Inqubo yomthetho ingenye yezici eziyisisekelo kakhulu zokubusa kwentando yeningi, kodwa kuseyimfihlakalo ezakhamuzini eziningi. Uma kuhlongozwa ukukhokha isikweleti, kuthatha uhambo oluyinkimbinkimbi ngamasigaba amaningi okubukeza, impikiswano, kanye nokuvota ngaphambi kokuba kube umthetho. Ukuqonda lenqubo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuhileleka ngokunenjongo nohulumeni wakhe, ukusekela izinguquko zesimiso, noma ukumane aqonde ukuthi imithetho elawula ukuphila kwansuku zonke iqala kanjani. Lesiqondiso esibanzi siphula isinyathelo ngasinye senqubo yemithetho yomthetho ngolimi olucacile, sikunikeza ulwazi lokulandela izikwethula izikweletuso ukuba uthathe izigwebo zezenziso.

Liyini Ibhuloho Futhi Ubani Ongaliveza?

Isivumelwano siyisiphakamiso esisemthethweni somthetho omusha noma sokulungisa imithetho ekhona. Simelela indlela eyinhloko imithetho esungulwa ngayo, elungiswe, noma ebuyiselweyo ezimisweni zomthetho wentando yeningi. Izincwadi zingakhuluma cishe nganoma isiphi isihloko esisebusweni bukahulumeni, kusukela ekukhokheleni intela nasekunakekeleni impilo kuya ekuvikelweni kwendawo ezungezile kanye nasekulungiseni ukwahlulela okungasemthethweni.

Kuyi-United States Congress, amalungu kuphela eNdlu yabameleli noma iSigele angasungula umthetho ngokomthetho. Nokho, imibono yezikweletu ingavela emithonjeni eminingi. Abameleli bangathintana nabameleli babo ngokusikisela kwemithetho emisha. Amaqembu esithakazelo, izinhlangano zezempatho, nabaxhasi bemithetho yemithetho yezezimali, kanye nokusebenza ngemithetho ehlongozwayo nezishayamthetho ezinozwela zokuyiletha. Igatsha eliphethe, kuhlanganise uMongameli nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezihlukahlukene, ngokuvamile lingasungula iziphakamiso zemithetho esungulwa amalungu ahlangene. Ngisho nezishayamthetho zesifundazwe nohulumeni bangafaka umthetho osekelwe ezimithethweni eziphumelelayo ezisezingeni eliphansi zikahulumeni.

Kulelozinga lombuso, lenqubo ifana, nabamisi-mthetho bakahulumeni abangenisa izikweleti emagumbini abo. Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zinqume ngokuqondile ngezindlela zomthetho noma izinqubo ze-astendum, zidlulise ngokuphelele indlela yesiko yokushaya umthetho. Lendlela yokulawula inikeza amandla abavoti amandla okusungula imithetho ngaphandle kokuthembela kuphela kubameleli babo abakhethiwe.

Isiqalo Nesabelo Sasekuqaleni

Lapho ilungu leKhongolo linquma ukukhipha isikweleti, basiyisa kuClerk wendlu noma kuNobhala weSigele, kuye ngokuthi basebenza kuliphi igumbi. Umthetho ube usunikwa inombolo ekhethekile yokuzichaza elandela uhlelo oluthile. Endlini yabameleli, izikweleti zibekwa nge "H.R." ezilandelwa inani (ngokwesibonelo, H.R. 1234). ESigeqeni, izindleko zamukela isiqu se-"S""'." isiqu (njenge-S. 567). Lamanani abelwa ngokwezikwele zindleko ngokulandelana kwezindleko zibekwa phakathi nesimiso sengqungquthela yonyaka emibili.

Isihloko somthetho nesifushaniso esifushane kufakwe embhalweni ongokomthetho, futhi amakhophi anikezwa amanye amalungu oMkhandlu nomphakathi. Lokhu kubonakala njengesisekelo senqubo yomthetho wentando yeningi, kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zilandele umthetho ohlongozwayo futhi ziqonde ukuthi yini abameleli bazo abasebenza kuyo. Enkathini yanamuhla, izikweleti eziningi zikhishwa kuyi-inthanethi phakathi namahora okuqala, okwenza ukuba zitholakale kunoma ubani oxhumana nge-inthanethi.

Ngemva kwesethulo, izindleko zifundwa okokuqala. Lokhu kuwumkhuba lapho inombolo yemali, umxhasi, nesihloko sifundwa khona ngokuzwakalayo noma kungeniswe embhalweni osemthethweni. Ukufundwa kokuqala kusebenza njengesaziso esingokomthetho kuwo wonke amalungu endikimba yomthetho ukuthi isiphakamiso esisha sicatshangelwa. Ngemva kokufundwa kokuqala, isikhulu esiphethe igumbi sibhekisela kumthetho owodwa noma ngaphezulu osekelwe endabeni yendaba nasebusweni.

Isabelo Sekomiti Nomcimbi

Isigaba sesabelo sekomiti sibalulekile ngoba inquma ukuthi yiliphi iqembu labashaya imithetho eliyoqala ukubheka indinganiso ebanzi yalencwadi. Amakomiti e-Congress ahlelwe ezindaweni ezithile ezinjengezolimo, izinkonzo zezikhali, imfundo, amandla, izimali, izindaba zangaphandle, amajaji, kanye nezinto zokuhamba. Ikomiti ngayinye ithuthukisa ubuchwepheshe endaweni yayo emisiwe futhi isebenzise amalungu ochwepheshe ahlaziya umthetho futhi anikeze usizo lwezobuchwepheshe.

UmSheaker we House noma i-Majority Monist uvame ukwenza izabelo zekomiti, nakuba isinqumo sivame ukusekelwe ngokuqondile endabeni yendaba yemali. Ezinye izikweleti eziyinkimbinkimbi ezithinta izindawo ezilandelana ngezimiso eziningi zingabhekiselwa kumakomiti amaningana ngesikhathi esisodwa noma ngokwenzuzo. Uma amakomiti amaningi ethola izindleko, ikomiti enkulu ivame ukumiswa njengekomiti eyinhloko enomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlola umthetho, kuyilapho amanye angase abe nesikhathi esilinganiselwe sokuhlola amalungiselelo athile akhona phakathi kombuso wawo.

Izabelo zamakomiti zingakuthinta kakhulu ukudalelwa kwemali. Imali ethunyelwa ekomitini enesihlalo esimelene nayo ingase ingalokothi ihlolwe, ikwazi ukubulala ngokunempumelelo icebo ngaphandle kokuvota. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isihlalo sekomiti esisekelayo singamisa umthetho osheshayo, sihlele ukuzwa ngokushesha, futhi sisebenzele ukwakha ukuvumelana ukuze kuhambe. Lo mandla okugcina isango enza ukuba ibhodi libe nethonya elikhulu enqubweni yomthetho.

Inqubo Yokubukeza Yekomiti

Uma isikweleti sesifikile ekomitini, singena esigabeni sokuhlola okukhulu nokuhlaziya. Isihlalo sekomiti sinquma ukuthi kufanele sithathe isikweleti sokucabangela. Izikweleti eziningi azidluli leli qophelo, zimane nje zihlale ekomitini ngaphandle kwesenzo. Lokhu ngezinye izikhathi kubhekiselwa kuso ngokuthi isithi "ukwehla kwekomiti." Eqinisweni, izikweletu eziningi ezisungulwe eKhomishane azikwenzisi ukuba ziphume ekomitini, ziveze isimo esingakhethi senqubo yemithetho.

