Isingeniso: Ukulinganisela Okungalawuleki Kwamandla

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso phakathi kwamagatsha emithetho, abaphathi, nabezokwahlulela kuyisici esichazayo sesimiso somthetho-sisekelo sase-United States. Lesi sakhiwo saklanywa ngamabomu abaqambi ukuze sivimbele noma iyiphi into eyodwa ekuqoqeni igunya elingalawulwa. Uma elinye igatsha lidlula imingcele yalo engokomthetho-sisekelo, kusongela ukulinganisela okuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nokubusa ngentando yeningi. Uhulumeni ophambathayo akaphazamiseki nje kuphela ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kodwa futhi angabangela imiphumela elimazayo enjengamalungelo omphakathi anciphile, anciphe ukwethenjwa umphakathi, futhi abhebhethezelelwa kwezombangazwe. Ukuqonda lokho okuzenza kube yikho okungadingeka ukuba kuhlolwe, futhi kuhlolwe kanjani ukuthi kwenzeka kanjani kubaluleke kunoma izakhamuzi ezifuna ukulondoloza i-riphabliki.

Ukuqonda Amagatsha Kahulumeni

Imithetho-sisekelo ifaka amandla ahlukene emagatsheni amathathu alinganayo, ngalinye elinezinqubo zokulinganisela amanye. Lolu hlelo lwaziwa ngokuthi isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela.

  • Igatsha elinomthetho (Ikhonthi): lisebenza ngokwenza imithetho, ukumemezela impi, ukuqondisa ezentengiselwano, nokulawula uhlelo lwemali. Imibuso yalo ebaliwe ihlelwe eSigabeni I soMthetho-sisekelo.
  • Igatsha eliphetheyo (uMphathi noBuphathi): Icala lokumisa imithetho, ukuphatha umthetho wakwamanye amazwe, ukuyala amabutho, nokumisa izikhulu zikahulumeni. Imithetho ifaka lemibuso kuMongameli.
  • Igatsha elinobuJudicial (Inkantolo yezeNkantolo neNkantolo ePhantsi): imangalelwe ngemithetho yokuchaza, ukubukeza umthetho-sisekelo, nokuqeda izimpikiswano. ISiphakamiso III simisa ijaji.

Igatsha ngalinye liklanyelwe ukulwa nezifiso zezinye. Njengoba uJames Madison abhala ku- Faterast u-No. 51, “Umgomo kumelwe wenziwe wokulwa nesifiso sokuvelela.” Umgomo kwakuwukudala uhulumeni osekelwe emthethweni kunayintando yanoma yisiphi isigaba esisodwa.

Yini Ebangela Ukuba Uhulumeni Ungene Kakhulu Eholweni?

Izenzo zokubusa ezidlula amandla egatsha adlula imingcele ewabelwe umthetho-sisekelo noma lapho uphula igunya elingokomthetho lelinye igatsha. Kungabonakala njengomthetho owephula amalungelo abantu (ukuphambana okungokwesiko), izenzo zokuphatha ezidlula iKhongolo (ukuphambanisa okungalawuleki), noma izinqumo zokwahlulela ezidala isimiso kunokuchaza umthetho (umkhohlisi). Incazelo eqondile ngokuvamile ixhomeke ekuchazeni ngokususelwa kombhalo womthetho-sisekelo kanye nomongo wenkathi. Nokho, isimiso esiyinhloko sihlala sikhona: noma isiphi isenzo esiphazamisa ukulingana kwamandla ahlukene silimaza inqubo yentando yeningi ngokwayo.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Zokuhlasela Okunamandla Kukahulumeni

Aluen and Sedition Acts (1798)

I-Federalist List - deficial Congress yadlulisa i-Alien and Sedition Acts ngaphandle kwempikiswano enengqondo, ikwenza kube yicala ukusakaza “inkohliso, ihlazo, nokubhala okulimazayo” kuhulumeni. Lemithetho yayihloselwe ukuvimbela ukuphikisa nokuvimbela ukufuduka. Abahleli abaningi bamaphephandaba baboshwa. Le zenzo zimelela icala elicacile lomthetho eliye laphula isiqinisekiso seSichibiyelo Sokuqala sokukhuluma ngenkululeko. Babangela ukuba umphakathi uphinde ukhulume futhi banikele kuThoma Jefferson kukhetho luka-Roffray. Ekugcineni, izenzo zaphela noma zabuyiselwa emuva, kodwa ziseyisixwayiso sendlela ukwesaba i-Greverlace engenza ngayo umthetho umthetho udwe.

