakomiti edala njengeSigele ngokwaso, iSigele sishintsha ngezikhathi ezithile amagama nezikhundla zamakomiti amile ukuze sixazulule izindaba zesizwe esijikelezayo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iKomiti ye-Appropriations, iKomiti ye-Admittession, iKomiti yezezezimali, ne-Komiti ye-Judiciary.

Khetha Amakomiti Akhethekile

Ikomiti ekhethiwe noma ekhethekile iyikomiti emiswe ukuba yenze umsebenzi okhethekile ongaphezu kwegunya noma isikhundla sekomiti emile, ngokuvamile enziwa ngesinqumo esichaza imisebenzi yayo namandla nezinqubo zokumisa amalungu ayo. Ngokuvamile amakomiti akhethayo ahlola izindaba ezintsha ezingafanelani kahle nemithetho yekomiti ekhona noma enqunywe phakathi kwemingcele ekhona, futhi kungaba ngeyokugcina noma yesikhashana.

Amakomiti akhethiwe futhi akhethekile ngokuvamile aphenyiswa esikhundleni sokuhlelwa kwemithetho, nakuba amanye enegunya lokuhlela nokubika umthetho, futhi ikomiti ekhethiwe ngokuvamile iphelelwa ukusebenza lapho iqeda imisebenzi yayo emisiwe, nakuba ingavuselelwa. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa iSigele Khetha iKomiti Yobuhlakani namakomiti ahlukahlukene aphenyayo akhiwe ukuba ahlole izindaba ezithile noma amahlazo.

AmaKomiti Ahlangene

Amakomiti ahlangene akhiwa amalungu ayo yomibili iNdlu neSishayandlela, futhi amakomiti ahlala njalo ahlangene aqhuba izifundo noma enze imisebenzi yokulungisa indlu kunokuba acabangele izinyathelo, njengeKomiti Yobulungu ekunyatheliseni eqondisa imisebenzi yeHhovisi Lokunyathelisa likaHulumeni nezindlela zokunyathelisa ezivamile zikahulumeni. Amakomiti ahlangene avame ukumiswa ngezimiso ezilinganiselwe futhi ngokuvamile antula igunya lokubika umthetho, kanye nesihlalo esivame ukuhlukanisa iSishaya-Phondo ngasinye esisuka eGangeni le House neSishayamthetho.

AmaKomiti Engqungquthela

Ikomiti yengqungquthela iyikomiti yesikhashana ehlangene ukuze ixazulule ukungezwani phakathi kwezinguqulo zeNdlu encintisanayo neSigeqe, ukuvumelana phakathi kwezikhundla zamakamelo amabili abekwayo ukuze avunyelwe. La makomiti anendima ebalulekile ekubuyiseleni kabusha izinguqulo ezihlukahlukene zemithetho, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwenqubo yengqungquthela yesimiso kuye kwancipha emashumini eminyaka amuva.

Izivumelwano Ezingaphansi

Amakomiti amaningi akha izibopho ezingaphansi ukuze ahlanganyele imisebenzi ethile enqubeni yekomiti egcwele, neziphathi ezingaphansi ezinomthwalo wemfanelo kumakomiti abazali bazo futhi zisebenze ngaphakathi kweziqondiso ezimiswe yibo. Amakomiti akhona ngokuvamile akha izibopho ezincane ezinegunya lemithetho lokucabangela nokubika izikweleti, azinike imisebenzi ethile efana nokucabangela kokuqala nokuqondisa imithetho nezinhlelo ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwekomiti. Lesi sakhiwo sivumela ukugxila ngokwengeziwe ezicini ezithile zekomiti efuna ukuba iziqondiso ezibanzi.

Izinjongo Eziyinhloko Zemihlangano Yamakomiti

Imihlangano yamakomiti ifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile enqubweni yokumiswa kwenhlangano, ngayinye inikela ekuphumeleleni kwegatsha lonke lokushaya umthetho.

Ukubukeza Nokwanda Kwemithetho

Indima ebonakalayo kakhulu yemihlangano yekomiti ihlanganisa ukuhlola umthetho ohlongozwayo. Ngokuvamile isinyathelo sokuqala kulenqubo ukuqulwa kwecala kwasobala, lapho amalungu ekomiti ezwa khona ofakazi abamelela imibono ehlukahlukene kulesilinganiso. Lokhu kuvumela amakomiti ukuba aqoqe ukwaziswa okubanzi ngemiphumela engenzeka, izinzuzo, kanye nezikweletu zezikweletu ezihlongozwayo ngaphambi kokuba enze ukutusa endlini yonke.

AmaKomiti anamandla okuhlela umthetho ngokuphawulekayo ngenqubo yokulungisa. Ngemva kokuba ukuzwa sekuqediwe, isaziso sicatshangelwa esiqephini esaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi "uphawu-up" isimiso, lapho amalungu ekomiti ehlola khona imibono enikezwa ngokuningiliziwe futhi elungiswa kunganikezwa khona imali, amalungu ekomiti avotelwe ukwamukela noma ukwenqaba lezinguquko. Lenqubo yokucwiywa kwemali imelela izinga elibucayi lapho izikweletu zingabukezwa khona ngokuphawulekayo, zithuthukiswe, noma ziphinde zibhalwe phansi ngokuphelele.