Izezikweleti ezinakwayo, ikomiti ingazabela eziboshweni eziseceleni ukuze zihlolwe ngisho nangokwengeziwe. Ikomiti engaphansi igxila ezindaweni ezilinganiselwe ezisebusweni bekomiti ebanzi. Ngokwesibonelo, iKomiti yendlu YezeMwezi nezohwebo inezibopho ezingaphansi ezinikezelwe kwizihloko ezithile ezinjengezempilo, indawo ezungezile, ukuxhumana, nesivikelo sabathengi. Ikomiti yesikhulu esingaphansi kwekomiti ibhekisa ekuhloleni kwayo futhi ingagcina ukuqulwa ngaphambi kokubika ekomitini egcwele ngokutusa.

Izindaba Zamakomiti Nobufakazi Obuqaphile

Ikomiti kanye nekomiti ephethe amacala enkantolo kufeza izinjongo eziningi enqubeni yomthetho. Zinikeza i-memone yokuqoqa ukwaziswa, ukuzwa kochwepheshe nabafaki be-partime, ukwakha umlando womphakathi, nokusakaza ukunaka kwendaba. Ukuzwa kungasuka ezingxenyeni ezimfushane ezithatha ihora noma ezimbili kuya ezinqubeni ezinkulu ezithatha izinsuku eziningi noma ngisho amasonto athile emithetho eyinkimbinkimbi noma ephikisanayo.

Phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, amalungu ekomiti alalela ubufakazi obuvela kofakazi abahlukahlukene. Laba bangase bahlanganise izikhulu zikahulumeni ezizoba nomthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenzisa umthetho ohlongozwayo, ochwepheshe bezemfundo abaye bahlola lendaba, abameleli bezimboni ezithintekile noma amaqembu ezithakazelo, nezakhamuzi ezivamile ezizothonywa umthetho. OFakazi ngokuvamile banikeza ubufakazi obubhaliwe kusengaphambili bese benikeza izifushaniso zomlomo phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, ngemva kwalokho amalungu ekomiti abuze imibuzo.

Le nqubo yokulalela ivumela abashaya imithetho ukuba bahlole imiphumela engenzeka yomthetho ohlongozwayo, baphawule imiphumela engahlolwanga, futhi baqonde imibono ehlukene kulendaba. Ibuye iveze umlando ongokomthetho ongabhekiselwa kamuva ezimpikiswaneni zasesitezi noma ngisho nasemacaleni asenkantolo angase avele ngemva kokuba umthetho umisiwe. Izakhamuzi namaqembu afuna ukuphatha izigebengu, ukuzwa kunikeza ithuba lokuthonya umthetho ngokunikeza ubufakazi nezimpikiswano ngokuqondile kubenzi besinqumo.

Izikhathi Zokuphawula Neziphendulo

Ngemva kokuphetha, ikomiti noma ikomiti engaphansi inezikhawu zokubhapathiza lapho amalungu ehlola khona umugqa wesikweleti ngomgqebhezana futhi ahlongoza izinguquko. Igama "macroup" libhekisela enqubweni yokubhala umbhalo wesibhakathi ngokulungisa, ukuhlanganisa, nokucisha. Lemibuthano ilapho umsebenzi wangempela wokwenza umthetho wokwenziwa kwezincwadi ngokuvamile uyenzeka, njengoba amalungu ekomiti exoxa ngokuhlenga futhi ecwenga ulimi lwemali.

Phakathi nokubhalisa, noma yiliphi ilungu lekomiti lingase lisikisele ukulungisa izindleko. Lokhu kulungisa kungaba ukulungisa okuncane kobuchwepheshe, izinguquko eziphawulekayo zenqubo, noma noma yini ephakathi. Izimpikiswano zekomiti ngayinye ehlongozwayo futhi ivote ukuthi ingamukelwa yini. Lenqubo ingaba ephikisanayo, namalungu avela ezinhlangothini ezihlukahlukene noma nezimiso ezihlukene ezinikeza imibono ephikisanayo ngomthetho.

Isihlalo sekomiti nelungu leqembu elincane eliphethe (ilungu eliphethe leqembu elincane ekomitini) lidlala izindima ezibalulekile phakathi nokuqongelelwa. Bavame ukusebenza ndawonye ukuze bathuthukise ukulungisa kwe-meya (iqoqo lezinguquko ezikhangwa amakheli phakathi nokuzwa nokufakwa kweziphakamiso ezifinyelelwe ngokuxoxisana. Ukulungisa kahle kwemenenja kungasiza ekwakheni ukusekela isikwele se-bipartis nokushela indlela yayo ezisele izigaba zomthetho.

Imibiko Nemibiko Yekomiti

Uma inqubo yokuchoma isiphelile, ikomiti iyavota ukuthi ingabika yini kahle imvume egumbini eligcwele. Umbiko ovumayo usho ukuthi ikomiti itusa ukuba indlu egcwele noma iSigele sidlulise isikweleti. AmaKomiti futhi angabika izikweleti ngokungafanele noma ngaphandle kokutusa, nakuba lokhu kungajwayelekile. Uma ikomiti ivota ngokumelene nokubika isikweleti, ihlala isekomitini futhi ayiqhubeki phambili.

Uma ikomiti ibika isikhwama semali esigunyaziwe, ilungisa umbiko obhaliwe wekomiti ohambisana nomthetho. Lombiko uyincwadi ebalulekile echaza injongo yemali, ifingqa amalungiselelo ayo, ichaza ushintsho olwenziwa phakathi nokucatshangelwa kwekomiti, futhi inikeza icebo lekomiti lokutusa i-partimenti. Lombiko ungahlanganisa nezilinganiso zezindleko ezilungiselelwe yi-Congregal Baccountal Bactal Office, ehlaziya ithonya elikhona lalemali ekusebenziseni kwemali nemali ehlawulwa uhulumeni.

Imibiko yamakomiti ivame ukuba nemibono eyengeziwe evela kumalungu amakomiti. Abaningi bangahlanganisa imibono eyengeziwe ehlobene nokusekela kwabo lomthetho, kuyilapho amalungu amancane engase avumele imibono ephikisanayo echaza ukuphikiswa kwawo. Lemibono eyengeziwe inikeza umongo obalulekile kwabanye abashaya imithetho kanye nomphakathi ozama ukuqonda imibono ehlukile ngomthetho ohlongozwayo.

Ukucatshangelwa Kwendawo Ephakeme

Ngemva kokuba isikweleti sikhishwe ngaphandle kwekomiti, kumelwe kuhlelwe ukuba kucatshangelwe igumbi eligcwele. Lenqubo yokuhlela ihlukile phakathi kwendlu neSigele ngenxa yobukhulu babo obuhlukene nemithetho elandelwayo. Endlini yabameleli, i-Migal Committee ifeza indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi izimali zidingidwa nini. I-Migal Committee inikeza umthetho okhethekile wesigebeko ngasinye esikhulu esichaza ukuthi isikhathi esingakanani sempikiswano esivunyelwe, ukuthi iziphendulo zinganikezwa yini, nokuthi iziphi izinqubo ezizobusa ukucatshangelwa.

