Ukhetho lukamongameli lungenye yezinqubo zentando yeningi ezibaluleke kakhulu kunoma yisiphi isizwe, ikakhulukazi e-United States. Lumelela izwi elihlangene lezakhamuzi ezikhetha umholi wazo futhi zinqume isiqondiso sezwe lazo eminyakeni emine ezayo. Ukuqonda indlela lesi simiso esiyinkimbinkimbi esisebenza ngayo kubalulekile kusona sonke isakhamuzi esifuna ukuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo ekubuseni ngentando yeningi. Lesiqondiso esibanzi siphula zonke izigaba zenqubo yokukhetha komongameli, kusukela emikhankasweni yokuqala kuze kube usuku lokuqalisa.

Ukuqonda Isikhathi Sobumongameli Sokukhetha

Inqubo yokukhetha umongameli wase-United States iyenzeka njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine futhi iphawulwa ngobunkimbinkimbi nezenzakalo zayo eziphawulekayo. Ngokwe-Council on Foreign Relations, i-Presidential Eunity ingu "enye yezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ezinde kakhulu, nezibizayo emhlabeni." Lenqubo ngokuvamile ithatha iminyaka engaba mibili, iqala ngamakomiti okuhlola futhi igcine ngokumiswa kukamongameli osanda kukhethwa.

Ukhetho lukamongameli luthatha uLwesibili ngemva koMsombuluko wokuqala ngoNovember. Nokho, uhambo oluya kulolosuku lokhetho luqala ngaphambili kakhulu. Inqubo yokumiswa komongameli e-U.S. iqala ebusika bonyaka ngaphambi koMgaqo-mthetho futhi ithatha cishe unyaka. Lolu phawu lwesikhathi olude luvumela abazoluthola ukuba baqashe igama, baphakamise imali, futhi baxhumane ngezikhundla zabo zenkambiso ukuba bavote kulo lonke izwe.

Izimfuneko Zomthetho - sisekelo Zokuba Umongameli

Ngaphambi kokuba ungenele enqubweni yokukhetha ngokwayo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ubani ongasebenzela umongameli. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. umisa izimfuneko ezikhethekile ezifuna umongameli. Ozobhapathizwa kumelwe abe isakhamuzi esingokwemvelo sase-United States, okungenani esineminyaka engu 35 ubudala, futhi ubehlala e-United States okungenani iminyaka engu-14. Lezimfuneko ziqinisekisa ukuthi umongameli usondelene kakhulu nezwe futhi unolwazi lokuphila olwanele lokusingatha imithwalo yemfanelo yehhovisi.

Amakhandimende kumelwe athumele amafacegi ahlukene emotweni ngayinye yama-50 uma efuna ukufanelekela ephepheni lombuso ngamunye, futhi izimfuneko zokubhala ngokwehlukile ngokwezwe. Lendlela ehloniphekile isho ukuthi ukugijimela umongameli kudinga ukuthatha imithetho nezimiso ezingu-50, ukwenezela ebunkimbinkimbini benqubo yomkhankaso.

Umkhankaso Wokuhlola Nokuqalisa

Uhambo lokufuna ukuba oqotho luqala eminyakeni eminingi ngaphambili, abangase bahlolwe bexoxa, beqoqa izinombolo futhi beqoqa imali ukuze balungiselele imikhankaso yabo.

Lapho abazobhapathizwa sebenquma ukugijima, kumelwe baqale baxoxe ngakho neqembu labo, baqale bahlole izinhlelo ezihlukene zezwe ukuze bahlole ithuba labo lokuwina, bahlele izikhundla zabo ezingokomthetho zezombangazwe ezindabeni ezibalulekile zesikhathi, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, baphakamise imali eningi. Imali eningi yomkhankaso womongameli ngokuvamile ivela kumakomiti ezenzo zezombangazwe (PAC), iminikelo, namaqembu ezombangazwe ngokwawo aye asetshenziswa kuwo wonke umlando ngokhetho lukamongameli.

Ngenxa yezinguquko emithethweni yezezimali yesizwe kusukela ngawo - 1970 ngokuphathelene nokuvezwa kweminikelo yemikhankaso kahulumeni, abameleli bomongameli bamaqembu amakhulu ezombangazwe ngokuvamile bamemezela izinhloso zabo zokuqala ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo yekhalenda elandulela unyaka ngaphambi kokhetho (cishe izinyanga ezingu - 21 ngaphambi koSuku Lokuqala). Lesimemezelo sokuqala sivumela abazoqala ukuqoqa imali ngokomthetho futhi bakhe izakhiwo ezinkulu ezidingekayo zomkhankaso wohlanga lwezwe lonke.

Isimiso Esiyinhloko Nesokucathula

Inqubo yokukhetha umongameli ngokuyinhloko ihilela amaqembu amabili amakhulu ezombangazwe, iDemocratic Party neRepublicaan Party, aqhuba ukhetho lokuqala olwaziwa ngokuthi amaprimie noma ama-caucuuse ukuze akhethe abazokhethwa esizwe. Lemincintiswano isebenza njengovivinyo lokuqala olukhulu lokulunga nokunxusa komvoti.