Ukuphatha Igatsha Eliphethe

ISishaya-mthetho siye saqondisa igatsha eliphethe ngokomlando − ngokuqondiswe ngokuqondile ukubukezwa, ukuqashwa, nokuqondisa ukumiswa kwemithetho(*) futhi ukuqulwa kwamacala kungelinye inqubo ikomiti engayisebenzisa ekuhloleni lokhu. Ngokulalela, amakomiti ahlola indlela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezisebenzisa ngayo imithetho, ukusebenzisa izimali ezihambelanayo, nokufeza izimfuneko zazo. Lo msebenzi wokwengamela usebenza njengendlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokuhlola amandla empathinti futhi uqinisekisa ukulandisa kwemisebenzi kahulumeni.

Umtapo womtholalwazi

Icala eliphenyiswayo lihlukile kunecala lomthetho noma lokuqondisa ngoba uphengululo luhlanganisa ukumangalelwa kokungalungi kobubi. Amakomiti eSishayamthetho anamandla amakhulu okuhlola ukuthi angahlola ukuziphatha okubi, udoti, ukukhwabanisa, noma ukuxhaphaza ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni noma ezindabeni zomphakathi. Lokhu kuhlola kungaholela ezinguqulweni zemithetho, izigebengu, noma izinguquko ezimisweni kahulumeni.

Ukuqinisekiswa Kwemigomo Yomongameli

Amakomiti esigele anegunya lokubeka icala ngezikhulu zikamongameli nangamacala ezikhulu zokwahlulela ezisebusweni bawo, njengoba uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iSigele amandla "ekuhlolweni nasemvumeni" ekuhlolweni komongameli. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa kuvumela abameleli ukuba babuze izimfanelo zabo, imibono yabo, kanye nezingxabano ezingase zivele ngaphambi kokuvota ukuthi batusa ukuqinisekiswa eSigedeni esigcwele.

Izinhlobo Zezindaba Zamakomiti

Imihlangano yamakomiti ingaba nezindlela ezihlukahlukene kuye ngezinjongo zayo nangebhizinisi eliqhutshwayo. Ukulalela kuyindlela amalungu ekomiti aqoqa ngayo ukwaziswa, futhi ibhizinisi elizoxoxwa ngayo lingahlukaniswa ngezindlela ezine: ukushaya umthetho, ukwengamela, ukuhlola, nokucabangela ukuhlobana kobumongameli.

Izindlebe Ezingokomthetho

Uhlobo olujwayelekile lwezimemezelo zomphakathi luhlanganisa ukwaziswa ngendaba eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ebheke phambili ekulindeleni ukuthi ekugcineni ikomiti izophawula futhi ibike umthetho. Phakathi nokuqulwa kwemithetho, amakomiti amema ofakazi abangochwepheshe, ababambisi bemigoqo, izikhulu zikahulumeni, namalungu omphakathi ukuba anikeze ubufakazi ezikweletini ezihlongozwayo. Lobufakazi busiza amalungu ekomiti ukuba aqonde imininingwane yezobuchwepheshe, imiphumela engenzeka, kanye nemiqondo ehlukahlukene engokomthetho ocatshangelwayo.

Ukuqapha Izindlebe

Inqubo yokuzwa ngokuqondisisa inqubo ikomiti engayisebenzisa ekuhloleni igatsha eliphethe. La macala agxila ekuhloleni indlela imithetho esetshenziswa ngayo, ukuthi izinhlangano zisebenza ngokuphumelelayo futhi ngokuphumelelayo yini, nokuthi izinhlelo zikahulumeni ziyazifeza yini izinjongo zazo ezihloswe. Ukuzwa ngokucuphe kakhulu kungahlola ukuhlelwa kwemali, izenzo zokuqondisa, ukusebenza kwezinhlelo, noma izindlela zokuqondisa izinhlangano.

Ukucwaninga Ngezindlebe

Ukuqulwa kwecala okuphenyisiwe kuhlukile kunokuzwa kwemithetho noma ukuqondisa ngoba uphengululo luvame ukuhilela ukumangalelwa kobubi. Lokhu kuqulwa kwamacala ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa ukuphenywa kwemibuzo eminingi ewubufakazi futhi kungahlanganisa nofakazi abaphakanyiswayo, ukukhiqizwa kwezincwadi, nokuhlolwa okunemininingwane yezenzakalo ezithile noma izindlela zokuziphatha. Ukuqulwa kwezindlebe zobuphekula kungabangela ukunakwa okukhulu nokudluliswa kwezindaba, ikakhulukazi uma kuhilela izindaba noma izinsolo zokuziphethe.

Ukuqinisekisa Izindlebe

Ukugunyazwa kwezindaba kuSigele kuvumela amalungu ekomiti ukuba angabaze izikhundla zomongameli wegatsha, izikhulu zikahulumeni, nezinye izimemezelo ezifuna ukuqinisekiswa kweSigele. Lokhu kuqulwa kwamacala kunikeza ithuba lokuhlola izimfanelo zesikhulu, okuhlangenwe nakho, imibono yokwahlulela noma inqubo, kanye nezingxabano ezingase zibe khona zesithakazelo. Ikomiti ivotela ukuthi izotusa ukumiswa kwesiGabhule sezenteko.