I House Provincial Committee ingayihlela ngokuphawulekayo impikiswano ngokunquma ukuthi izovumela umthetho obala (ivumela noma yiziphi izinguquko), umthetho ovaliwe (ukulungisa), noma umthetho ohlelwe kahle (uvumela kuphela izinguquko ezithile ezaziwayo zangaphambi kokuvunyelwa). Lezi zinqumo zingasiza noma zingazivumeli izikhundla zenqubo ezihlukene futhi zithinte okusekugcineni kwemithetho. Imithetho ngokwayo kumelwe ivunyelwe yivoti enkulu yendlu yonke ngaphambi kokuba kuqale impikiswano yemali engaphansi.

KuyiSigele, uhlelo luvumelana kakhulu kodwa luyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngenxa yamasiko alelogumbi empikiswano engenamkhawulo kanye nomphathi wombuso ngamunye. Umholi weSigele uxoxa noMholi oMncane kanye nabanye abasizi abathakazelayo ukuze bafinyelele izivumelwano zemvume ezivumelanayo zesakhiwo. Ngaphandle kwezivumelwano ezinjalo, noma imuphi umsekeni ongaphikisa futhi anganqikazi ukucabangela umthetho ngokungenasiphelo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokukhuluma.

Impikiswano Ephakeme Esigungwini Esigcwele

Uma isamba semali sifika phansi kwendlu noma eSigeqeni, sifundwa ngokwesibili, okuvame ukuhlanganisa ukufunda isihloko somthetho. Imali ivuleka ukuba kuqhutshwe impikiswano ngokwemithetho emisiwe ukuze ihlolwe. Impikiswano yecala ifeza imisebenzi eminingi: ivumela amalungu ukuba achaze izikhundla zawo kusebenza nabo kanye abahleli nabo, idala umlando womthetho ongase uhlolwe lapho kuchazwa umthetho, futhi inikeza ithuba lokugcina lokucwenga umthetho ngeziphekethi.

Kuleyo House, isikhathi sengxoxo silinganiselwe kakhulu futhi sihlukaniswe ngokulinganayo phakathi kwabasekeli nabaphikisi bemali. Isihlalo nelungu eliphethe ikomiti elabika lemali ngokuvamile iphatha isikhathi sengxoxo ezinhlangothini zabo, inikeza amanye amalungu isikhathi sawo afuna ukukhuluma. Izimpikiswano zendlu ngokuvamile zimfushane ngokuqhathaniswa, futhi izikweleti ezinkulu ezithola mhlawumbe amahora ambalwa engxoxo ehlukene phakathi kwamakhulu amalungu angase afune ukuhlanganyela.

Izimpikiswano zasesitezi seziteshi zisebenza ngendlela ehlukile ngenxa yesiko laleyondawo yempikiswano engenamkhawulo. Abashicileli bangakhuluma isikhathi eside nganoma isiphi isihloko uma nje befisa ukuba khona kwezikhulu ezingu-60 zama-senester ukuvota ukuvuselela nokuqeda impikiswano. Lomthetho unikeza izinyunyana ngabanye namandla amancane okubambezela noma ukuvimbela umthetho owenzelwe ukuvimbela ukuvota. I-finbuster iye yaba yimpikiswano eyandayo eminyakeni yamuva, ngempikiswano yokuthi ivikela amalungelo amancane noma ivumela ukuvinjelwa kweningi ukuba likwazi.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Ekwandeni

Phakathi nokuhlola iphansi, amalungu angahlongoza ukulungisa ukuze alungise umbhalo wesikhwama. Imithetho elawula ukulungiswa kwemali iyahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamagumbi futhi ixhomeke ezinqubweni eziqondile ezimiswe ngomthetho ngamunye. Endlini, izinqubo zivumelana kuphela uma zivunyelwa yinkulumo ebusayo. Uma izinguquko zivunyelwe, kumelwe ziqine embhalweni wendaba yemali futhi zixabana kafushane ngaphambi kokuvota.

ISigele sivame ukuvumela amathuba amakhulu kakhulu okulungisa. Abashicileli banganikeza ukubuyiselwa cishe kunoma isiphi isihloko, ngisho noma singavumelani nesivumelwano esiyisisekelo, ngaphandle kokuba isivumelwano semvume sivimbela ukunqanyulwa. Lokhu kushintsha ngezinye izikhathi kuholela ekuziphatheni okunezimiso lapho abasizi befaka khona amalungiselelo okuphikiswayo ezikweletini ezithandwayo, bethemba ukuthi izithembu ziyothwalwa lapho kudlula isikweletu. Kungaphumela nasekulungiseni izikhawu lapho kuhlongo zebanga elide lapho kuhlongozwa khona futhi kuvotelwe khona inqwaba yemikhankani.

Ezinye izinguquko ziwushintsho lwenqubo olungalawuleki, kuyilapho ezinye zingokomfanekiso noma ziklanyelwe ukuphoqelela abaphikisi bezombangazwe ekuvoteni okunzima. Izigwebo zinganikezwa amalungu ngamanye noma zithuthukiswe ngezingxoxo ze-bipartis. Izinguquko eziphumelelayo ezikhanga ukusekela okukhulu zingawathuthukisa kakhulu amathuba emali yokungena ngokuxoxa ngokuthintana nokuhlanganisa izinkonzo zabasekeli.

Imishini Yokusakaza Nokudlula

Ngemva kwempikiswano nokulungisa kuphele, amavoti asegumbini ekudluleni kokugcina kwemali. Lokhu kufundeka kwesithathu, nakuba kusetshenziswa isimanje izindleko kungavamile ukufundwa ngokugcwele kuleliqophelo. Izinhlobo eziningana zamavoti zingasetshenziswa kuye ngegumbi nasezimweni. Ukuvota kwezwi kuyindlela elula kakhulu, lapho amalungu ememeza "ye" noma "no" futhi isikhulu esiphethe sinquma ukuthi yiluphi uhlangothi olusekelwe emdlalweni. Amavoti ezwi ngokuvamile asetshenziswa ezindizeni ezingekho komiti.

Kunomthetho obaluleke kakhulu noma ophikiswayo, kuthathwa ivoti eqoshiwe lapho isikhundla selungu ngalinye sibhalwe khona ngalinye. Endlini, lokhu kuvame ukukwenziwa ngesimiso sokuvota somshini lapho amalungu efaka khona ikhadi futhi acindezela inkinobho ukuze abonise ukuvota kwawo. ISigele sisebenzisa i-vhoti yokuvota lapho umabhalane ebiza igama le-seneti ngalinye futhi asabela ngevoti yabo. Amavoti aqopha umlando akha umbhalo womphakathi ongabukeza khona ukuthi abameleli babo bangavota kanjani ezindabeni ezithile.

Kudingeka amalungu amaningi avota ezimweni eziningi. Ekhaya, lokhu kusho okungenani amavoti angu-218 uma wonke amalungu angu-435 evota. ESigele, amavoti angu-51 ayadingeka uma zonke iziphathi eziyikhulu zivota. Ezinye izimo ezikhethekile zidinga ama-majorist aphezulu .Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphakamisa umongameli iveto kudinga amavoti amabili-31 kuwo womagumbi, futhi ukuvota okukhuphula ukuqeda i-painssbeaster kudinga amavoti angu-60.