Ziyini Izimali?

Izenzo zobugebengu ziwukhetho lwesifundazwe lapho amalungu eqembu abhaliswe khona avotela khona abathandiweyo. Inqubo yokukhetha iqala ngezindawo eziphezulu namanzi ngo-January noma ngo-February ngonyaka wokukhetha. Izikhulu zikahulumeni nezindawo zihlelwa nge-compris eyimfihlo zisebenzisa i-covertificate yababefuna umongameli abanethemba eqenjini ngalinye. Inqubo nemithetho yezindawo zokuvota iyahluka kakhulu ngokwesifundazwe ngasinye.

Phakathi noMongameli we-Precial Evolution, abavoti ababhaliswe kuphela kuleloqembu lezombangazwe abangavotela umvoti walowo mgaqo. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi i-Presidential eValed Priority. Nokho, ezinye izifundazwe zivumela ukuvumelana okwengeziwe. Amanye amaqembu ezombangazwe akhetha ukuvumela i-Party Preference (NPP) ukuba ihlanganyele esigabeni sawo esiyinhloko ngaphandle kokubhaliswa futhi. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi "i-ast" noma i-Presidenti Elungisiwe.

Ukuqonda I - caucus

Ama-caucuse amelela indlela ehlukile yokukhetha izihambeli. Ngokungafani nezindawo ezithatha izihambeli. Ngokungafani nezindawo ezivamile ezisebenza njengokhetho olunezincwadi eziyimfihlo, ama-caucuse ayimibuthano yendawo lapho amalungu eqembu exoxa khona nabazothatha idili obala. Lezi zenzakalo zidinga isikhathi esengeziwe sokuzibophezela kwamalungu ahlanganyela kodwa zivumela ukuba kube nengxoxo eqondile kanye nokucabangisisa ngabazo.

Yilapho kungena khona izigebengu nama-caucusses. Isu elivela emkhankasweni weqembu ngalinye lezombangazwe ezweni lonke ukuze lithole umusa wamalungu eqembu lawo. Kusukela ngoFebruary izenzakalo eziyinhloko zokuvota iPrimers neCaucuses ziyoholela ekukhetheni izihambeli ezizomelela abantu emihlanganweni ezayo.

Isimiso Senhamba - nendlwana

Isifunda ngasinye, isifunda saseColumbia namasimu athile ase-US anikezwa inani lezihambeli, ngokuvamile ezinqunywa ngokobukhulu benani labantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo isetshenziselwa ukulungisa inani ngo "kuphindela phambili" izifundazwe, ngokwesibonelo, okuvotela umsekeli wobuPresidenti wokugcina weqembu. Lezi zihambeli zimelela umbuso wazo emhlanganweni wesizwe futhi zivote ukunquma umlandeli womongameli weqembu ngalinye.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezihambeli esimisweni seDimocratic Party. Izihambeli eziqinisekiswe ukuba zisekele ozobelwe i-caucus, kuyilapho zingakhetha ngokukhululekile ukuthi yimuphi ummeleli ezingathanda ukumsekela. Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1980 i-Democratic Party yazama ukubuyisela i-modicium yokulawula umongameli ngokudala isigaba esikhethekile sezihambeli ezingavaleki eziyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi amadendeli.

Imihlangano Yeqembu Lesizwe

Amaqembu ezombangazwe aba nemihlangano yesizwe yokukhetha umongameli nomongameli wephini. Umhlangano wesizwe weqembu ngalinye uqhutshwa ehlobo lonyaka wokhetho. Amavoti amaningi ezihambeli ziyadingeka ukuze zithole ukumiswa kweqembu, elivame ukufinyelelwa futhi laziwe ngaphambi kokuba imihlangano yesizwe iqale.

Izihambeli zikahulumeni ezivela ezindlini eziphezulu kanye nasezinhlamvwini ezikhethelwe ukumelela abantu manje zizobe "ziphinde zibuyise" abathandiswe bazo abathandayo futhi ummeli wokugcina womongameli ovela eqenjini ngalinye uzomenyezelwa ngokomthetho ekupheleni kwemihlangano. Umlandeli womongameli futhi ukhetha umngane osebenzayo (umlandeli womongameli we-Vce).

Imihlangano yezwe ifeza izinjongo eziningi ngaphandle nje kokushaya indlwabu. Inikeza ithuba lokuba iqembu lihlangane ngemva kwe-minee, itshekethi enyukayo yezinkanyezi eqenjini, futhi ibangele intshiseko phakathi kwamalungu eqembu nomphakathi wonke. Imihlangano futhi ivumela iqembu ukuba linikeze indawo yalo yesikhulumi − incwajana echaza izikhundla zeqembu ezindabeni ezinkulu.

Umkhankaso Ovamile Wokukhetha

Ngemva kokuphela kwemihlangano, ukumiswa komkhankaso wokhetho kushintsha. Ngemva kokumiswa kwezinombolo, abazobhapathizwa bagxila kumkhankaso wokhetho, izikhungo eziphambili lapho umvoti engaqiniseki khona. Umkhankaso womongameli kulo lonke izwe ukuze athole ukusekelwa abantu abavamile.