UMthelela WaseMelika WaseJapane (1942)

Ngemva kweJapane ihlasela iPearl Harbor, uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wakhipha uMthetho-Siphakamiso [u-906], egunyaza ukususwa nokuboshwa kwezakhamuzi zaseJapane ezingaphezu kuka-120 000 zaseMelika (25%). Impi yathi kwakudingekile ekulondekeni kwesizwe, kodwa abukho ubufakazi bokungathembeki obake bavezwa. Kamuva iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela umthetho [ku-[FL:] Korimatsu v. United States [19444], isinqumo sathi sasidingeka kakhulu ekuhloleni ukukhohlakazeka kwezelelwa kwecala. Emashumini eminyaka kamuva, uhulumeni wavuma ngokusemthethweni ukuthi ukwahlulela nokungalungisi futhi wabuyisela.

I - Watergate Scandal (1972-1974)

UMongameli uRichard Nixon wayala ukuba akhulule amakhasethi eOval Office [[FLT:][FLT][1] United States v. Nixton [[FLT]][FLT][3]. Ukubheka impoqo, umfuno. Watergate umisa njengesibonelo sanamuhla esiphawulekayo se-Oval Office [[FLT] [indlela ephezulu] [i-United States] v. i-Nixton[FLT][FLT]. . [ishaya i-panensect, ihlehla. Watergate. ingu njengesibonelo samanje esiphawulekayo se-Extive, futhi yabonisa ukuthi i-schemont nesilinganiso sezimiso zomthetho, kanye nezimiso zomthetho, ngokuvumelana nezimiso zobumongameli.

Marbury v. Madison and Judicial Power (1803)

Umbono woMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall Marbury v. uMadison wamisa isimiso sokubukeza kokwahlulela `amandla ezinkantolo okumemezela imithetho engekho emthethweni. Nakuba lombuso manje uyinhloko yendima yejaji, abagxeki ngalesosikhathi baphikisa ngokuthi umelela ukukhohlakala ngenxa yokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo awuli ngokuqondile legunya. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kwaba yitshe lomthetho womthetho we-galelo-mthetho waseMelika. Icala libonisa ukuthi lokho okuqale kwabonwa njengesekuthathelwe inselele kamuva kungamukeleka njengokudingekile esimisweni somsebenzi, kuqokomisa isimo sokwahlulela esinamandla anamandla aphakeme.

Imizamo yokuphanga yenkantolo (1937)

Ikhungathekiswe yizinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezaqeda umthetho we-New Deal, uMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt wasikisela umthetho wokuhlanganisa amajaji amasha ayisithupha eNkantolo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lo mzamo osobala wokululaza ukubusa futhi ushintshe izinqumo zeNkantolo. Izicelo zabhekana nokuphikiswa okunzima futhi ekugcineni zahluleka. Nokho, yashukumisela iNkantolo ukuba ikhiphe ukuma kwayo enqubeni yezomnotho. Inkantolo efuna ukubeka amazahlulelo amasha aqalayo ilokhu iyisibonelo sencwadi sokuhlola imingcele yemithetho yemithetho esemthethweni.

IMpi YaseVietnam Nemibuso Yempi (1903)

Umongameli uLyndon B. Johnson noRichard Nixon bandisa ukuhileleka kwezempi eVietnam ngaphandle kokumemezela okungokomthetho kwempi kuvela kuKhomishane. Lomphathi wahlasela washukumisela uKhomishane ukuba adlulise iSigqibo seMpi soMkhosi we-Nixon ngo- 1973, afune ukuba umongameli athintane noMkhandlu ngaphambi kokuphoqa amabutho ukuba alwe. Umthetho uzama ukubuyisela igunya lomthetho weSishaya-mthetho ukuba umemezele impi, nakuba ukuphumelela kwawo kuye kwaphikiswana kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.

Imiphumela Yokuhlasela Ngokweqile

Ukuncipha Kwenkululeko Yangaphakathi

Uma abadlali bakahulumeni bedlula imiyalo yabo engokomthetho, amalungelo avamile ukulahleka. iAlien neSedition Acts, ukufakwa kwamaJapane, kanye nombuso wokuqapha kuyizibonelo eziqinile. Ukufinyelela ngokweqile umbono ogcina ufanelekile kusho ukuthi isivikelo esingokomthetho esisekelwe kuso sonke isakhamuzi sisho ukunciphisa.

Ukulahlekelwa Ukwethenjwa Umphakathi

Uhulumeni ophathwe kabi ubangela ukugxeka nokulahla. Uma izakhamuzi ziqaphela ukuthi imithetho isebenza ngokungafani noma ukuthi abaholi benza ngokungenasijeziso, ukholo ezinhlanganweni zentando yeningi luyawohloka. Ukuhlolwa kwamashumi eminyaka amuva nje kubonisa ukuncipha kokuthemba kuwo womathathu amagatsha, okubangelwa ngokwengxenye izisulu eziphambili nezimpi ezilwayo ezilwayo ezilwa nabalwayo.