Uma isambathiso sidlula, sithunyelwa kwenye indawo ye-Congress ukuze sicatshangelwe. Uma sihluleka, isigwebo siyanqotshwa futhi asiqhubeki, nakuba abaxhasi bengase baphinde baphinde bamise umthetho ofanayo esikhathini esizayo. Ingqikithi yamavoti kanye nethonya lezombangazwe elizungeze ingxenye yendima ngokuvamile linikeza izingxenyana ngamathemba omthetho wesivumelwano kwelinye igumbi futhi ukuthi ungabhekana yini nomongameli.

Ukucabangela Esigungwini Sesibili

Uma kufika isikweleti esidlula elinye igumbi kwelinye, sithatha inqubo efanayo: ikomiti, ukuzwa, ukuvota, ingxoxo yaphansi, nokuvota. Nokho, igumbi lesibili alibophekile ukuba licabangele isikweleti. Izindleko eziningi ezidlula kwelinye igumbi azithatheli nyathelo kwelinye, ziqedele uhambo lwazo lokuba umthetho.

Uma igumbi lesibili lithatha izindleko, lingazidlulisa ngaphandle koshintsho, uma kwenzeka izindleko ziqhubekela ngqo kumongameli. Ngokuvamile, ikamelo lesibili lilungisa futhi lilungise izinto zalo, libonisa izinto eziza kuqala, amandla ezombangazwe, noma imibono yezimiso. Uma igumbi lesibili lidlulisa ushintsho oluhlukile lwemali, amagumbi amabili kumelwe alungise ukungezwani kwawo ngaphambi kokuba umthetho uthunyelwe kumongameli.

Ngezinye izikhathi igumbi elisungule imvume yemali limane lamukele izinguquko ezenziwa igumbi lesibili, ikakhulukazi uma ushintsho luncane noma luthuthukisa umthetho. Imali ibhekisa kumongameli ngendlela yayo elungisiweyo. Kwezinye izimo, igumbi elikhona lingase lenqabe ushintsho futhi licele ikomiti yengqungquthela ukuba ixoxe ngenguquko ehlehliweyo.

Amakomiti Engqungquthela Nokubuyisana

Uma iNdlu neSigele kudlulisa izinguqulo ezihlukene zesivumelwano esifanayo, ikomiti yengqungquthela ingamiswa ukuze ixazulule ukungezwani. Le komiti inamalungu asemagumbini womabili, ikakhulukazi kuhlanganise namalungu asemakomitini asemadala ayecabangela umthetho ekuqaleni. Ngezinye izikhathi amakomiti engqungquthela abizwa ngokuthi "indlu yesithathu yeSishaya-Mkhandlu" ngenxa yamandla awo okuhlela uhlelo lokugcina lomthetho.

Amalungu ekomiti yengqungquthela axoxa ngemuva kweminyango evaliweyo ukuze asungule isikhwama sokukhokha imali esingadonsa ukusekela kweningi kuwo womabili amakamu. Bangase bahlukanise ukungezwani, bamukele amalungiselelo athathwe kwenye inguqulo phezu kwenye, noma basebenzise ulimi olusha ngokuphelele. Umbiko wengqungquthela uqukethe umbhalo wokugcina wemali kanye nencazelo yokuthi abanikeli baxazulula kanjani ukuhlukana phakathi kwezinguqulo zendlu nezigele.

Umbiko wengqungquthela kumelwe uvunyelwe yiwo womabili amakamu, kodwa amalungu angeke alungiswe u-yebo noma u-o ku-oda ephaketheni eliyekelelwe lilonke. Lokhu kuthatha i-odole-yayi kunikeza amandla abalulekile amakomiti engqungquthela kodwa futhi kufune ukuba bawenze amakomiti athole ukusekela kweningi kuwo womabili amakamu. Uma noma yiliphi igumbi linqaba umbiko wengqungquthela, igebe liyahluleka ngaphandle kokuba amagumbi angaxoxa ngokuhlehla okusha.

Eminyakeni yamuva, amakomiti angokomthetho engqungquthela aye aqala ukufana. Kunalokho, abaholi bomhlangano bavame ukuxoxa ngokwethukela ukuze baxazulule ukungezwani phakathi kwezindlu nezikweleti zeSigele, bese usebenzisa izinqubo zokuxhumana ukuze balethe inguqulo eyekethiweyo phansi. Lendlela ingashesha futhi ithambe kakhulu kodwa futhi ibonakale ngokukhanyayo kunenqubo yekomiti yengqungquthela yakudala.

Isenzo SobuPresidenti: Ukusayina Noma Ukukhipha I - Vetoto

Uma izikhungo zombili zeKhongolo sezidlulise izinombolo zemali ezifanayo, zibhaliwe ngezansi kwephepha lesikhumba futhi zifakazelwa yi-Clerk of the House noNobhala weSigele. Isivumelwano esibhaliwe sinikezwa uMongameli, onezindlela eziningi zokusabela. Ukuqonda lezi zinketho kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela isimiso se-check nezimiso ezisebenza ngayo enqubeni yemithetho yaseMelika.

UMongameli angasayina incwadi yefandalethi, lapho iphenduka umthetho ngokushesha noma ngosuku oluchazwe eMthethweni. Imikhosi yokusayina kukaMongameli ivame ukuqhutshelwa umthetho obalulekile, uMongameli esebenzisa amapeni amaningi ukuze asayine incwadi yemali futhi ayisabele amapeni kubasekeli abayinhloko njengezinto eziwuphawulo. Lemikhosi ikhonza kokubili izinjongo ezingokomfanekiso nezezombangazwe, ivumela uMongameli ukuba athole udumo ngomthetho omusha futhi abonge labo abasebenza ukuwenza.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uMongameli angabuyisela isikweleti ngokusibuyisela eKhongoloneni nesigijimi esichaza ukuphikisa. I-veto iyithuluzi elinamandla elibonisa indima yegatsha eliphetheyo enqubweni yomthetho-mthetho. I-Vito ivame ukuchaza izinkathazo zomthetho-sisekelo, ukungavumelani nezimiso, noma ukumiswa kwemithetho. Amanye amavetoe asekelwe ekuphikisani okuyisisekelo nemigomo yemali, kuyilapho amanye emelene nezinhlelo ezithile noma ukungabi khona kwezakhi ezifunekayo.

UMongameli unesinyathelo sesithathu: akathathi nyathelo. Uma uMongameli engasayini izimpawu noma ekhipha isikweleti phakathi nezinsuku eziyishumi (amaSonto adlule) lapho uMkhandlu ukhona, umthetho ngokuzenzekelayo uba umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwa. Lendlela yokungahloniphi isetshenziswa uma uMongameli enemibono engokomthetho kodwa engafuni ukusebenzisa inhloko - dolobha yezombangazwe ekulweni. Ivumela umthetho ube yikho lapho kubekwa uphawu lwe-presidentiant imvume noma ukuvinjelwa.

I - pocket Veto

Isimo esikhethekile siphakama uma iziKhongolo-sifunda phakathi nenkathi yeshumi ngemva kokunikeza uMongameli incwadi. Kulokhu, uma uMongameli engathathi nyathelo, umthetho awubi ngumthetho /("iwu-"pocket with"." I-veto ekhukhwayo iphelele futhi ayinakungagconwa ngoba uMkhandlu awukho esimisweni ukuze uthole umyalezo weveto noma uvote. Le mithetho esemthethweni inikeza uMongameli isiqinisekiso esengeziwe ekupheleni kwezikhathi ze-conationationation.