Umkhankaso Nemisebenzi

Abazofuna ukumiswa baqhubekela phambili kwaze kwaba uSuku Lokhetho, lapho iSizwe ekugcineni sivotela uMongameli waso. Abazobhapathizwa bahamba kulo lonke izwe, beveza obala futhi benikeza izinkulumo. Imikhankaso yanamuhla isebenzisa izindlela zokuxhumana eziningi, kuhlanganise nezikhangiso zethelevishini, imithombo yezokuxhumana, imikhankaso yokubhalisa izingcingo, izingcingo zocingo, ukukhangisa ngomnyango wendlu, kanye nezingqungquthela ezinkulu.

Ngemva kokuba kukhethwe umkhandlu weqembu ngalinye lezombangazwe, abaholi bamafandala bahamba beya phambili kulo lonke izwe beya ezindaweni zomkhankaso. Baya emibuthanweni yemibuthano futhi bathathe ingxenye ezimpikiswaneni ukuze bazuze ukusekela kwabavoti kulo lonke izwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bachazela umphakathi amacebo abo nemibono yabo.

Izimpikiswano Ezingomongameli

Izimpikiswano zikamongameli ziye zaba isisekelo semikhankaso yanamuhla. Lezi zenzakalo eziqokonyisiwe zivumela abazothatha isikole ukuba banikeze izikhundla zabo ngokuqondile ezigidini zezibukeli, baphendule ezimpikiswaneni zabaphikisi babo, futhi babonise ulwazi lwabo nendlela abazizwa ngayo ngaphansi kokucindezeleka. Ngokuvamile, kuba nempikiswano emithathu yobumongameli kanye nento eyodwa embi phakathi nomkhankaso wokhetho.

Izimpikiswano zivame ukuhlelwa yiKhomishoni eMbusweni woPresidential Decations, inhlangano engazuzisi eyamiswa ngo- 1987. Ukuhlelwa, izihloko, kanye nabaqondisi kuxoxwa phakathi kwemikhankaso nekhomishane. Lezimpikiswano zivame ukumelela izikhathi ezibucayi emikhankasweni, okungashintsha umzwelo wovoti onamandla noma obuthakathaka.

I - gestry Candidages Nezingxenye Zesithathu

Abanye abantu bakhetha ukugijimela uMongameli ngaphandle kokuhlangana neqembu lezombangazwe. Abafuna ukuzimela abanjalo abadingi ukumiswa kweqembu lezombangazwe, kodwa kumelwe bahlangabezane nezinye izimfuneko. Ngokwesibonelo, abafuna ukuzimela kudingeka baqoqe inani elikhulu lemibhalo yokusayina ukuze basekele ukugunyaza kwabo futhi banikeze isicelo esifanelekile.

Nakuba amaqembu amancane enza indima kukhetho lukamongameli, akekho owake wanqoba. Kunalokho, lamaqembu athambekele ekuthatheni amavoti kulowo odumile, anikeze omunye onyukele kulowo odumile isiphetho esengeziwe. Naphezu kwezinselele, isigaba sesithathu esizimele nesizimele sifeza indima ebalulekile ekunikezeni ukunakekela ezindabeni ezingase zinganakwa yizikhulu.

Ukubhalisa Ngokusemthethweni Nokuphumelela

Ngaphambi kokuba izakhamuzi zihlanganyele kukhetho, kumelwe zibhalise ekuvoteni. Ukufaneleka komuntu ekuvoteni kubekwe eMthethweni-sisekelo futhi kubekwe ngokwezinga likahulumeni. ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu nelama-19 nelama-26 kuhulumeni siwukuthi iSichibiyelo soMthetho-sisekelo asinakwenqatshelwa ngezizathu zohlanga noma ibala, ubulili, noma iminyaka yezakhamuzi engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili noma ngaphezulu, ngokulandelana. Ngaphandle kwalezi zimfanelo eziyisisekelo, sinomthwalo womthetho wokulawula ukuvota nokubhalisa.

Ohulumeni bakahulumeni baqondisa izinqumo eziningi zendlela okhetho abaqhutshwa ngayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi wonke amazwe anemithetho ehlukene nemithetho yezikhathi yokubhalisa umvoti, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, ukuvota okungekho, nokubala amavoti. Lesi simiso esihloniphekile sisho ukuthi abavoti kudingeka baqonde izimfuneko nezinsuku ezithile zikahulumeni wabo.

Izimfuneko zokubhalisa zihlanganisa ubufakazi be-inthanethi, ukuhlala e-odolini, nokuhlangabezana nemfuneko elinganiselwe yobudala. Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela ukubhaliswa kosuku olufanayo, kanti ezinye zidinga ukubhaliswa emasontweni amaningi ngaphambi kokhetho. Izifunda eziningi manje zinikeza ukubhaliswa nge-intanethi, okwenza ukuba inqubo ifinyeleleke kakhulu kubavoti.

