Isingeniso: Ukulinganisela Okungenangqondo, Usongo Oluyinhloko

Ukwakhiwa kokubusa kwentando yeningi kwanamuhla akuyona impumelelo kodwa yisimiso esiyisisekelo: ukwahlukana kwemibuso. Nokho, lemfundiso edumile, ebekwe ngokuqondiswe yi-Sultruety Montesquieu, ihlukanisa igunya likahulumeni phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene(ukubulalana, ukubeka umthetho, nokwahlulela. Injongo ayikona ukuphumelela kodwa ukuvimbela: ukuvimbela noma isiphi isici esithile ukuba siqoqe amandla angalawuliwe aholela ebushiqelani. Nokho, lesi sakhiwo asisona isiphikele ukuzilawula ngokwaso. Sixhomeke enqubeni ehlala njalo, ngokuvamile yokulwa, inqubo yokwengamelana. Lapho elinye igatsha liphambuka imingcele yalo yomthetho, liphazamisa isimo sezombangazwe esingokomthetho. Izenzo ezinjalo zokuziphaka kwemiphumela engokomthetho, ukuntengantenga yezombangazwe, ukukhohlakala kwekhonona kwekhono lokwe-mphakathi. Uma kungenziwangakho okungcono kakhulu ngenxa yolwazi olubalulekile; noma yimuphi umninizo olubalulekile.

Inkulumo ethi “amandla avame ukonakala,” ebizwa ngeLord Acton, ithatha izingozi ezingapheli. Igatsha elisebenza ngokungaphezu komyalo walo aligcini ngokukhipha ijubane elisheshayo kubangane balo abalinganayo kodwa futhi libeka izenzakalo eziyingozi ezingabuyisela ukulingana kwamandla ezizukulwaneni. Ukuxabana okulandelayo okubangelwa yizinkinga zenkantolo, ukujezisa, noma ukujezisa okungagunyaziwe, kusebenza njengesehlakalo esisekelwe kuso izimiso zomthetho ezivivinywayo futhi zicwengisiswe. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuthi izenzakalo ezingokomlando, inqubo eklanyelwe ukubuyisela isimilo, nemiphumela emikhulu elandela lapho umugqa ophakathi kwegunya elingokomthetho nesomthetho ulandelwa.

Umlando: Lapho Izikali Zinqanyulwa

I - Watergate Scantal: I - Hubris Egadry Ne - out Yayo

Zimbalwa izenzakalo ezibonisa izingozi zokuphambana kwezikhulu njengeziyihlazo leWatergate. Ngo-1971, abaphathi abahlangene noMongameli Richard Nixon nomkhankaso wokukhetha kabusha bangena endlunkulu yeDemocratic National Committee. Isembozo salandela sahlanganisa imizamo yokusebenzisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni zezobuhlakani ukuze zivimbele ukuphehlwa kwegunya lokulawula. Ukubekwa kukaNixon ilungelo lesikhulu kanye nokungathobeli kwe-scrensiotioc esbances kwabonisa ukuthi inhlekelele ewumthetho-ogracracy. IKomiti ye House Judiary yagunyazwe izihloko zokungathwa kwemithetho engokomthetho, ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho engokomthetho, nokudelelwa kwe-Asbources. [UMnyango we-National Geogralson]

UMarbury uk.Madison: ISipho SikaJediciary Sokukhipha I - Assertion

Ijaji livame ukuphaphanyiswa ngendlela engabonakali kune-athoride noma ukuphaphamela ukuphatha, kodwa inqumbi yalo ende ibaluleke ngokufanayo. Icala leNkantolo Ephakeme Marbury v. Madison liyisibonelo esiyisisekelo. Emahoreni okugcina kukaJohn Adams umongameli, ukuhlelwa kwekomiti yokwahlulela kwenziwa; ukuphatha uThomas Jefferson kwabonakala kudinga ukuvumelana nomthetho; ukuphatha kwecala kwenqaba uThomas Jeom Jerson kunqabe ukudumisa ezinye zalezi zibophonsa. UWilliam Marbury sued, ufuna i-watt eSihlalo seNkanto ePhakakhulu. UMastian Marshall ubhekene inselela phansi inkantolo ewuhlelayo. [umqulu ophakeme wenkantolo yomthetho] Inkantolo uqaphela inkantolo. [uHuptus.] Inqulumo yomthetho umbiko walembusamukela imvume. [u, isikhulu somthetho.]