Iveto ephaketheni ibiyindaba yezimpikiswano zomthetho-sisekelo, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokuthi yini ehlanganisa ukunqatshelwa kwengqungquthela. Ngezinye izikhathi abameli baye bazama ukusebenzisa izithuthi ezinamaphandle phakathi nezindawo ezimfushane, kuyilapho uKhongolo-mthetho luye lwaphikisa ngokuthi ukunqatshelwa kokugcina kuphela ekupheleni kwegama lengqungquthela yeminyaka emibili kuyafaneleka. Izinkantolo ziye zasekelana kakhulu neSishaya-Mnyango kulendaba, zifaka amaveto ephaketheni ezinqikalweni zokugcina, kodwa imingcele eqondile ihlala ingacacile ngandlela-thile.

Ukumisa I - Veto Engumongameli

Uma uMongameli ekhipha umthetho, uMkhandlu unamandla okuwuqeda lowo mthetho futhi umise umthetho. Lokhu kudinga ukuvota okuzingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu kokubili endlu naseSihlalweni (*) ngokuphawulekayo kunomnyango ophakeme kakhulu kunalowo omningi odingekayo ukuze udlulise i-trans. Igumbi elasungula umthetho ovamile ovota kuqala emzamweni wokuzilawula, futhi uma uphumelela, umthetho ungena kwelinye igumbi ukuze uvote.

Ukukhomba i-Vto kuyinto engavamile ngenxa yemfuneko enkulu kakhulu. UMongameli weqembu elifanayo elilawula i-Congress akunakwenzeka ukubhekana nemizamo edlulileyo, njengoba ukwethembeka kweqembu ngokuvamile kuvimbela amalungu anele ekuvotelweni umholi weqembu lawo. Ngisho noma amaqembu ahlukene elawula i-presidente kanye ne-Congress, ukuhlanganiswa kwamatshe ayiziqu ezimbili ezintathu kuzo zombili izikhungo kunzima. Ngenxa yalokho, amaveto aningi ayagcinwa, futhi umlebhi uyafa.

Nokho, ukunqanda i-veto kuyaqalwa, ikakhulukazi ezindlekweni ezisekela kakhulu i-bipartisan noma lapho uMongameli ebuthakathaka kwezombangazwe. Ukudunyiswa okuphumelelayo kumelela ukunqotshwa okukhulu kukaMongameli futhi kubonakalisa ukuzimisela koMkhandlu ukumisa umthetho naphezu kokuphikisa kwezikhulu. Kubonisa futhi isimiso somthetho-sisekelo sokuthi uMkhandlu uyindikimba eyinhloko yokwenza umthetho, neveto kaMongameli esebenza njengesehlo kunokuba ibe yisithiyo esiphelele.

Imithetho Ekhethekile

Nakuba le nqubo echazwe ngenhla imelela indlela ejwayelekile yokushaya umthetho, iSishaya-mthetho siye sasungula izinqubo eziningana ezikhethekile zezinhlobo ezithile zezikweletu. Lezi zikweletu zingasiza ekucabangeleni, ekulinganiseni, noma ekunikezeni ezinye izinzuzo. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo ezikhethekile kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela umthetho othile ohamba ngayo ngokushesha kakhulu noma ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukene kunezindleko ezivamile.

Ukubuyisana Ngemali

Ukubuyisana kwendlela yokusebenzisa uhlelo kuyinqubo ekhethekile esetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa imali kahulumeni, imali, kanye nomngcele wezikweletu. Izindleko zokubuyisana zivikelwe kuma-nfibuster aseSigele, okusho ukuthi zingadlula ngeningi kunangamavoti angu-60 adingekayo ukuze kunqotshwe izithiyo zokuhlela. Lokhu kwenza ukubuyisana kube yimoto ekhangayo yomthetho wempikiswano ongase uvinjelwe yidlanzana legede.

Nokho, ukubuyisana kuhambisana nemingcele ebalulekile. Le nqubo ingasetshenziselwa kuphela amalungiselelo anemiphumela eqondile yokuhlela imali, futhi iSigele "Umthetho we-Byrne" sinqabela ukuhlanganisa izinto ezingekho ngqiqweni(izilinganiso ezingathinti ukusetshenziswa noma inzuzo, ezikhuphula izikweleti ezidlula ifasitela lemali, noma ezenza izinguquko kuNsitho-mphakathi. Isikhulu seSishaya-mthetho simisa lemithetho, futhi amalungiselelo abhekwa ukuthi awekho okunganciphindwa kulo mthetho.

Ukubuyisana kuye kwasetshenziselwa umthetho omkhulu ohlanganisa ukuncishiswa kwentela, izinguquko zezempilo, nokusetshenziswa kwemali. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuye kwaba okuvamile futhi okuphikisanayo emashumini eminyaka amuva njengoba ukuhlanganisa izindawo ezihlukene kwenza kwaba nzima ukuhlanganisa ama-60 esizwe amakhulu adingekayo kumthetho ovamile eSigele. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukubuyisana kusetshenziswa ngaphezu kwenjongo yakho ehlosiwe, kuyilapho abavikeli bethi kuyithuluzi elisemthethweni lokumisa izisekelo zeqembu elikhulu.

Igunya Elisheshayo Lokuthola Izivumelwano Zohwebo

Igunya lokukhuthaza ezohwebo, elivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "umzila osheshayo," yinqubo ekhethekile yokucabangela izivumelwano zezohwebo ezixoxwe nguMongameli. Ngaphansi kwezinqubo ezisheshayo, isebenzisa umthetho wezivumelwano zezohwebo uthola ukucatshangelwa okungcono ngesikhathi sempikiswano esilinganiselwe futhi akukho zinguquko ezivunyelwe. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi uMkhandlu uvota noma ululaza izivumelwano zohwebo uma kuxoxwa, ngaphandle kokwenza izinguquko ezizodinga ukubuyisana nowangaphandle.

Igunya elisheshayo lokulawula umkhondo alikho ngokokugcina-jika [1] Ikhonret Kumelwe iyinike uMongameli ngezikhathi ezithile ngomthetho omisa izinqubo nanoma yiziphi izimo noma izinhloso zezingxoxo zezohwebo. Leli lungiselelo lilinganisela isidingo sikaMongameli sokuncintisana kwegunya lomthetho-sisekelo woMkhandlu kwezentengiselwano zomhlaba wonke. Liye lasetshenziselwa izivumelwano ezinkulu zezohwebo zihlanganisa i-NAFTA kanye nezivumelwano zezohwebo zezentengiselwano ezihlukene ze-bhitenal-mathi nezohwebo zezo zincwadi eziningi.

Ukufakwa Kwemithetho

Indlu yabameleli ivame ukusebenzisa inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi "ukwenza umthetho wemithetho" kumthetho ongahlangene. U-Bles acatshangelwa encishiswe impikiswano elinganiselwe (kanjani imizuzu engu-40), akukho kulunga okuvunyelwayo, futhi ukudluliswa kudinga amavoti amabili anesithathu kunabantu abavamile. Lenqubo ivumela iNdlu ukuba idlulise izikweletu ngokushesha ezisekela i-bipartisan ngaphandle kokungena ekomitini eligcwele naphansi.