Usuku Lokukhetha: Ukukhipha Imidlalo

Ukhetho lomongameli lwenzeka ngoLwesibili ngemva koMsombuluko wokuqala ngoNovember. Ngalolu suku, izigidi zamaMelika zihamba ziyohlola izindawo kulo lonke izwe ukuze ziphonse amavoti azo. NgoSuku Lokhetho, abavoti baya endaweni yokuvota futhi bavotele lowo abathandayo.

Abavoti banezindlela eziningana zokufaka amavoloti abo, kuye ngemithetho kazwelonke. Ukuvota okungokwesiko ngoSuku Lokhetho kusathandwa, kodwa manje amazwe amaningi anikeza inkathi yokuvota esheshayo evumela izakhamuzi ukuba zivote phambi koSuku Lokhetho. Ukuvota ngeposi noma ngokunye okungekho nakho nakho kuye kwavame kakhulu, ukuvumela abavoti ukuba baqede amabhola abo ekhaya futhi bawabuyise ngeposi noma ngezindawo ezimisiwe ezingekho.

Imithetho yokukhetha yoMbuso icabangela ingxenye yokukhetha umongameli wokhetho oluvamile, oluhlanganisa imincintiswano ye-cornodia, isifundazwe, kanye namahhovisi endawo, ngakho lezinhlanga zivame ukuvela ebhodini elilodwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abavoti benza izinqumo hhayi nje ngobumongameli, kodwa nangezinye izigaba eziningi futhi ngokuvamile nezinyathelo zokuvota.

I - Electoral College System

Olunye lwezici ezihluke kakhulu nezivame ukungaqondwa kahle kakhulu zokhetho lukamongameli waseMelika yiElectoral College. Ukhetho lukamongameli nesekela likamongameli wase - United States luwukhetho olungaqondile lapho izakhamuzi zase - United States ezibhaliswe khona ukuba zivote amafomu okuvotela hhayi ngokuqondile lawomahhovisi, kodwa kulawomalungu e - Ellectoral College.

Indlela I - Electoral College Esebenza Ngayo

I-Electoral College ayiyona inqubo. OFata Abasunguliwe bayimisa eMthethweni, ngokwengxenye, njengesivumelwano phakathi kokukhethwa kukaMongameli ngevoti eMkhandlwini nakukhetho lukaMongameli ngevoti ethandwayo yezakhamuzi ezifanelekayo.

I-Electoral College inabavoti abangu-538. Amavoti angu-270 adingeka ukuze kukhethwe uMongameli. Umbuso ngamunye uthola abavoti abaningi njengamalungu eSishaya-mthetho (Indlu neSishayamthetho). Ihlanganisa iWashington, D.C. abavoti abathathu, manje bangabavoti abangu-58.

Phakathi nenqubo yokuvota yangempela, izakhamuzi azivoti ngokuqondile abazothatha i-presidente kodwa zivotela isaziso salabo abazovota abathenjiswe. Uma abantu bevota, empeleni bavotela iqembu labantu ababizwa ngokuthi abavoti. Lesimiso esingaqondile sisho ukuthi ukuvota okuthandwayo esifundazweni ngasinye kunquma ukuthi isiphi isileti salabo abavoti balowo hulumeni esiyosifaka kumavoti.

Impumelelo ethatha zonke izintambo. Izimiso zokuhlola

Izifundazwe ezingamashumi amane anesishiyagalombili neSifunda saseColumbia zisebenzisa isimiso sokuzuza sonke, ziklomelisa wonke amavoti azo athandwayo kunomzuzi wevoti esifundazweni. I-Maine ne-Nebraska ithola umvoti othandwayo kuvoti ophumelele egoqweni ngalinye lezifunda zabo zombutho kanye namavoti amabili asele kulowo ophumelele ezwe lonke.

Lomnqobi othatha sonke isimiso ezifundazweni eziningi usho ukuthi umuntu owina umbuso ngisho nangezinga elincane uthola wonke amavoti alowo hulumeni. Lokhu kudala ukubaluleka okusemqoka "amazwe ahambayo" noma "izindawo zempi" ``amazwe angekho mcimbi onayo inzuzo ecacile''."

Ukuhlangana Kwabaqondisi Bemizwa

Umhlangano wabavoti uyenzeka ngoLwesibili lokuqala ngemva koLwesithathu lwesibili ngoDecember ngemva kokhetho oluvamile. IElectoral College ayiwona umbuthano owodwa.

NgoMsombuluko wokuqala ngemva koLwesithathu lwesibili ngoDecember, labobavoti bahlangana cishe enhloko - dolobha yezifunda zabo ezihlukene − ukuphonsa amavoti abo. Abavoti bavotela umongameli nesekela likamongameli, futhi la mavoti abe esedluliselwa eSishaya - mthetho.

Abakhethi Abangenalukholo

Kusukela ekusungulweni kwesimiso sokhetho lwasekholiji ngo-1789, kuye kwaba khona abangaphezu kuka-150 "abangakholwa" abavoti, babizwa ngenxa yokuthi abazange bavote umvoti weqembu labo elikhethiwe. Akekho kulaba bavoti abangenalukholo owake waguqula umphumela wokhetho. Amazwe amaningi manje anemithetho ebopha abavoti ababoleki abawina ivoti ethandwayo kahulumeni.