Ukuhloma KwaseAndrew Johnson: Ukubuyiselwa Kwemithetho

Impi phakathi kukaMongameli Andrew Johnson neRiphablikian Act elawulwa ngemva kweMpi Yombango inikeza isibonelo esiqinile sokuphambanisa kwemithetho (noma, kuye ngombono womuntu, isheke elidingekile. Johnson, i-Dormocrat, waphikisana nomthetho wenguquko yesikhashana. UKhomishano waphendula ngokudlulisa iSivumelwano se-Tenure of Office, esavimbela u-Johnson ukuba asuse izikhulu ze-kapubligate. Lapho uJohnson edelela umthetho ngokudubula uNobhala weWarrien Stanton, iNdluwale, iNdluyane yamenza angakwazi ukumelana nayo ngo-1868. Icala leNkathi yeNkathi ye-Complatle laquant liphinde lahlulelwe ngokuvota okukodwa. Ingxoxo yezelele ukuhlasela kwempoqolo yezombangazwe isikhulu seze umthetho - gestiki nje kuphela. Indaba iveza ukuthi inqubo yezentengo yezentengo.

Ezinye Izimpawu Zokunqotshwa Ngokweqile

Ezinye izenzakalo ezingokomlando zicacisa futhi izindlela zokuthola amandla amakhulu. [[FLT: 0] Franklin D. Roosevelt yenkantolo-ephendlayo ka 1937 wabona umongameli ezama ukwandisa inani lamajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme ukuze aqinisekise imithetho elungile yomthetho wakhe oMdaba. Isiphakamiso salahlwa kabanzi njengokuhlasela ukukhululeka kokwahlulela futhi sahluleka eSivumelwaneni. [[[FLT:]] I-Exective Order 9066, ekhishwe nguMongameli uFransielt ngo-19442, egunyazwe yi-Rose, egunyazwe ukumiswa kwemithetho yakhe emisha emisha eqinile. Inkantolo ephakeme isekela ukuhleleka kakhulu eMthethweni [FLT][F] noma kuhluleka ukukhomba ukukhomba okuncitshiswa kakhulu kwegatsha, futhi ingekhona amandla angcono kakhulu ekuvisekeni kwemiya ekho. [FT]

Imishini Yamasheke Nezilinganiso: Izivikelo Zezinhlangano

Abakhi boMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. abazange bathathe ukuthi imibuso ehlukene izozilawula ngokwayo. Bafaka uchungechunge lweziphathimandla ezingenayo − ama-check nama-scer j() asiza igatsha ngalinye ukuba limelane nokungenwa ezinye. Uma kuvela ukuphamba, lezizinqubo ziwuhlobo lokuqala lokuzivikela.

Ukuphatha Okungokomthetho Namandla Okuthenga

UKhomishane unamathuluzi amaningana amangalisayo. Inqubo yokuhlola nokuphatha izimemezelo ivumela abashaya imithetho ukuba badalule ukuhluleka kweziphathimandla futhi baphoqelele ubufakazi. I-Congregational Bal Balment ne-Impoundment Control Control Act ka- 1974, ngokwesibonelo, yaqinisa ikhono likaKhongolo-Congress lokuqondisa imali esetshenziswayo. Inqubo yokuhlela inikeza i-Congress Congress umnyango wesixhakamfuno sokugcina: ingasusa izinhlangano noma izinhlelo ezidlula ukugunyaza kwazo. Lapho uMongameli Nixon ephikisa izinhlelo, usekeli uMthetho woLawulo lwe-Balbal Control ukuze aphinde aqinisekise amandla ayo phezu kwesikhwama. I-Gregiondiative, nakuba kunjalo, ixhomeke ekufuneni kwezombangazwe futhi ingancitshiswa ngokulawula kweqembu elihlangene noma ukuhlanganisa i-Roundlandland.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Nendima Yezinkantolo