Ukukhomba kuvame ukusetshenziswa ekukhumbuleni izikweleti, ukulungisa okuncane kwenqubo, nezinye izinyathelo ezingathandeki ukubangela ukuphikiswa okukhulu. Isidingo esinesithathu siqinisekisa ukuthi izindleko ezikhokhelwayo zingadlula kuphela ngaphansi kwalenqubo encishisiwe. Uma izindleko zihluleka ukuthola ukusekelwa ngama-3, zingalethwa kamuva ngaphansi kwezinqubo ezivamile ezidinga iningi elivamile.

Izinhlelo Zemithetho KaHulumeni

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxile ngokuyinhloko enqubweni yomthetho kahulumeni, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zilandela izindlela ezifanayo ngezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu. Zonke izifundazwe ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska zinezindlu zomthetho ezinezindlu ze-bimeral ezinezindlwana ezimbili (ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi iSigeqe noma iSishaya-Mhlangano neSigeqe). I-Nebraska inesishaya-mthetho esinegumbi elilodwa, esivala inqubo yomthetho ngokususa isidingo sokuhlanganisa ukungafani phakathi kwamagumbi amabili.

Izinqubo zemithetho kahulumeni zihlanganisa ukuthulwa kwemvume, ukubukezwa kwekomiti, ukuphikisana kwegumbi, nokuvota kuzo zombili iziteshi, kulandelwa isenzo sikambusi. Nokho, izinqubo eziqondile, imithetho, nezikhathi. Ezinye izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zihlangana unyaka wonke, kuyilapho ezinye zinezikhawu ezimfushane ezithatha izinyanga ezimbalwa noma ngisho amasonto. Ezinye izifunda zibeka imithetho eqinile yokusungula izikweletu noma ukuzihambisa ezigabani ezihlukahlukene, kuyilapho ezinye zivumela ukuvumelana nezimo.

Izifunda eziningi zinikeza izimiso zedemokrasi eziqondile ezingenakho ezingeni likahulumeni. Izenzo ze-ballot zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlobise imithetho ngokuqondile, zishiye isishaya-mthetho uma ziqoqa izigqebhene ezanele zezicelo. Ama-Referendendium enza abavoti bavume noma benqabe imithetho edluliswa yisishaya-mthetho. Lamathuluzi anika izakhamuzi amandla aqondile okulawula ukumiswa kwemithetho kodwa futhi angaholela nasemithethweni eyinkimbinkimbi noma engenziwangafanelekile engenayo ekwakheni okuvela ekuhlolweni kwemithetho kanye nokuncishiswa kwemithetho.

Ababusi bakahulumeni banemibuso efana noMongameli, kodwa imibuso eminingi futhi inikeza ababusi-umugqa-ingxenye yeveto igunya ngezindleko zokujezisa. Lokhu kuvumela ababusi ukuba basebenzise amalungiselelo akhethekile kuyilapho besayina zonke ezinye izilinganiso zemali emthethweni [1]a amandla uMongameli awanawo ngokwezinga likahulumeni. Izishaya-mthetho zingawedlula kakhulu ama-gubernaral avitoes ngevoti ze- supermajority, nakuba umnyango ofunekayo uhlukile ngokwezwe.

Indima Yokuphanga Nokungalawuleki

Kuyo yonke inqubo yomthetho, abantu abahlukahlukene nezinhlangano basebenzela ukuthonya umphumela. .Lobbing(ukuzama ukuthonya izinqumo zikahulumeni) kungumsebenzi ovikelwe ngokomthetho-mthetho ofeza indima ebalulekile ekusunguleni imithetho. Izisebenzi zobuchwepheshe zimelela izinhlangano, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, amaqembu asebenzela ukuphatha izigebengu, nezinye izithakazelo phambi kweSishaya-mthetho nombuso.

I-Lobbys inikeza ukwaziswa kwabashaya imithetho, imithetho ehlongozwayo nokulungisa, ifaka ubufakazi bokusekela noma ukuphikisa izimpande zotshani. Bangaba imithombo ewusizo yobuchwepheshe ezindabeni eziyinkimbinkimbi, basize abashaya imithetho baqonde imiphumela ewusizo yemithetho ehlongozwayo. Nokho, ukukhuthaza kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthola nokuthonya okungalingani, ikakhulukazi uma izithakazelo eziphambili zikwazi ukuzuza imithombo eminingi kunezakhamuzi ezivamile noma amaqembu anesithakazelo somphakathi.

Imithetho ye-Federal ne-overal idinga abanxusayo ukuba babhalise futhi bathulule imisebenzi yabo, amakhasimende, nezindleko. Lezi zimfuneko zokubona ngokukhululekile zisiza umphakathi ukuba uqonde ukuthi ubani ozama ukuthonya umthetho nokuthi ingakanani imali echithwayo emizamweni yokunxusa. Izakhamuzi zingathola imibiko yezembulo ukuze zibone ukuthi yiziphi izinhlangano ezisebenza ezindabeni ezizikhathalelayo nokuthi abameleli bazo baphangwa kanjani.

IGrasroots advocacy − uma izakhamuzi ezivamile zithintana nabameleli bazo ukuze ziveze imibono yazo mayelana nomthetho − lulunye uhlobo olubalulekile lwethonya. Abameli banaka ukuxhumana okuhlangene, ikakhulukazi lapho bethola abantu abaningi abaxhumanayo kumagazini ofanayo. Izingcingo zocingo, ama-imeyili, izincwadi, kanye nemihlangano egcwele yonke inikeza amathuba ezakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele enqubweni yokushaya umthetho ngaphandle kokuvota nje kuphela kukhetho.

Ukulandela Imithetho Nokuhlala Unolwazi

Kubantu abafuna ukulandela inqubo yomthetho futhi bahlale benolwazi ngemithetho ehlongozwayo, kunemithombo eminingi yezimali. Amawebhusayithi angokomthetho eSishaya-mthetho nezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zinikeza izinhlelo eziseshwayo zemali, izimiso zamakomiti, imicimbi yasesiteji, nemibhalo yokuvota. Lezi zindawo zivumela noma ubani ukuba afunde umbhalo ogcwele womthetho, alandele intuthuko yakhe ngenqubo yomthetho, futhi abone indlela abameleli bazo abavota ngayo.

Congress.gov yiwebhusayithi engokomthetho yokwaziswa kwemithetho kazwelonke, inikeza ukufinyelela okubanzi ezikweletini, izinqumo, imibiko yamakomiti, ne-Congregational Record. Le ndawo ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bahlole ngenombolo yemali, amagama aphambili, isixhaso, noma isihloko, futhi bamise izixwayiso zemithetho ethile noma izihloko. Imithombo efanayo ikhona kumandlu omthetho, nakuba izinga nobubanzi buhlukahluka ngokombuso.

Izinhlangano eziningi zezindaba, izikhulu zezezindaba, namaqembu ahlolayo alandela futhi ahlaziye umthetho, anikeze umongo nencazelo engasiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi zezimiso. Le mithombo ingaba wusizo ekuqondeni amandla ezombangazwe, izikhundla ezikhubazayo, nemiphumela engathi ikhona yemithetho ehlongozwayo. Nokho, kubalulekile ukucabangela umbono nobandlululo lwalemithombo lapho ihlola ukuhlaziywa kwayo.