Ukugunyazwa Kwemithetho Yesonto Nokuvulwa Kwayo

Ngo-January 6 wonyaka ngemva kokhetho, isimiso esihlangene soMkhandlu sihlelwa ukuba siphawule futhi siqinisekise amavoti akhethiwe. Uma umvoti womongameli ethole amavoti angu-270 noma ngaphezulu, isekela likamongameli ohleziyo, esebenza njengomongameli weSigele, khona - ke umemezela lowomuntu ukuba abe umongameli, kanjalo aphethe inqubo yokuvota yasekolishi.

Ngo-2022, ukudluliswa kweElectoral Count Reform Act kwacacisa ngokwengeziwe izindima nemisebenzi ekhethekile yeSishaya-mthetho kanye nesekela likamongameli ekubaleni izitifiketi ze-Electoral College futhi kwaqinisekisa ukuthi iSishaya-Mkhandlu siyamukela futhi sicabangela amavoti abonisa imiphumela enembile yokhetho. Lomthetho waklanyelwa ukuvimbela ukudideka nokusetshenziswa kwenqubo yokukhetha.

Usuku lokuvuselelwa kwezakhiwo lwezakhiwo lweCapitol e - Washington D.C. kuqala, uMongameli ongumKhosi ufungela, kulandelwa uMongameli. Bobabili baba ngokomthetho uMongameli noMongameli uMongameli ngemva kokusho isifungo sesikhundla esiye sasetshenziswa kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le - 18.

Ukukhetha Okuhlukile

Uma kungekho ovota abaningi abavotiwe, levoti iyisa eNdlu yabameleli. Lokhu kwenzeke kabili. Uma kungekho mvoti owina okungenani amavoti angu-270, iNdlu yabameleli, ekhetha phakathi kwabafundi abathathu abaphezulu basekholiji abaphezulu, ukhetha umongameli ngevoti elivamile.

Okokuqala kwakungemva kokhetho lukamongameli lwango-180 lapho iNdlu ikhetha uThomas Jefferson. Ngemva kokhetho lukamongameli luka-1824, iNdlu yakhetha uJohn Quincy Adams njengomongameli. Okhethweni lwezigaba, abameleli bombuso ngamunye eNdlu bavota kanye, kungakhathaliseki inani labantu bakahulumeni, benza lenqubo ihluke kakhulu kumthetho we-Electoral College.

Impikiswano Ethandwayo Ngezigaba Ze - Electoral Vote

Kungenzeka uwine i-Electoral College kodwa ulahlekelwe yivoti ethandwayo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-2016, 2000, futhi kathathu kuma-1800. uRutherford B Hayes (1888), uBenjamin Harrison (1888), uGeorge W. Bush (2000), noDonald Trump (2016) ngamunye wawina ivoti yokuvota ngesikhathi ewiswa imvume. (Endabeni yamuva, uHillary Clinton wathola amavoti athandwayo acishe abe yizigidi ezintathu kune-Trump.)

Lokhu kungenza kwadala impikiswano eqhubekayo nge-Electoral College system. Lesimiso sokhetho lwasekholiji singaholela ezimweni lapho umvoti ezuza khona umongameli ngaphandle kokunqoba ukuvota okuthandwayo, eqokomisa ithonya lokhetho lukahulumeni. Nakuba abanye bebheka ikholeji elikhethiwe njengendlela yokulinganisela ukumelelwa kwezwe, incazelo yalo ngenqubo yedemokrasi iyaqhubeka iyindaba yengxoxo.

Inqubo ye-Electoral College iseMthethweni-sisekelo wase-U.S. Kudinga ukushintshwa komthetho-mthetho ukuze kushintshwe lenqubo. Ukuguqula i-Electoral College kungadinga ukulungiswa komthetho-sisekelo. Lesi siqobo esiphezulu soshintsho sisho ukuthi naphezu kwempikiswano eziqhubekayo, isimiso se-Electoral College siyaqhubeka sikhona.

Indima Yemali Ekukhetheni Komongameli

Imikhankaso yanamuhla yomongameli idinga imali eningi.Imikhankaso yokuwina ibiza. kumelwe ifake imali yokukhangisa eziteshini zemithombo yezindaba eziningi, iqashe izisebenzi kuzo zonke izifundazwe ezingu - 50, iqhube ukuphenya nokucwaninga, ihlele izenzakalo futhi ilondoloze izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuthola nokuvota.

Imithetho yezezimali elawula indlela imali engaphakanyiswa futhi isetshenziswe ngayo okhethweni lukamongameli. Izincwadi kumelwe zembule abanikele kuyo nezindleko zabo, futhi kunemingcele yokuthi bangakanani abantu abangaba nengxenye ngokuqondile emikhankasweni. Nokho, ukunyuka kwamaPience (AmaKomiti Okwenza Izenzo ZobuProtalic) namanye angaphandle kuye kwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ingqikithi yemali egelezela okhethweni lukamongameli.