Ukwenezelwa Kwezombangazwe

Ukuhlasela ngokweqile akuvamile ukuvela endaweni ephansi. Ngokuvamile kubangelwa izimpi ezinkulu ezilwiwa abashokobezi. Uma elinye igatsha lidlulela kude, iqembu eliphikisayo liphindisela, libangela ukuhlukana okujula.

Ukungenela Kokwahlulela Nokubi Okuphathelene Nomthetho - sisekelo

Lapho izinkantolo ziba nezisulu ezinzima, kungase kubizwe ukuba zibuyisele ukuhleleka. Amacala e-Landmark anjenge- Intsha ehamba phambili ebhalwe nge-Stown Sheep & Tube Co. v. Sayeyer (1952) ()) lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi uMongameli Truman akakwazi ukuthatha izigayo zensimbi phakathi neMpi yeKoriya //reaf iqinise imingcele yamandla okulawula. Ngokuphikisana nalokho, uma ijaji ngokwayo ikho ikhomba izisulu, ingaveza imithetho esetshenziswa abashisekeli bezokuvimbela inqubo yokushaya umthetho, ihoxe futhi izame ukubuyisela imingcele yemithetho.

Ama - vicket Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

UMthetho - sisekelo umisa izindlela eziningana zokuvimbela noma yiliphi igatsha ukuba libuse:

  • I-Achess ezigunyaziwe kuBuphathi: Isikhomishane singadlula ama-vetoe kamongameli ngevoti eyisithathu ezimbili, ivume noma inqabe ukumiswa noma izivumelwano, ikhiphe umongameli noma ezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni, ilawule uhlelo lwemali, futhi ihlole izenzo zezikhulu.
  • Itshekisi elinomthetho kuyi-Judiciary: imisa ubukhulu beNkantolo Ephakeme, inquma i-astellate trands, ingajikijela abahluleli ngabanye, futhi isikisela izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ukuze igumbuqele izahlulelo.
  • Izibalo ezisemthethweni: Umongameli angagunyaza umthetho, abize izikhawu ezikhethekile zeSishaya-Mkhandlu, futhi atuse imithetho.
  • Itshekisi elisebenzayo kuyi-Judicia: Umongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, unikeza ukuthethelelwa kanye nokugcinwa, futhi angathonya ukugcinwa kweziyalezo zenkantolo.
  • I-Jodicial Arch on the Biography and Legistration: Izinkantolo zingamemezela imithetho noma izenzo zokuphatha ezingekho ngokomthetho ngokuhlola kokwahlulela. Bachaza umthetho futhi bangakhipha imiyalo yokuvimbela izenzo ezingekho emthethweni.

Lolu cwaningo luphumelela kuphela lapho igatsha ngalinye livikela amalungelo alo futhi lapho umphakathi ulandisa ngabaholi.

Izinkinga Zamanje Ezinzima Kakhulu

Ukuhleleka Kwesimiso Sokusebenzela Uhulumeni Namandla Kamongameli

Umongameli wanamuhla uye wabona ukwanda kwemiyalo yezikhulu, eminye yayo eye yadlula ukumisa izinguquko eziphawulekayo zesimiso. Umbuso wezikhulu ezindaweni ezinjengokufuduka, ukulawulwa kwendawo ezungezile, nokulondeka kwesizwe kuye kwaphikiswa ezinkantolo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi iziyalezo zezikhulu akufanele zithathe indawo yomthetho, kuyilapho abavikeli bakhomba i-projekthi yokulawula njengezaba isiqinisekiso. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli u-Obama’s Defiver Action for Childhoomeals (DACA) kanye noMongameli wezokuvinjelwa kohambo lwase-Curmp zombili zabhekana nezinselele zomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho owengamele imingcele yokulawula.

Inzuzo Kahulumeni Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Kusukela ekuhlaseleni okungu-9/11, igatsha eliphethe liye landisa ngokuphawulekayo izinhlelo zokuhlola. I-USA Patriot Act, i-Freige Surveildance Act (FISA) izinhlelo zokuqoqa i-NSA metammetam ziye zaphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngeSichibiyelo sesine. ALUB. Ukushukuma komthetho [[Flapper (2015], iNSYYURCT] iqoqondolo yamarekhodi ocingo amaningi yakhipha igunya le-stauty. Muva nje, iSivumelo sivumele ingxenye ehlobene ne-AURCUP, kodwa iyaqhubeka ukuphikisana kokuphinde kuphele. Ubunzima phakathi kokuphepha nokungasesemgadingenwa.