I-C-SPAN inikeza ukuhlanganisa okuphezulu kwendlu nendlu yeGazethi, kanye nokuqulwa kwamakomiti nezinye izenzakalo zomhlangano. Ukubuka izimpikiswano zomthetho nokuzwa kunganikeza ukuqonda ngendlela inqubo esebenzayo nendlela izishayamthetho ezisingatha ngayo imibuzo yezimiso. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zinikeza ukuhlanganisa okufanayo kwezehlakalo zabo, okwenza kube lula ngezakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele uhulumeni wazo uhulumeni zisebenza.

Imibono Evamile Enganembile Ngenqubo Yokushaya Indiva

Imibono eminingi eyiphutha ngokuthi izikweleti ziba kanjani imithetho iyaqhubeka ekuqondeni okuvamile. Enye insumansumane iwukuthi izikweletu eziningi ziba umthetho qha, futhi empeleni, izikweleti eziningi kakhulu eziqalwa eKhongomeni azisoze zadlula. Izinkulungwane zezikweleti ziqala ukumiswa kwesimiso ngasinye sobukhomishane, kodwa amakhulu ambalwa kuphela avame ukuba umthetho. Lelinani lempumelelo eliphansi libonisa isimo esiphansi senqubo kanye nezikhombane eziningi lapho umthetho ungamiswa khona.

Enye inkolelo eyiphutha iwukuthi inqubo yokushaya umthetho inengqondo futhi iqondiswe ngokuphelele. Eqinisweni, ezombangazwe, ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga, nokucabangela okuhleliwe kufeza indima enkulu ekunqumeni ukuthi iziphi izikweletu eziphambili nokuthi zithatha siphi isimo. Abameli-mthetho kumelwe balinganisele izinhlelo zenqubo namaqiniso ezombangazwe, izintando, ukwethembeka kweqembu, nezithakazelo zabo siqu. Ukuqonda lamandla ezombangazwe kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi kungani inqubo yemithetho yemithetho iveza imiphumela izenzakalela.

Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuthi uma isikhwama semali sidlulisa amaKhongolo futhi sasayinwa nguMongameli, le nqubo iphelele. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho kuyisigaba esibalulekile esenzeka ngemva kokumiswa. Izinhlangano ze-Federal kumelwe zibhale imithetho yokumisa imithetho emisha, engathinta ngokuphawulekayo indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo. Le nqubo yokubusa ihlanganisa iziphetho zomphakathi futhi ingathatha izinyanga noma iminyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkantolo zingachaza umthetho ngokuwuchaza ngokuwenza ulwembulo, zithuthukisa incazelo yawo kanye nendlela yokusebenza kwawo.

Kukhona futhi umbono oyiphutha wokuthi izishayamthetho zifunda futhi ziqonde yonke imininingwane yazo zonke izikweletu ezivotayo. Eqinisweni, izindleko zingaba amakhulu noma ngisho nezinkulungwane zamakhasi ubude, futhi izishayamthetho zithembele kakhulu ezinkontini, imibiko yamakomiti, futhi zifushanisa ukuqonda umthetho. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi kuyadingeka ukuba kunikezwe umthamo nobunzima bomthetho, kodwa futhi kusho ukuthi izinhlelo ezingahleliwe noma imiphumela ngezinye izikhathi ingawenza ube umthetho.

Umphumela Wokwehlukana Enqubweni Yomthetho

Ukuhlukana kwezombangazwe kuye kwathinta kakhulu indlela inqubo yokushaya umthetho esebenza ngayo emashumini eminyaka amuva. Njengoba amaqembu ehlukene kakhulu futhi ebambisana ngaphakathi, ukubambisana kwebhiparti sekuye kwaba okungajwayelekile. Lokhu kuhlukana kuthinta inqubo yomthetho, okubangela ukuba kuqaliswe futhi kuhlonishwe amakomiti ngendlela izimpikiswano zaphansi eziqala ngayo nokuthi kungenzeka yini ukuhlehla.

Umholi weqembu uye waba namandla kakhulu kulendawo ezungezile ehlukene, elawula kakhulu izinhlelo zomthetho namalungu ngamanye. Abaqondisi bendlu namalungu eSigele umholi we-Majority kungavimbela ngokuphumelelayo ukuthathwa kwezikweleti uma zingavumelani nezinto eziza kuqala eqenjini, ngisho noma izindleko zingasekelwa kakhulu. Lokhu kubekwa kwemithetho kungenza inqubo yenhlangano enkulu kodwa futhi ingavulekeleli kakhulu ukungena ekungeneni kweqembu elincane nakwamukeleni izivumelwano zokubulala.

Ukuhlaziywa futhi kuye kwathinta ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi e-procedal njenge-nfilbuster eSigele. Lokho okwake kwaba yisu elingavamile elisetshenziswayo lokuvimbela umthetho ezindabeni zezimiso eziyisisekelo kuye kwaba yithuluzi elivamile leqembu elincane elivimbela uhlelo lweningi. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekufuneni inguquko noma ukususwa kwe-nearbuster, nakuba abavikeli bethi ivikela amalungelo amancane futhi bakhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwesivumelwano.

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, umthetho we-bipartisa uyaqhubeka, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni lapho amaqembu evumelana khona noma lapho ukucindezela kwezombangazwe kudinga khona ukuthatha isinyathelo. Ukuhlelwa kwemithetho, ukushintshwa komthetho wobugebengu, nokusabela ezinkingeni kuye kwabangela ukubambisana kwe-bipartisan ngisho nasezikhathini ezihlukene. Ukuqonda ukuthi ukuvela kwesigaba somthetho kunganikeza ukuqonda ukuthi inqubo yokushaya umthetho ingasebenza kanjani ngokuphumelelayo naphezu kokuhlukana kwabashokobezi.

Okwenza Le Nkathi Ibaluleke Ngokubusa Ngentando Yeningi

Inqubo yomthetho, kanye nakho konke ukukhungatheka kwayo, ifeza izinjongo ezibalulekile zentando yeningi. Izigaba eziningi zokubukeza nenkulumo - mpikiswano zinikeza amathuba okucabanga, ukuvumela abamisi-mthetho ukuba baqoqe ukwaziswa, bazwe imibono ehlukene, futhi bacwengisise iziphakamiso. Le nqubo yokuzimela ingathuthukisa umthetho ngokuhlukanisa izinkinga, ngokuhlanganisa ukusekela okungacunuli, kanye nokwakha ukusekela okukhulu.

Le nqubo futhi yenza amaphuzu amaningi okungena esabelweni somphakathi futhi athonyeke. Abantu bangathintana nabameleli babo kunoma isiphi isigaba, bafaka ubufakazi ekuzweni, banikeze izimpendulo, futhi bafake izingcindezi zotshani. Lokhu kutholakala kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukwenza umthetho kuyasabela ezinkathazweni zomphakathi nokuthi amazwi ahlukahlukene angazwakala, hhayi nje lawo anemali eningi noma ahlobene nezombangazwe.

Amasheke nezilinganiso ezakhelwe enqubeni yokushaya umthetho − `biobameralism, ukubukeza ikomiti, ukuphikisana kwaphansi, umthetho kamongameli weveto(-prevent) noma ocatshangelwa kabi ukuba ube umthetho. Nakuba lezizici zingawenza inqubo ihambe kancane futhi ikhungathekise, zivikela futhi ezingozini zokushaya umthetho ngokuphamazela futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi izinguquko ezinkulu zenqubo zisekelwa kakhulu. Ubunzima bokudlulisa umthetho bukhuthaza ukuhlehliswa nokwakhiwa kwesivumelwano, okungaveza imithetho eqinile neyamukelekayo kakhulu.