Izinqubo Nemithetho Yomhlangano WamaKomiti

Amakomiti e - Congress asebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ehleliwe enemininingwane eminingi elawula indlela imihlangano eqhutshwa ngayo, aqinisekisa ukuthi iqhutshwa kanjani, ihlelwe kahle, ingakhethi, futhi ihlelwe ngokuhlelekile.

Phawula Izimfuneko

Ikomiti ngayinye yenza obala usuku, indawo nezihloko zanoma ikuphi ukuzwa ekwenzayo, futhi izimemezelo zomphakathi zikhishwa futhi engxenyeni yeDaily Digest yeCongregal Record. Isihlalo kudingeka simemezele usuku, indawo, nezihloko zendaba ngayinye, ezingase zingaqali ngaphambi kwesonto ngemva kwesaziso esinjalo. Lemfuneko yangaphambili iqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu athakazelayo, abezindaba, futhi umphakathi unesikhathi esanele sokulungiselela nokuya ekomitini.

Imihlangano yezebhizinisi, izimfuneko zezaziso ezihlukene ziyasebenza. Izihlalo zamakomiti zinikeza isaziso somphakathi semihlangano yebhizinisi, engeke iqale ngaphambi kosuku lwesithathu ngemva kwesaziso esinjalo. Isaziso somhlangano singase siphazanyiswe yivoti yekomiti, i-vorrum yokuthengiseka kwebhizinisi elikhona, noma uma isihlalo, nokuvumelana kwelungu eliphezulu, sinquma ukuthi kunesizathu esihle sokwenza kanjalo, uma uma isihlalo sinikeza isaziso sosuku elisha "ngesikhathi sokuqala ngqá esingenzeka"."

Vulani Izimfuneko Zokuhlangana

Umhlangano ngamunye wokuthengiselana kwebhizinisi, kuhlanganise nokubekwa kwemithetho yekomiti, uyovulelwa umphakathi ngaphandle uma ikomiti ehlelweni elivulekile futhi ine-moreum ekhona inquma ngokuvota okubhaliwe ukuthi bonke noma ingxenye yomhlangano osele ngalolo suku iyovalwa umphakathi ngenxa yokuthi ukuthululwa kwezindaba okuzocatshangelwa ukuthi kungasongela ukulondeka kwesizwe, kungahlehlisa ukwaziswa komthetho okungalawuleki, kungathambekela ekuhlabeni ihlazo, noma ekuhlazweni noma ekuthatheni noma yimuphi umuntu, noma ngandlelanye kuphule noma kunoma yimuphi umthetho obalulekile noma iMiyalo yeNdlulo yabameleli.

Lemfuneko yokubonana iqinisekisa umphakathi ukuba ulandisa ngenkathi unikeza ukulandisa okudingekile ezindabeni ezibucayi. Ikomiti kanye nekomiti yezebhizinisi okuncane kumelwe kuvulekelwe umphakathi, kuhlanganise nokusakaza umsakazo nethelevishini futhi kuqhubeke nokuthatha izithombe, nakuba ikomiti ingase iqhubele ukuvota okuqoshiwe esiqeshini esivulekile, amalungu amaningi abekhona, ukuvala wonke noma ingxenye esele yokuqulwa uma kuvezwa ubufakazi, ubufakazi, noma ezinye izindaba okumelwe zicatshangelwe kuyobeka engozini ukulondeka kwesizwe, kungahlehlisa ukugcinwa komthetho ozwelayo, noma kuphula umthetho noma umthetho owenziwa eNdlukeni.

Izimfuneko Ze - quorum

AmaKomiti kumelwe abe nenani elilinganiselwe lamalungu akhona okuqhuba ibhizinisi elingokomthetho. Izimfuneko zoQuorum ziyahluka-hluka ngekomiti nangohlobo lwebhizinisi eliqhutshwayo. Ngokuvamile, amakomiti amisa imithetho yawo siqu ye-produm phakathi kwemithetho ebekwe yindlu neSishaya-mthetho. Ukuze abike umthetho, amakomiti adinga ukugcinwa kwemithetho ephakeme kunasekuqhubeni icala noma ekunikezeni ubufakazi.

Imisebenzi Yokusakaza

Ekuphetheni kwesinqumo, kuthathwa ivoti yekomiti noma amalungu ekomiti angaphansi ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi isiphi isinyathelo okufanele sithathe isilinganiso, futhi kungabikwa, ngokulungisa noma ngaphandle kokulungisa, okusho ukuthi ngeke kuthathe esinye isinyathelo kuyo. Amakomiti angavota ngezwi, ngokuvota (ukuma), noma ukuvota okubhaliwe, kuye ngemithetho yekomiti kanye nokukhetha kwamalungu ayo. Amavoti aqopha umlando adala umbhalo wasobala wendlela ilungu ngalinye elivota ngayo, elithuthukisa ukulandisa.