Abazothatha isikhundla sobumongameli bangakufanelekela futhi ukuxhasa umphakathi ngokwezimali, isimiso esiklanyelwe ukunciphisa ithonya lemali yomuntu siqu okhethweni. Nokho, okhethweni bamuva nje, abameleli abakhulu beqembu baye bakhetha ukulahlekelwa izimali emphakathini ngokhetho oluvamile ngoba bangathola imali eningi ngasese kunesimiso sezimali somphakathi esinikezayo.

Ukubaluleka Kokujikijela Izindawo

Ngenxa yesimiso se-Electoral College kanye nendlela yokuwina esetshenziswa yizifundazwe eziningi, imikhankaso kamongameli igxile kakhulu enanini elincane lezifunda ezincintisanayo. Lezi "zimo zokuncintisana" noma "izimo zempi" ziyizindawo lapho bobabili abajahi bedili elikhulu benethuba elingokoqobo lokuwina.

Izwe livotela iqembu elilodwa ngokungaguquki − futhi lithola i-Democratic noma iRepublican ngokunamandla − ukunaka okuncane ngenxa yomphumela kunqunywe kusengaphambili kakhulu. Lokhu kugcwala kwemithombo yomkhankaso eshintshwayo kusho ukuthi abavoti kulezizifunda babona ukukhangisa komkhankaso, ukuhambela abacela ukubhapathizwa, nezimpande zotshani zihlela ngaphezu kwabavoti ezifundazweni ezingabanga nempumelelo.

Imithombo eqondile yokuthi ukuzuza imibuso kungashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengoba izinguquko zezombangazwe nezinga lokuchuma kwabantu zishintsha.

Ukusuka Ezindaweni Ezithile Nokuhlanganyela

Voter iphesenti labavoti abafanelekayo abaphonsa amavoti ngempela kukhetho oluya kokhetho. Ukhetho lukaMongameli luvame ukubona ukusheshisa kunokhetho phakathi nenkathi yokuvota, kodwa i-United States ngokuvamile inesikhala esiphansi kunabanye abaningi abasungulwe.

Izici eziningi zithinta umvoti, kuhlanganise nokuncintisana komjaho, ukuphumelela kwemizamo yokuvota, imithetho yokuvota, ukuvota okunenzuzo (njengokuvota kwasekuqaleni nokukhetha iposi), nomuzwa wabavoti ukuthi izindaba zabo zokuvota. Isimiso se-Electoral College singathinta ukuvota, njengoba abavoti emazweni angewona amavoti bangase bacabange ukuthi ukuvota kwabo akunamdlali.

Imizamo yokwandisa umvoti ihlanganisa izisusa zokuvota, imikhankaso yemfundo ngenqubo yokuvota, ukwanda kokuvota nokuvota kwasekuqaleni, nokwenza i-Ecostation Day ibe iholidi noma ukulisusa ngempelasonto. Zonke lezi zimo zibangela abasekeli nabagxeki, futhi izimpikiswano eziphathelene nokungena kovota nobuqotho bokhetho ziyaqhubeka ziyizindaba ezibalulekile zezombangazwe.

Indima Yemithombo Yezindaba Nezobuchwepheshe

Imithombo yezindaba inendima ebalulekile kukhetho lukamongameli. Izindawo zobuzwe ezivamile njengamaphephandaba, amathelevishini, namasiteshi omsakazo zinikeza ukuhlanganiswa kwezindaba, izimpikiswano ezimjantshi, futhi zinikeza ukuhlaziywa komjaho. Ukuvela kwezindaba zekhebula kwaveza ukuhlanganiswa kokhetho lwamahora angu-24, kuyilapho i-website nezokuxhumana kuye kwashintsha indlela imikhankaso exhumana ngayo nabavoti nendlela ukwaziswa kwabavoti okuthola ngayo ukwaziswa ngabazofuna ukuvota.

Amapulatifomu ezokuxhumana avumela abavoti ukuba baxhumane ngokuqondile ngaphandle kwemisakazo yezezindaba engokwesiko. Imikhankaso isebenzisa ukwaziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi ukuze ifake izisulu zabavoti abathile ngemiyalezo elungisiweyo. Nokho, lezi zindlela zobuchwepheshe ziye zaphakamisa ukukhathazeka mayelana nokwaziswa okunganembile, ukuphazamisa kwamanye amazwe, imfihlo, kanye nokwakhiwa kwamagumbi okuvota lapho kuhlangana khona kuphela ulwazi oluqinisekisa izinkolelo zabo ezikhona.

Ukuhlola iqiniso sekuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuhlanganisa amavoti, izinhlangano zezindaba nabahloli abazimele bamaqiniso behlola ukunemba kwamazwi abazokuvota. Nokho, ukuphumelela kokuhlola iqiniso ekushintsheni imibono kuseyindaba yempikiswano.

Ukulondeka Kokhetho Nobuqotho

Ukuqinisekisa ukulondeka nokwethembeka kokhetho kuyinto eyinhloko kunoma yisiphi isimiso sokhetho esilawulwa ngentando yeningi. I-United States isebenzisa isimiso sokhetho esihloniphekile, esinesifunda ngasinye futhi ngokuvamile isifunda ngasinye esinomthwalo wemfanelo wokunikeza okhethweni. Lokhu kubekwa kahle kunikeza izinzuzo ezithile zokuphepha. (8) Akukho sizathu sokwehluleka esingayekelela lonke ukhetho lwesizwe − kodwa futhi kudala izinselele ekulondolozeni izindinganiso ezingaguquguquki nemikhuba yokuphepha.