I - Gridlock Ewumthetho Nesenzo Esingesona Esivamile

Ukubekwa kwezindawo kwenza kwaba nzima ngeKhongolokazi ukumisa umthetho ezindabeni ezinkulu. Lokhu kungabi nalutho kuvame ukumema ukuthatha isinyathelo sokubusa njengesemisebenzi ezungeze iWhite House. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukubekwa kwendima ye-Congress yendima yayo yokumisa ngokwako kuyindlela yokulawula engakhohliswa − noma okungenani ukuhluleka kwemithwalo yemfanelo. Umjikelezo we-gridlock nowe-unteriaism uqeda ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso futhi ululaza inqubo yokungalawuleki.

Ukuthatha Icala Ngokwahlulela Kumelene Nemingcele

Ijaji aligonyiwe ekuphathweni. Lapho izinkantolo zikhipha izinqumo ezidala umthetho omusha ngokuphumelelayo, abagxeki bazibeka icala lokugunyaza ebhentshini. Izinqumo ze-Landmark njenge- Roe v. Ingxoxo yezenzo zokwahlulela ibonisa ukungavumelani okujule kakhulu ngendima yezinkantolo emphakathini wentando yeningi. Igatsha lokwahlulela kumelwe lilinganisele umsebenzi walo wokuvikela amalungelo omthetho kanye nesidingo sokuhlonipha igunya elikhethiwe.

Ukuvikela Ukunqotshwa Ngokweqile

Imfundo Nokuqaphela Izakhi

Ulwazi luyintambo yokuqala yokuzivikela. Ukuqonda uMthetho-sisekelo, imisebenzi yegatsha ngalinye, kanye nezinqubo zokuhlola nokulinganisela kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuqaphela ukuphaphama lapho kwenzeka. Izikole, imithombo yezindaba, nezinhlelo zomphakathi kufanele zigcizelele ukufunda nokwenza umthetho-sisekelo. Izinhlangano ezinjenge i-National Archives[ inikeza imithombo yemfundo yamahhala.

Ukulandisa

Izakhamuzi zingafuna imithetho ethuthukisa ukubonakala, amandla okulawula, kanye nokuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Ukusekela izinhlangano ezinjengenkululeko yangaphakathi ye-American American Civil Union isiza ekuhloleni izenzo zikahulumeni. Ukucindezela komphakathi kungaphoqelela uMkhandlu ukuba usebenzise indima yawo ngamandla. Ukuphatha kuhilela futhi abameleli, ukuthatha iqhaza, nokusebenzisa izinkantolo ukubekela inselele izenzo ezingekho ngokomthetho.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokukhandla

Ukuncoma kunoma yiluphi ukhetho − ukhetho, umbuso, nezindawo. Izikhulu eziqashelwe zisethubeni kakhulu lokuhlonipha imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo uma zisaba ukuvotelwa. Ukhetho lwe-Congregation phakathi nenkathi ye-Congregation lubaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni amandla ombuso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvota izikhundla zokwahlulela ezizweni lapho abahluleli bekhethwa khona kungathonya ukulingana kwegunya.

Izinguquko Zezici Ezingokweziqu

Abanye basikisela izinguquko zokwakha ukuze banciphise ingozi yokuphamba. Lezi zihlanganisa imingcele ebanzi yamajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, edinga izakhiwo ezinkulu kakhulu ngenxa yezenzo ezithile zezikhulu, ukuqinisa iSigqi soMbuso weMpi, nokuvusa i-veto (iNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu eyahlasela S v. Chachaha). Noma inguquko kumelwe iklanyelwe ngokucophelela ukugwema imiphumela elindelekile engabangela ukuba i-Expose.

Indima Yemithombo Yezindaba

Iphephandaba elikhululekile nelizimele lisebenza njengendlela ebalulekile yokuhlola wonke amagatsha. I-palitiveism idalula ukuxhashazwa, itshela umphakathi, futhi ibeka izikhulu icala. Usongo lokucindezela inkululeko . Njengezintatheli noma amacala okunyundela ahloselwe ukugxeka okuyekelelayo.

Isiphetho

Uhulumeni uphaphamele noma yiliphi igepu eliwumthetho-sisekelo. Isimiso saseMelika semibuso ehlukene nemishini elinganiselayo saklanyelwa ukusingatha lenselele, kodwa sincike ekuhlanganyeleni ngenkuthalo kuwo womathathu amagatsha nasezakhamuzini ngokwazo. Umlando unikeza izifundo eziphindaphindiwe ngezingozi zegunya elingalawulwayo, kusukela kuyi-Alien neSeddition Acts ukuya ku-Watergate yemisebenzi yanamuhla yokuqapha. Ngokuqonda lezenzakalo nokuhlala beqaphile, amaMelika angalondoloza ukulinganisela okuvikela amalungelo awo. Isivikelo sokugcina sokumelana nempicandelwana sifundiswa futhi sibolekelwe abantu abafuna ukunamathela kuMthetho-sisekelo.