Imithetho Yekomiti Nezinqumo

ISigele Esimile Umthetho XXVI sifuna ukuba ikomiti ngayinye yamukele futhi ikhiphe imithetho yayo siqu, futhi lemithetho kumelwe ivumelane nemithetho emisiwe yeSigele yokuqondisa izinqubo zekomiti. Lokhu kuvumela amakomiti ukuba avumelanise izinqubo zawo nezidingo zawo ezithile kuyilapho egcina ukuvumelana nemithetho ye-commission. Amakomiti avame ukusebenzisa imithetho yawo ekuqaleni kweSishaya-Mkhandlu ngasinye futhi angayilungisa ngokudingekile.

Abahlanganyeli Abayinhloko Emihlanganweni YamaKomiti

Imihlangano yamakomiti ihilela abahlanganyeli abahlukahlukene, ngamunye ufeza izindima ezihlukene kulezi zenzakalo.

Isihlalo Sekomiti

Isihlalo sekomiti, ngokuvamile esiyilungu leqembu elikhulu, siqondisa imihlangano yamakomiti futhi silawula ngokuphawulekayo uhlelo lwekomiti, isimiso, kanye nokusebenza. Isihlalo sinquma ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti ezizocatshangelwa, uma kuzoba namaphi amacala, lapho kumenyelwa ofakazi, nokuthi isikhathi somhlangano sini esizobekwa. Isihlalo sekomiti ngayinye emile sisho isihlalo esinguphisishawe wezinjongo zokwangamela imihlangano lapho isihlalo singekho epurussantin ukuya eNdwini yomthetho-XI, isiqeshana 2 (d).

Amandla esihlalo ahlanganisa ukulawula ukuqhubekeka kwengxoxo, ukuqaphela amalungu akhuluma noma abuze imibuzo, nokubusa ezindabeni ezingokwesiko. Lesikhundla sinethonya eliqinile kunoma yimuphi umthetho othuthukiswayo nendlela imithombo yamakomiti esetshenziswa ngayo.

Ilungu Elihamba Ngezinyawo

Ilungu eliphethe liyilungu elikhulu leqembu elincane ekomitini. Lona usebenza njengomholi weqembu elincane ekomitini, ehlela icebo leqembu elincane, ekhetha ofakazi abambalwa, futhi ngokuvamile esebenza ngesihlalo ezindabeni ezingokwendawo. Izinguquko zahlanganisa imvume yokuba amalungu asemaqenjini amancane akhethe futhi abize ofakazi. Ilungu elisesikhundleni esiphezulu linikeza izinkulumo zokuvula ezimelela umbono weqembu elincane futhi lisebenzise isikhathi esabelwe amalungu eqenjini elincane phakathi nokuzwa.

Amalungu EKomiti

Iqembu ngalinye labela amalungu alo amakomiti, futhi ikomiti ngayinye yabela amalungu ayo phakathi kwezibopho eziphansi. Amalungu eKomiti ahlanganyela ekuqulweni kwezindaba ngokubuza ofakazi, ngokuphikisana ngomthetho, ngokunikeza izinguquko, nangokuvota ebhizinisini lekomiti. Amalungu athuthukisa ubuchwepheshe ezindaweni eziyinhloko zekomiti yawo futhi ngokuvamile akhonza emakomitini nasemakomitini angaphansi amaningi.

ISigele sibeka imingcele enanini nasezinhlotsheni zezigaba noma imuphi umninindlu angase asebenze esihlalweni nasesihlalweni. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izabelo zamakomiti zabelwa ngisho nangokuqhathaniswa nokuthi amalungu anganikeza ukunakekela okwanele emithwalweni yawo yekomiti.

OFakazi

OFakazi banikeza ubufakazi, ukwaziswa, nochwepheshe emakomitini. Bangase bahlanganise izikhulu zikahulumeni, ochwepheshe bezemfundo, abameleli bezimboni, abaholi bamaqembu abusayo, nezakhamuzi ezizimele ezithintelwe umthetho noma izindaba ezicatshangelwayo. OFakazi ngokuvamile banikeza ubufakazi obubhaliwe kusengaphambili bese bevela phambi kwekomiti ukuze banikeze izinkulumo nezimpendulo kumalungu.

Ngokushesha ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala, amakomiti amaningi afaka ubufakazi kumawebhusayithi awo, nakuba lezi zincwadi zivame ukungahlanganisi ingxenye yemibuzo nempendulo yecala. Le mibhalo yenza umbhalo womphakathi wokwaziswa okunikezwa ikomiti.

UStaff weKomiti

Amalungu ekomiti yochwepheshe adlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni imisebenzi yamakomiti. Aqhuba ukucwaninga, umthetho ohlelayo, alungise izinto ezifingqiwe zamalungu, ahlele ukuthethwa kwezindlebe, axhumane nofakazi, futhi aphathe imisebenzi yokuphatha. Amalungu asebenzayo avame ukuba nolwazi olujulile ezindaweni zezihloko zekomiti futhi anikeze ukuqhubekeka kwamalungu akhethiwe eza nahamba.

Iningi lamaqembu namaqembu amancane lihlala lisebenza ngokuhlukene emakomitini, futhi iningi lilawula izikhundla zezisebenzi ezengeziwe nengcebo. Amalungu asebenzayo asebenza ngokuseduze namalungu aklama amasu okumisa imithetho, ahlaziya izindlela zokukhetha, futhi alungiselele ukuzwa nokuqopha.