Ukuvikelwa kwemvume kuhilela ukuvikela ekusongelwani okuhlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokuhlaselwa kwezinhlelo zokuvota ngama - computer noma izinhlelo zokuvota, ukulondeka okungokoqobo kwamaphepha okuvota nemishini yokuvota, nemikhankaso yokukhipha ukwaziswa ehloselwe ukudida abavoti noma ukuqeda ukuthemba imiphumela yokhetho.

Ngemva kokhetho, izifunda eziningi zihlola ukuthi amavoti abalwa ngokunembile. Le mitapo ingahlanganisa amavoti okubhala amaphepha abhalwe ngesandla ukuze kuqhathaniswe nezibalo zemishini, kuhlolwe ukuthi imishini yokuvota isebenza kahle, futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinqubo ezifanelekile zilandelwa kuyo yonke inqubo yokhetho.

Ukudluliselwa Kwamandla Ngokuthula

Esinye sezici ezivelele zentando yeningi yaseMelika kuye kwaba ukudluliselwa ngokuthula kwamandla kusuka kwelinye ihhovisi kuya kwelinye. Ngemva kokuba imiphumela yokhetho ifakazelwe futhi umongameli omusha emiswa, iziphathimandla eziphumayo ziyabambisana neziphathimandla ezizayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ushintsho olushelelayo.

Le nkathi yokushintsha ihilela ukufushanisa umongameli omusha neqembu labo ezindabeni zezokuphepha kwezwe, izindaba eziqhubekayo zesimiso, kanye nemisebenzi kahulumeni kahulumeni.

Ukudluliselwa ngokuthula kwamandla kumelela ukuzinikela ezimisweni zentando yeningi ngaphezu kwezithakazelo ezihlukanisayo.

Isifundazwe Nokukhethwa Kwendawo Kuyibhola Elifanayo

Nakuba ukhetho lukamongameli lunakwa kakhulu, abavoti ngokuvamile benza izinqumo ngokuphathelene namanye amahhovisi amaningi kanye kanye kanye. Ukhetho lwe-Congregational lweNdlu yabameleli neNkathi luyenzeka ngesikhathi esisodwa nokhetho lukamongameli. Izifundazwe eziningi futhi zenza ukhetho lukambusi, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, namanye amahhovisi ombuso phakathi neminyaka yokukhetha umongameli.

Ukhetho lwezindawo lwemeya yedolobha, amalungu omkhandlu wedolobha, izikhulu zesifundazwe, amalungu ebhodi lesikole, nezinye izikhundla zendawo kungavela futhi ephepheni elifanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundazwe eziningi zihlanganisa izilinganiso zokuvota noma iziphakamiso ezivumela abavoti ukuba banqume ngokuqondile ngemibuzo ethile yenqubo noma izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho.

Lemijaho yezentengiselwano nezindlela zokuvota zingaba nethonya elikhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwabavoti, ngokuvamile ngokuqondile kakhulu kunokhetho lomongameli. Izikhulu zendawo zenza izinqumo ngezikole, imigwaqo, ukuphepha komphakathi, nentela yendawo. Izikhulu zikahulumeni zinquma izinqubo zemfundo, ezokwelapha, zokwahlulela kobugebengu, nezinye izindaba eziningi. Ukuqonda i-athorite egcwele futhi wenze izinqumo eziqondiswe ulwazi kuzo zonke izinhlanga nezinyathelo kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuhlanganyela kwezenhlalakahle.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kokhetho Lobumongameli

Inqubo yokukhetha umongameli iye yashintsha kakhulu kusukela ngokhetho lokuqala lukamongameli ngo-1789. Ekuqaleni, uMthetho-sisekelo wanikeza ukuba umkhethi ngamunye avote amavoti amabili kamongameli, umgijimi abe yisekela likamongameli. Lesimiso sasheshe sabonakala sinenkinga futhi sashintshwa yiSichibiyelo seshumi nambili ngo-1804, esamisa amavoti ahlukanisayo kamongameli nomongameli oyisekela.

Ukwanda kwamalungelo okuvota kuye kwaba olunye lwezinguquko eziphawuleka kakhulu kukhetho lwaseMelika. Ekuqaleni, abanikazi bempahla yabesilisa kuphela abamhlophe abangavota ezizweni eziningi. ISichibiyelo se-15 (170) sanqabela ukunqatshelwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe ezinhlangani, nakuba imikhuba yokukhipha ubandlululo yaqhubeka ukuvimbela ama-Afrika akhona ekuvoteni kuze kube yiSivumelo se-Oting Rights sonyaka ka-1965. ISichibiyelo se-198) sanika abesifazane ilungelo lokuvota. ISiphendulo se-26 (1971) sanciphisa ilungelo lokuvota kusukela enkathini engu-21 kuya ku-18.