Ukubonisana kwenqubo yomthetho kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zigcine abameleli bazo benecala. Ukutholakala komphakathi ezikweletini, imibiko yamakomiti, izimpikiswano zasesitezi, namarekhodi okuvota kwenza abavoti bahlole ukuthi izishayamthetho zabo zimelela izithakazelo nezindinganiso zabo yini. Lokhu kulandisa kubaluleke kakhulu ekumeleni kwentando yeningi, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu ezikhethiwe ziyaqhubeka zisabela ezinhlanganweni zazo.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Ngayo Nenqubo Yokushaya Indiva

Ukuqonda inqubo yomthetho kuyisinyathelo sokuqala esiholela ekuthembiseni uhulumeni ngokusemthethweni, kodwa izakhamuzi zingathatha izinyathelo eziningi eziqinile ukuze zihlanganyele ekumiseni umthetho. Ukuxhumana nabameleli bakho kungenye yezindlela eziqondile zokuthonya umthetho. Izingcingo, ama-imeyili, nezincwadi eziveza imibono yakho ezikweletini ezithile noma ezindabeni zingathinta indlela abamisi-mthetho abavota ngayo nokuthi baphishekelani kuqala. Izindaba zomuntu siqu mayelana nendlela umthetho ongayikuthinta ngayo wena noma umphakathi wakho.

Ukuya emihlanganweni yedolobha nezinye izenzakalo zomphakathi lapho abashaya imithetho bevela khona kunikeza amathuba okuxhumana ngokubhekene nobuso. Lokhu kuxhumana kukuvumela ukuba ubuze imibuzo, uzwane nokukhathazeka okuvela kubameleli bakho ngezikhundla zabo nezinto eziza kuqala. Amahholo edolobha abonisa futhi ukuthi abameli bakhona bayazikhathalela izindaba ezithile, ezingathonya ukuziphatha kwabo kwemithetho.

Kufakazelwa enkantolo yomthetho kuyindlela yokuhlanganyela ngokuqondile kulenqubo. Ukuqulwa kwecala okuningi kuhlanganisa amathuba obufakazi basobala, ukuvumela izakhamuzi ezivamile ukuba zinikeze imibono yazo kanye nofakazi abangochwepheshe nabameleli benhlangano. Ngisho noma ungafakazi, ukuqulwa kwezindlebe njengengqapheli kunganikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo ngendlela inqubo yokushaya umthetho esebenzayo nangaziphi izimpikiswano ezenziwa ezinhlangothini ezihlukene zendaba.

La maqembu aqondisa umthetho, aqoqe abasekeli, abasekeli bemithetho, futhi anikeze ukwaziswa ukuze asize izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo. Ngokuhlanganyela emikhankasweni yokuzisebenzela, ungaba yingxenye yenhlangano enkulu esebenzela ukuthonya umthetho nesimiso.

Ukuqamba okhethweni mhlawumbe kuyindlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokuthonya inqubo yomthetho. Ngokukhetha abameleli abahlanganyela nawe izindinganiso nezinto zakho eziza kuqala, usiza ekulolongeni ukuhlelwa kwezindikimba zomthetho futhi ngakho-ke noma yimuphi umthetho ocatshangelwayo futhi odluliswayo. Okhetho oluyinhloko lubaluleke kakhulu ngoba banquma ukuthi obani abazofuna ukuvela kukhetho oluvamile, benikeza ithonya kwabavoti phezu kohlu olukhona.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo ekuthembiseni ngokujule, ekusebenzeni emikhankasweni yezombangazwe, ekufuneni izikhundla, noma ekuphishekeleni imisebenzi kahulumeni noma ukuqasha uhulumeni kunganikeza amathuba okuhlanganyela ngokuqondile enqubweni yomthetho. Lezindlela zidinga isibopho esiphawulekayo kodwa zinikeza ithonya elikhulu ekumisweni kwemithetho nasemithethweni yomphakathi.

Isiphetho: Inqubo Ephilayo Yokwenza Umthetho Wentando Yeningi

Uhambo lwemali ethathwa ekuhlongozweni ukuya emthethweni luyinkimbinkimbi, luhilela izigaba eziningi zokubukeza, impikiswano, nokuvota ezinhlanganweni nakubadlali abahlukene. Le nqubo iveza inhloso yoMsunguli wokwakha isimiso sokuzinqumela ngemishini evimbela ukumiswa kwemithetho ngamawala noma enonya kodwa isavumela ukudluliswa komthetho odingekile. Ukuqonda lenqubo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuhileleka ngokunenjongo kuhulumeni wakhe futhi ahlanganyele ekuzifuneni kwakhe ngokwentando yeningi.

Nakuba inqubo yokushaya umthetho ingakhungathekisa ebunkimbinkimbini nasekubambeni kwayo, lezizici zifeza izinjongo ezibalulekile ekuvikeleni imithetho ecatshangelwa kabi nasekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imibono ehlukahlukene izwakala. Izimpawu eziningi zeveto kanye nezimfuneko ezinkulu zezenzo ezithile zisho ukuthi umthetho ophumelelayo udinga ukusekelwa okukhulu noma okungenani ukungabi nakuphikwa okuqinile. Lokhu kungaguqula kakhulu kodwa futhi kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo enkulu isekelwe kakhulu.

Inqubo yomthetho ayimi ndawonye − ishintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengoba izinqubo ezintsha zisungulwa, imithetho ishintshwa, futhi amandla ezombangazwe ashintshwa. Amashumi eminyaka amuva nje aye abona ushintsho oluphawulekayo endleleni iziKhongolo ezisebenza ngayo, kusukela ekuncipheni kwezindawo kanye nasekusebenziseni izinhlangano ezintsha ezikhethekile njengokubuyisana. Ukuqonda lemiqondo kusiza ekubekeni izimpi zamanje zemithetho kanye nezimpikiswano eziphathelene nokushintshwa kwezinhlangano.

Ekugcineni, inqubo yomthetho womthetho umzamo womuntu owenziwa abameleli abakhethiwe okumelwe balinganisele izindinganiso ezincintisanayo, izithakazelo, kanye nezingcindezi. Ayibonisi nje kuphela imithetho ehleliwe nezinqubo kodwa futhi namaqiniso ezombangazwe, ukubala okuhleliwe, nokuyekelela okungokwemvelo ekubusweni kwentando yeningi. Ngokuqonda indlela lenqubo esebenza ngayo, izakhamuzi zingakuhlola kangcono ukusebenza kwabameleli bazo, zihileleke ngokuphumelelayo ekulawuleni imibuso, futhi zazise kokubili amandla nokulinganiselwa kwentando yeningi.

Kulabo abafuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngenqubo yomthetho, kunemithombo eminingi. [FLT] i-official Congress.gov website inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngenqubo kazwelonke nenqubo yomthetho. . [FLT]][FLT][5]].S.S. isigebengu[[FLT] kanye [[FLT:U].S. Indlu yomthetho.[FLT:] [FLT] [10] [FLT] [11] inikeza izisekelo ezingokwemfundo ezingoko zemfundo yemfundo yezemfundo, ngokwezimo ezisemthethweni, futhi isebenza nakule izinhlelo zemithetho.