Inqubo YeKomiti Ye - Marko

Le simiso sokukhalisa simelela enye yezigaba ezibaluleke kakhulu enqubweni yekomiti, lapho kucwengisiswa khona umthetho, ulungiswe, futhi ulungiselelwe ukucatshangelwa kwegumbi eliphelele.

Okwenzeka Phakathi Nophawu

Ngemva kokuba ukuqulwa kwecala sekuqediwe, isambathiso sicatshangelwa esiqephini esaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi "isibonakaliso-up", lapho amalungu ekomiti ehlola khona imibono enikezwa ngokuningiliziwe futhi elungiswayo kunganikezwa khona imali, amalungu ekomiti avotelwe ukwamukela noma alahle lezinguquko. Phakathi nokwenqaba, ikomiti ihamba ngengxenye yemali ngengxenye, icabangela ukuhlelwa kwemiyalulo futhi yenza izinguquko embhalweni we-proconstruct.

Amalungu anganikeza izinguquko ukuze anezele, asuse, noma alungise amalungiselelo emali. Lezi zinguquko ziyaphikiswana, futhi ikomiti ivotela ukuthi ingabamukela yini. Inqubo yokunyusa ingaba nengxabano, ikakhulukazi emthethweni ophikiswayo, namalungu avela emaqenjini ahlukene noma anemibono ehlukile enikeza izinguquko ezincintisanayo.

Ukubika Imithetho

Uma ikomiti ivume ukuvunywa kwezinhlelo ezinkulu, bangase banqume ukubika isimemezelo esisha esihlanganisa zonke izinguquko, ezibizwa ngokuthi "umthetho ohlanzekile" futhi ezizokuba nenombolo entsha. Lendlela ehlanzekile yokubhala ifaka umbhalo wesishaya-mthetho futhi yenza kube lula ukuba igumbi eligcwele licabangele lomthetho.

Uma amavoti ekomiti ezobika isikweleti, umbiko wekomiti ubhaliwe, ochaza injongo kanye nezinga lesilinganiso nezizathu zokutuswa kokwamukelwa. Umbiko wekomiti unikeza umongo obalulekile wokuqonda lomthetho futhi usebenza njengomthombo oyinhloko womlando wemithetho inkantolo nezinhlangano ezingase ziwuhlole lapho zichaza umthetho.

Ukukhetha Isenzo Sekomiti

Ngemva kokucabangela izindleko, amakomiti anezinketho eziningana. Angabika kahle izimali, atusa ukuba igumbi eligcwele lizidlulise. Bangabika izindleko ngokulungisa, okubonisa izinguquko okufanele zenziwe. Bangabika imali ngokungafanele, nakuba lokhu kuyivelakancane ngoba amakomiti avele angafuni ukwenza lutho ezikweletini aphikisana nazo. Noma bangafaka isikhwama, basenzele ngokuphumelelayo ngokungenzi lutho.

Isinqumo sokungathathi hlangothi esivumelwaneni sivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ukushaya ikomiti". Izindleko eziningi ezisungulwe eSixukwini azilokothi zihlolwe yikomiti futhi zimane ziphele ekupheleni kwesimiso somhlangano. Lo msebenzi wokugcina isango uvumela amakomiti ukuba ahluze umthetho ongenakusekelwa okwanele noma ongenanzuzo.

Ukutholakala Ngokubona Kahle Nokungena Komphakathi

Amakomiti anamuhla ezinhlangano asebenza ngokubona okuphawulekayo, evumela ukuhlolisiswa komphakathi kwemisebenzi nezinqumo zawo.

Ababekhona Obala Nezikhungo Zokusakaza

Noma nini lapho noma ikuphi ukuzwa noma umhlangano owenziwa yikomiti uvulekele umphakathi, lezo zenzakalo ziyoba zivulekele ukuhlanganiswa ngezindlela zomsindo nezezinto ezibonwayo ezinikezwe eMthethweni we-XI, isigqebhezana sesine seMiyalo yeNdlu yabameleli futhi ngaphansi kwemingcele yayo. Lokhu kuvumela abezindaba ukuba basakaze izindaba zekomiti futhi benze izakhamuzi zikwazi ukubuka izindaba emapulatifomuni ahlukahlukene, kuhlanganise namawebhusayithi amakomiti kanye ne-C-STAP.

Ikhono lokuqaphela izinqubo zekomiti lithuthukisa ukulandisa kwentando yeningi ngokuvumela umphakathi ubone ukuthi abameleli bawo benza kanjani imisebenzi yabo yokushaya umthetho. Izakhamuzi zingaqaphela indlela amalungu aphikisana ngayo nofakazi, izimpikiswano zenkulumo - mpikiswano, kanye namavoti emithetho.

Ukukwazi Ukuthola Amarekhodi Amakomiti

I-transkript yobufakazi obuthathwa enkantolo yecala yenziwa yatholakala ukuze kuhlolwe ihhovisi lekomiti, futhi i-computer ephelele inyatheliswa futhi isakazwe njalo yikomiti. AmaKomiti anikeza ithuba lokungena ku-webcastry yecala elibonisa ukuqulwa kwalo lonke. La marekhodi akha inqolobane yasobala ehlala njalo yemisebenzi yekomiti.