Isimiso esiyinhloko sokukhetha i-minenes siyinto ethuthukisiwe. Abaholi abaningi beqembu bakhetha abaqondisi emihlanganweni ngaphandle komthombo wabavoti abavamile. Isimiso esiyinhloko saqala kancane kancane ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 futhi saba indlela evelele yokukhetha abanyunyana ngemva kwezinguquko ngawo-1970.

Umbono Wezizwe Zonke Ngokukhetha KwaseMelika

Isimiso sokhetho lukamongameli waseMelika siyingqayizivele phakathi kwentando yeningi. Amazwe amaningi entando yeningi asebenzisa izimiso zephalamende lapho abavoti beshaya izishayamthetho abakhethiwe, futhi labo bashaya umthetho bakhetha khona ukuhola uhulumeni. Ukukhethwa okuqondiswe kumongameli akuvamile kakhulu, futhi isimiso seElectoral College siyingqayizivele eUnited States.

Izingqapheli zomhlaba wonke zivame ukuthola ukuthi ukhetho lwaseMelika ludida, ikakhulukazi i-Electoral College system, inkathi ende yomkhankaso, indima yemali kwezombangazwe, nokuqondisa okuhloniphekile kokhetho. Nokho, okhetho lwaseMelika ludonsa ukunaka okukhulu kwezizwe zonke ngenxa yendima ye-United States ezindabeni zembulunga yonke. Umphumela wokhetho lomongameli baseMelika ungaba nemiphumela ephawulekayo ebuhlotsheni bomhlaba wonke, ukuhwebelana, ukulondeka, kanye nezindaba zembulunga yonke ezifana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Isivumelwano Esingaphezu Komsebenzi

Nakuba ukuvota kuyindlela eqondile izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela ngayo okhethweni lukamongameli, kunezinye izindlela eziningi zokuhlanganyela enqubweni yentando yeningi. Izakhamuzi zingavota ngokuzithandela emikhankasweni, zishaya ucingo, zingqongqoze eminyango, noma zisize ngemishini yokuvota. zingaba khona emikhosini yomkhankaso, emahholo edolobha, nasezingxabanweni zokufunda okwengeziwe ngezindaba zabazocela ukuvota.

Ukuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe kungahlanganisa nokuxoxa ngezombangazwe nabangane nomkhaya, ukuhlala wazi ngezenzakalo zamanje nezindaba zesimiso, ukuxhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe ukuze ziveze imibono, nokuhlanganyela ezinhlanganweni zobushiqela ezisebenza ezindabeni ezikhathazayo. Ezinye izakhamuzi zihileleka ngokujulile ngokuzifunela izikhundla, ukusebenza emicimbini yezombangazwe noma emikhankasweni, noma ukuba izikhulu zokhetho noma izisebenzi zokuvota.

Ukuqonda indlela inqubo yokukhetha esebenza ngayo, indlela uhulumeni asebenza ngayo nendlela yokuhlaziya ukwaziswa okungokombangazwe kusemakhonweni abalulekile ezakhamuzi. Izikole, imitapo yezincwadi, izinhlangano zomphakathi, nemithombo yezindaba kufeza indima ekunikezeni imfundo yomphakathi.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Lenqubo

Inqubo yokukhetha umongameli iyinkimbinkimbi, ihlanganisa izigaba eziningi kusukela eqenjini lokuqala lokuhlola ngezindawo eziphezulu nezingangeni eziphezulu, imihlangano yesizwe, umkhankaso wokhetho, i-Electoral College Votion, ivoti ye-college, i-cregional commental, futhi ekugcineni. Lokhu kuveza isimo sikahulumeni waseMelika kanye nokulinganisela okucophelelayo phakathi kwezikhulu zomthetho-mthetho ezifuna ukuhlasela izithakazelo nezinkathazo ezihlukene.

Ukuqonda le nqubo kubalulekile ukuze umuntu abe isakhamuzi esinolwazi.

Naphezu kokuyinkimbinkimbi kwayo nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo eziphathelene nezinguquko ezingase ziqhutshekwe, inqubo yokukhetha umongameli isalokhu iyindlela amaMelika akhetha ngayo umholi wawo futhi asebenzise amalungelo awo entando yeningi.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngenqubo yokhetho lukamongameli, ungavakashela i-USA.gov khetho ikhasi, elinikeza imithombo eminingi ephathelene nokuvota nokhetho. I-National Archives Electoral College inikeza ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe ngendlela i-Electoral College esebenza ngayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, [[FLT:] i-UFMATION].S.[[FLT: 4.] Commission ye-Unice inikeza imithombo ephathelene mayelana nokhetho nokhuseleko.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumvoti wokuqala noma umhlanganyeli wesikhathi eside enqubweni yentando yeningi, ukuqonda isimiso sokhetho lukamongameli kukunika amandla okuhlanganyela ngokugcwele komunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yomphakathi eMelika yentando yeningi. Ngokuhlala waziwa, uhileleke ezimpikiswaneni, futhi usebenzise ilungelo lakho lokuvota, ufaka iqhaza emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokuzivota kwentando yeningi okuchaza ukuhlola kweMelika.