Ukuhlola okuyinhloko kwejadiary ukuhlola kokwahlulela: amandla okumemezela imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu ngokungekho emthethweni. Nakuba Marbury v. Madison wamisa leligunya, ukulisebenzisa kwakhe kusaphikisana. Izinkantolo zingabekwa icala lokuziphambanisa lapho zihlasela umthetho othandwayo noma ukuthatha izivumelwano zezombangazwe. Imfundiso ye-“impikiswano yezombangazwe” ///astypects yokunga ukulawula kahle kakhulu ezindabeni ezishiywe ukuvota amagatsha. [[FLT] INkantolo Ephakeme] ingathatha isinyathelo esiqinile. Kodwa lapho igatsha lizilawula kahle, njengoba kungu-1952 imboni yezenqaba [FLD:] inqaba yokuzimela umthetho wezenyunyana i-Tube. [v.Focter] [Foct:], iNka iNkadededebel, iNkaup Trust , iNkaupriergen. isikhulu seNkaded prosimential, isikhulu sezempile yeMpi egunya

Ukulwela Nokuzisusa: Indlela Yenuzi

Ukuhlola okunamandla kakhulu kunguMkhandlu ophethe isikhulu nowejaji. Indlu ivota ngezihloko zokungagunyazi (ukumangalelwa okungokomthetho), futhi iSigele sithatha icala futhi sivote ekususweni. Bobabili kuphela amongameli − Andrew Johnson noBill Clinton/eyekwa; uRichard Nixon usula phambi kwendlu yonke. Inqubo idinga impoqo ngamabomu, ifuna iningi eliyisithathu esiHlaleni sokukholisa icala. Le bar ephezulu isho ukungathathiwenziwa inqubo elulayo; igcinelwe “ubugebengu obukhulu nokungakhokhiwe kahle.” Ingozi ingukuthi i-pyolicincwe, ijika isikhali sezikhali. [Foctiverion] [0]

IVeto Futhi Ingakunaki: Igalelo Lempi Eliyimpoqo

I-veto amandla kamongameli yisehlo esiqondile sokucushwe kwemithetho. Uma iSishaya-mthetho sidlulisa isimemezelo somongameli esibheka njengezingavumelani nemithetho noma inqaba, umongameli angasenqaba. ISishaya - mthetho, singathatha i-veto ngenani eliyisithathu somphakathi kuzo zombili izindawo. Lamagunya anamandla ashukumisayo aphikisanayo futhi ahlehlise. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kokusayina izimemezelo okuchaza noma ngisho nokubekela inselele izingxenye zesivumelwano.

Imiphumela Yamandla Adlulayo: Imiphumela Ewumshayabhuqe

Ukungahleleki Kwezombangazwe Nokuphelelwa Ithemba

Lapho elinye igatsha liphanga, ukuthemba amagatsha kuyawohloka. Igatsha lomthetho lingase liphindisele ngokwenqaba ukuqinisekisa amajaji okwahlulela noma ama-abaphathi, ukuthatha iziphakamiso, noma ukuphenya okuqeda amandla kahulumeni. Umphumela ngokuvamile uwukungasebenzi kwemithetho: izimpikiswano ezibucayi − kusukela ekuhleleni imali kuya ekulondekeni kwesizwe. Uhulumeni omude kakhulu uvinjelwe eU.S. umlando (208-2019) wawususeke empikiswaneni yegunya lezikhulu ukuxhasa udonga lomngcele owawungagunyaziwe ngokuphelele.