Amawebhusayithi amakomiti avame ukunikeza izinqubo zokulalela, ubufakazi, imibiko yamakomiti, amarekhodi okuvota, ne - video egciniwe yezenzakalo ezidlule. Lokhu kutholakala nge - Internet kuye kwandisa kakhulu ukutholakala komphakathi emsebenzini wekomiti yenhlangano uma kuqhathaniswa nenkathi yangaphambili lapho kutholakala ukwaziswa okunjalo okudingeka eWashington noma kucelwa ngeposi.

Ukulinganiselwa Kokubona Ingaphandle

Nakuba ibhizinisi lekomiti lisemdlalweni, ezinye izinto zikhona ngaphandle kwamalungu ekomiti namalungu endlu, izihambeli, ikhomishane, izisebenzi zombuso, noma abameleli bezemisebenzi abagunyazwe yikomiti ukuba babe khona, kungenzeka ukuthi abakhona emhlanganweni wezebhizinisi oqhutshelwa esimisweni sezikhulu. Lezi zikhathi ezivaliwe, nakuba zingavamile, zivumela amakomiti ukuba axoxe ngokwaziswa okuhlelwa, izindaba zokugcinwa komthetho ezibucayi, noma ezinye izindaba eziyimfihlo.

Indima Yemihlangano YamaKomiti Enqubweni Yomthetho

Imihlangano yamakomiti isesikhungweni esiyinhloko enqubweni ebanzi yemithetho, isebenza njengendawo eyinhloko lapho kwenziwa khona umsebenzi wezomthetho oningiliziwe.

Umsebenzi wokugcina amasango

Amakomiti asebenza njengabagcini-sango, anqume ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti ezithathwa ngokungathi sína naziphi ezingathathwa. Lo msebenzi wokuhlunga ubalulekile unikezwa izinkulungwane zezikweleti ezisungulwe eMkhandlwini ngamunye. Ngokugxilisa ukunakekela nemithombo engokomthetho enamathemba angempela okudlula noma ukusingatha izindaba zezimiso ezibalulekile, amakomiti asiza ekuqondiseni ukusebenza kwengqungquthela futhi aqinisekise ukuthi isikhathi esisesitezini sisetshenziswa ngokunempumelelo.

Amandla okugcina amasango asho ukuthi izihlalo zamakomiti namalungu asebenzisa ithonya elikhulu ezimisweni zomthetho.

Intuthuko Ephambili

Isimiso sekomiti sivumela amalungu ukuba athuthukise ulwazi olukhethekile ezindaweni ezithile ezingokomthetho. Ngokukhonza emakomitini afanayo enqamule amaBhunga amaningi, amalungu aba ochwepheshe ezindabeni ezinjengokulima, ukuzivikela, intela, noma ukunakekelwa kwempilo.

Lapho izikweletu zifika phansi, amanye amalungu avame ukulalela ukwahlulelwa kwamalungu amakomiti aye ahlola lezindaba ngokujulile futhi ezwa ubufakazi obuningi obuvela kochwepheshe nakulabo abaphethe.

Ukwakha IConsensus

Imihlangano yamakomiti inikeza imvume yokwakha umthetho. Ngenqubo yokuzwa nokunyusa, amalungu angabona izindawo zesivumelwano, ukuvumelana, nomthetho wobuciko ongadonsa ukusekela okubanzi. Ikomiti ivumela inqubo yokulungisa izikweleti, ihlanganise ukunikeza impendulo kwabafakeli bezimali abahlukene nokuxoxa ngezimo eziphakanyiswa amalungu amaqembu noma izifunda ezihlukahlukene.

Imithetho evela ekomitini ngokusekela kwe-bipartisan ngokuvamile inamathemba angcono okudlula phansi nakamuva kokumiswa kwenqubo ephumelelayo. Ngakho inqubo yekomiti isebenza njengenqubo ebalulekile yokwakha imifelandawonye edingekayo ukuze kumiswe umthetho esimisweni esiklanyelwe ukudinga isivumelwano esikhulu.

Izinselele Nokugxeka Kwesimiso Sekomiti

Nakuba isimiso sekomiti sinikeza izinzuzo ezibalulekile, sibhekana futhi nezinselele ezihlukahlukene nokugxekwa okuthinta ukusebenza nokuphumelela kwayo.

Ukwahlukana

Ukwanda kokuhlukaniswa kwezindawo kuye kwathinta imisebenzi yamakomiti, ngezinye izikhathi kunciphisa indlela yokubambisana, yokufaka ibhapatithe umsebenzi ophawulwe ngokomlando. Ezimpikiswaneni eziphikisanayo, ukuqulwa kwamakomiti kungaba okuhlukanisa kakhulu, amalungu avote angene emaqenjini futhi asebenzise ukuqulwa kwezindaba ukuze adlulisele imiyalezo yezombangazwe kunokuphenya okuqotho.

Lokhu kuhlukanisa kunganciphisa izinga lokuhlela ukumiswa kwemithetho futhi kukwenze kube nzima kakhulu ukwakha isivumelwano esidingekayo ukuze kuxazululwe izinselele zenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi. Kungaholela nasekusetshenzisweni kwezinqubo zamakomiti ukuze kutholakale inzuzo ehlukene kunokuba kuthuthukiswe isimiso sokuzilawula.

Ukugxilisa Amandla

Izihlalo zamakomiti zisebenzisa amandla anele phezu kwezinhlelo nemisebenzi yamakomiti azo. Nakuba ukubekwa kwegunya kungathuthukisa ukuphumelela, kungaholela nasezimweni lapho izihlalo ngazinye zingakuvumeli ukucatshangelwa komthetho osekela amanye amalungu. Isimiso esiphambili sokuthi ukuhola kwamakomiti okunqunyelwe ngokwesiko siye sashintshwa kodwa sisathinta izabelo zamakomiti nokukhethwa kobuholi.

Ukunqanda Ukusetshenziswa Kohlelo Oluvamile

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Emashumini eminyaka amuva, abaholi benhlangano baye bawayeka kakhulu amakomiti angokwesiko angokomthetho omkhulu, ukuxoxa ngezikweletu emahhovisi abaholi futhi bawabeke phansi ngokuqondile. Lokhu kululaza indima yesimiso sekomiti futhi kunciphisa amathuba okucabangisisa nokulungisa umthetho.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwezimo zanamuhla ngokuvamile kudinga ubuchwepheshe obukhulu obungase budlule imithombo yamakomiti, ikakhulukazi amakomiti amancane noma asebenzelana nezindaba ezisheshayo ezinjengobuchwepheshe noma ukuncishiswa kwezimiso zezobuchwepheshe.

Indlela Yokulandela Imisebenzi Yamakomiti

Izakhamuzi ezinesithakazelo ekulandeleni umsebenzi wekomiti yezinhlangano zinemithombo eminingi yokulandelela imisebenzi yamakomiti nokuthola ukwaziswa okuphathelene nokuqulwa kwecala, imithetho namavoti.

Ama - Webhsayithi Angokomthetho AseKomitini

Ikomiti ngayinye yenhlangano igcina ingosi yewebhusayithi enikeza ukwaziswa ngesimiso sekomiti, ubulungu, isimiso, nemisebenzi. Lamawebhusayithi avame ukuhlanganisa izimiso zokuzwa, ukufakaza, imibiko yamakomiti, ukukhishwa kwezincwadi, nevidiyo egciniwe yezenzo zangaphambili. Indlu neSishayamthetho zibuye zigcine amawebhusayithi ayinhloko adwebe wonke amakomiti futhi anikeze izixhumaniso ezisezikhungweni zekomiti ngazinye.

Congress.gov

I-Library of Congress isebenza .gov, ithuluzi elibanzi lokulandela umthetho, imisebenzi yamakomiti, nemicimbi yokuhlela. Indawo ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bafune izikweletu, bafunde imibiko yamakomiti, babone amarekhodi okuvota, nokungena kwezinye izincwadi zenhlangano. Inikeza ukwaziswa okuningi ngokuqondene namakomiti acabangela umthetho okhethekile kanye nesimo sezikweletu enqubweni yekomiti.

Umlando We - Congress

ICongressional Record ikhipha ukwaziswa kwansuku zonke ngemisebenzi yenhlangano, kuhlanganise nezimemezelo zomhlangano wamakomiti engxenyeni yeDaily Digest. Lombhalo ogciniwe ongokomthetho unikeza ukulandisa okubanzi kwezinhlelo zomhlangano futhi utholakala nge-ingosi ye-Procession.gov nangengosi ye-Hulumeni yeHhovisi Lokunyathelisa.

C-SPAN Futurege

I-C-SPAN inikeza i-pane ephilayo negcinweyo yokuqulwa kwezindaba eziningi zekomiti ye-conomional, ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibukele izenzakalo lapho zenzeka noma zibukezwa kamuva. Le thelevishini ne-intanethi yenza ukuba umsebenzi wamakomiti utholakale kunoma ubani okwazi ukungena kuyi-intanethi noma ngethelevishini yekhebula.

Izinhlangano Zezindaba Nezokuthungatha Izincwadi

Izinhlangano zezindaba zihlanganisa ukuqulwa kwezindaba nokubhaliswa kwamakomiti, ikakhulukazi emithetho ephezulu ye-profile noma izindaba eziphikisanayo. Izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zezezempango kanye nezingqondo zama-amen zihlela imisebenzi yamakomiti ehlangene nezindawo zazo zesithakazelo futhi zinikeze ukuhlaziywa nokuhlaziywa kwezindaba zamakomiti.

Ikusasa LamaKomiti Obumbano

Isimiso samakomiti siyaqhubeka siguquka ukuze sisabele ekushintsheni kwemibuso yezombangazwe, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe, nezinguquko ezingokweziqu.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokuhlanganyela Okungokoqobo

Umqedazwe we-COVOID-19 wandisa ukuthathwa kobuchwepheshe obukude obuthatha isinyathelo emakomitini omphakathi. Nakuba amakomiti aye abuyela ngokuyinhloko emisebenzini e-operason, okuhlangenwe nakho okuphathelene nokuzwa nobufakazi obukude kwabonisa amathuba amasha okwanda kokuhlanganyela nokufinyelela. Amakomiti esikhathi esizayo angaqhubeka esebenzisa amafomethi axubile ahlanganisa i-person kanye nokuhlanganyela ekude.