Ukuqalwa okungokomthetho nokuqalwa kuqala

Ukuqashelwa ngokweqile kwabangela ukuqulwa kwecala okungenakugwenywa. Icala lamacala amaningi labekwa ngokumelene neziyalezo zezikhulu zokufuduka, izimiso zendawo ezungezile, kanye nokuvinjelwa kwezokuhamba ngaphansi kwezikhulu ze-Trump neBiden, zidala izinqumo eziphikisanayo ezicaweni eziphansi okwakudingeka zixazululwe yiNkantolo Ephakeme. Ukungaqiniseki okungokomthetho kuthinta amabhizinisi, abantu ngabanye, nohulumeni okumelwe basebenzise imithetho eshintshayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isinqumo ngasinye senkantolo esisekela noma sikhiphe isinyathelo esithathelwe phambili, kungaba ukuqinisa noma ukululaza imingcele yegunya elingokomthetho.

Ukuphelelwa Uthemba Komphakathi Nokuncipha Kokwethembana

Mhlawumbe umphumela oyingozi kakhulu ukuncipha kokuthembela komphakathi ezinhlanganweni zentando yeningi. Uma izakhamuzi zibona umongameli engayinaki ukuqondisa kwenhlangano yezentando yeningi, ukuphoqelela umthetho, noma uKhongolo-mthetho lungenela izimpi zamandla ahlukene, ziphetha ngokuthi isimiso sezwe sesaphukile. Ukuthembela kuhulumeni kulokhu kunciphe isikhathi eside; ngokwe- uPrew Research Center [, kuphela 16% yamaMelika athi athemba uhulumeni wezwe ukuba enze okulungile esikhathini esiningi.

Izibonelo Zanamuhla Nezimpikiswano Eziqhubekayo

Ukwanda Kwezimiso Eziqondisayo

Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, abaphathi babo bobabili abahlukene baye baphendukela kakhulu eziyalweni zobuphathi ukuba bashaye ama-ace. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza umongameli amandla athile angahlangene, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi iziyalezo zezikhulu ezishintsha kakhulu ezimisweni eziyinhloko . NjengeDeserred Action for Childing Applived for Childens (DACA) uhlelo lokuvimbela kwezenzweni noma amaSulumane ukuhambela phambili kungathiwa ukushaya umthetho ngaphandle kokuvota. Izinkantolo ngezinye izikhathi ziye zangenela, zabeka phansi noma zabeka iziyalezo ezibhekwa njengezingalawuli eziyisisekelo. Inkulumo - mpikiswano iqokomisa ukuqina okuyisisekelo: kuyi-ascroices asss forvition, noma ukuthembela esigatsheni esinezelelwe phansi igatsha lezenzweni likahulumeni futhi ntandola inqubo yentando yentando yentando yeningi?

Ukuthatha Icala Ngokwahlulela Kumelene Nemingcele

Indima yejaji futhi yezenhlalayenza ibangele ukumangalelwa kokuphambana. Izinqumo ezigunyaza umshado ofanayo wobulili (bergefell v. Hodges, 2015) noma amalungelo aqashelwayo okukhishwa kwesisu ([Roe v. ], 1973; kamuva avukele) adunyiswa njengokunqoba kwencazelo yomthetho-mthetho futhi alahlwa njenge-stellated. Amandla eNkantolo abekwa umthetho ohliweyo wokulahla izikhulu ezinqunywe ukuvumela izishayamthetho, abagxeki abathiwe ukuba bagcinele izishayamthetho nesifundazwe. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi iNkanto ebaluleke kakhulu lapho iziphakatho zezombangazwe. Impikiswano eqhubekayo yenkulumo yezobulungisa isho ukuthi i-Propoluntervent.

UMbuso Wanamuhla: Izingxabano Zanamuhla

Isimiso sikahulumeni ngokwaso siyindawo yokulwa ukuphangwa. Uma uhulumeni ugunyaza izinqubo ezindaweni ezibuswa ngokwesiko yizifundazwe − njengemfundo, impilo yomphakathi, noma ukugcinwa komthetho − izifundazwe zivame ukuhlehlisa. I-Affordal Care Act igunya lomuntu ngamunye, ngokwesibonelo, yabekelwa inselele njengesehlakalo seChwebo. Ngokuphambene, izifunda ezithile zizama ukuqeda ukufuduka kukahulumeni noma imithetho yendawo ezungezile, ibhebhebhethekiselana icala. INkantolo Ephakeme ivame ukuxazulula lezingxabano, kodwa ukuphikisana okusemqoka phakathi kwezwelo ne-Hulumelo kuyaqhubeka. Lena ukuveza kwanamuhla kwezingxoxo zokusungula amandla kahulumeni.

Indima Yezakhamuzi Ekulondolozeni Ukulinganisela

Ukuqapha nokuqapha kwezakhamuzi kuyisiqaphelo sokugcina ekuphathweni. Intando yeningi ayiwona umdlalo oyisibukeli; idinga ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo.

Ukulandisa Nokulandisa

Ukukhetha kuyindlela eqondile yokujezisa abaphangi. Amavoter angathatha indawo kamongameli oye wadlula igunya lakhe, noma ukulawula okungalawuleki kwe-Congress ukuze abuyisele ukuqondisa kwe-account. Ukhetho lwaphakathi kwe-mistry luvame ukusebenza njengezikhokhi ezikhombisa izikhulu noma izinhlangano eziqaphile. Umvoti omkhulu uphendulile futhi oqondiswe ugxekwa. Nokho, imithetho yokuvota evimbelayo, futhi izimali zomkhankaso zinganciphisa ithonya lamavoti, wenze izinguquko ezidingekile ekugcineni isimiso sisamukela.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekulungeni Nokusebenza Ngesigqi

Izakhamuzi zingajoyina amaqembu alawula izenzo zikahulumeni kanye namafakela izinselele zomthetho. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) ne-Brennan Center for Justice zisebenza ngokusekela imingcele yomthetho-mthetho. Ukubhikisha komphakathi, izincwadi eziya kuzikhulu ezikhethiwe, nokuthembisana ezindaweni ezibukele izakhamuzi. Izembuyiselo zezenhlala-zwe ziwandisa lamazwi, kodwa futhi zisakaza amanga angasonta imibono yalokho okungenabuchuku.

Ukufunda Nemfundo Evela Kubezindaba

Ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni asebenza ngayo kungumsuka wokuqala wokuzivikela. .Imfundo yama-Civics (ngokuvamile enganakwa ezikoleni) kufanele ihlanganise ukwehlukana kwemibuso, umlando wokuphamba, kanye namathuluzi ezakhamuzi okuziphindisela. Ukufunda i Media kusiza abantu ukuba bahlukanise phakathi kokungavumelani okungokomthetho nemithetho esemthethweni esemthethweni ewumthetho-sisekelo. Ngaphandle kolwazi oluyisisekelo, izakhamuzi azikwazi ukuqaphela uma igatsha seliqedile. Ukutshala emfundweni wezembubhiso kuyisu lesikhathi eside lokulondoloza imithetho yentando yeningi.

Isiphetho: Ukuqapha Okuqhubekayo

Umbuzo walokho okwenzekayo lapho elinye igatsha lidlula amandla alo alinampendulo eyodwa. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi imiphumela isukela enkingeni yezombangazwe esheshayo kuya ekuncipheni kwethemba kancane, futhi ukusabela kusuka ekuzimiseleni kwenhlangano okuqinile kuya ekushaqiseni ukuvala ihlombe. Ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla akuwona umshini ozilawulayo; ukuhleleka okungaqinile okumelwe kugcinwe ngokuqhubekayo. Abathandi besifiso sokuvelela kumelwe balwe nokunye ukulwa nesifiso sokuvelela, kodwa bazi futhi ukuthi abantu ngokwabo bayakwazi ukuhlola okokugcina ubushiqela. Akukho simiso sikahulumeni esigonyelwayo. Ukuvikela akuyona inhlanganisela yezimiso eziqinile zomthetho, i-judiary imingcele ezimisele ukugcinwa, ikhefu evikela imibuso yayo, nesakhamuzi esiphethe wonke amagatsha.