Ukubonana Nabantu Ngokugqamile Nokuhlanganyela Nabo

Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe eqhubekayo iyaqhubeka ithuthukisa ukutholakala komphakathi ekuquleni amakomiti. Ukutheleka kwezindawo zomphakathi, imithombo yezokuxhumana, nezinqolobane zemishini kwenza kube lula kakhulu ngezakhamuzi ukulandela umsebenzi wekomiti. Intuthuko yesikhathi esizayo ingahlanganisa izici ezisiza umphakathi ukuba ukwazi ukuxhumana nokubophana ngezinqubo zamakomiti.

Izinselele Eziyinselele

Njengoba izindaba zenqubo ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zihlangene, izikhundla ezingokwesiko zamakomiti ngezinye izikhathi zilwa nokusingatha izinselele ezivelayo ezihlanganisa izindawo eziningi ezilandelana. Izindaba ezinjengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukungalondeki kwezezingcingo, nokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa azifanelani ngokushelela ezimisweni zamakomiti akhona, zidala izinselele zokubambisana nokulawula. Izingqungquthela kungase kudingeke ziphinde zihlole futhi zilungise amakomiti ukuze kuxazululwe lezi zimiso zokuhlalisana.

Ukubuyisela Ukuhleleka Kwasikhathi Sonke

Izingqapheli eziningi namalungu e-Congress basekela ukubuyela "kuhlelo olungokomthetho"""" inqubo engokwesiko lapho amakomiti enza khona indima enkulu ekusunguleni nasekubekeni umthetho ngaphambi kokuba ufike phansi. Ukuqinisa isimiso sekomiti kungathuthukisa ukuhlelwa kwemithetho, kunciphise izingxabano, futhi kuveze umthetho olinganayo. Nokho, ukufinyelela lo mgomo kudinga ukubopheka ekuholeni kwenhlangano nokubambisana phakathi kwemigqa yeqembu.

Isiphetho

Imihlangano yekomiti ye-Congress imelela imishini ebalulekile esebenzayo yegatsha lemithetho, lapho kwenziwa khona ibhizinisi eliningiliziwe lokwenza umthetho, ukwengamela, nokuhlola. Ngokuzwa, ukuqoqa, nokuhlela, amakomiti ahlola umthetho ohlongozwayo, ukuqoqa ubufakazi obungochwepheshe, ukuphatha izinhlangano eziphethe, nokuhlola izindaba zomphakathi. Isimiso sekomiti sivumela amalungu ukuba athuthukise ulwazi olukhethekile, athuthukise ukuvumelana ngezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ahluze izinkulungwane zezikweletu zemali ezazelelwa iKhongolo ngalinye kulabo abafanele ukucatshangelwa.

Ukuqonda okwenzeka phakathi nemihlangano yamakomiti kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngendlela idemokrasi yaseMelika esebenza ngayo. Le mihlangano ilapho imininingwane yesimiso inikezwa khona, lapho izikhulu zikahulumeni zinecala khona, nalapho kuzwakala khona imibono ehlukahlukene. Nakuba isimiso sekomiti sibhekene nezinselele ezivela ekuthatheni imingcele, ukunqandeka kwezimali, kanye nezenzo zomthetho ezishintshayo, ilokhu iyinhlangano eyisisekelo yokuguqula izimo zomphakathi zibe ukumiswa kwemithetho.

Kubantu abafuna ukungenela inqubo yokushaya umthetho, imisebenzi yekomiti elandela inikeza umbono oningiliziwe wendlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo nendlela uhulumeni obekelwe ngayo icala. Ukwanda kokuvela nokutholakala kwezinhlelo zekomiti nge-intanethi, ukuthutheleka, nokugcinwa kwezincwadi zobuchwepheshe kwenza kube lula kakhulu ukuba umphakathi uqaphele futhi uqonde lesi sici esibucayi somsebenzi wokuhlela. Ngokunaka imihlangano yamakomiti, izakhamuzi zingaqonda kangcono izindaba ezibhekene nesizwe, zihlole ukusebenza kwabameleli bazo, futhi zihlanganyele ngokuphumelela kakhulu ekubuseni kwentando yeningi.

Isimiso sekomiti, naphezu kokungapheleli kwayo, siseyinqubo ebaluleke kakhulu yokuqondisa umsebenzi onzima wendlu yomthetho-mthetho yanamuhla. Njengoba uMkhandlu uqhubeka ulwa nezinselele zesimiso kanye nokushintsha amandla ezombangazwe, isimiso sekomiti kuzodingeka sivumelane nalapho silondoloza imisebenzi yaso eyisisekelo yokuhlela, ukuthuthuka, nokuziphendulela ngentando yeningi. Ukuphumelela kwesikhathi esizayo kweSishaya-Mkhandlu kuxhomeke kakhulu ekulondolozeni amakomiti aqinile, asebenzayo angahlola ngokucophelela umthetho, ukuziphatha okunenjongo, futhi asebenze njengemikha ukuvumelana okudingekile ekuxazululeni izinselele zesizwe.