Indima Ebucayi Yohulumeni Bendawo Ekusabeleni Okuphuthumayo

Ohulumeni bendawo bayisisekelo sempendulo ephuthumayo e-United States. Bayikho kuqala ukufika, okokuqala ukuhlola umonakalo, futhi okokuqala ukuqala ukunikeza usizo. Amandla abo nemithwalo yemfanelo akuyona nje inqubo eyisisekelo yokuvikela umphakathi, ukugcina ukuhleleka, nokuqinisekisa ukuqina komphakathi. Nakuba izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezombuso ezifana [[FLD:] [FM] zinikeza ukusekela okubalulekile, izikhulu zendawo, izikhulu zedolobha, izikhulu zesifunda, izikhulu zedolobha, izikhulu zezindawo zezesimo esiphuthumayo, okumelwe zihlukanise izinqumo zomzuzwana ezithinta ukuphila nempahla. Ukuqonda ukuthi la mandla asebenza kanjani ekuhleleni umphakathi, noma ekuhleleni izikhulu.

Lesi sihloko sihlanganisa izisekelo eziyinhloko zemibuso kahulumeni yesimo esiphuthumayo futhi sihlola ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo, igunya, ukubambisana nokubulala okuchaza inqubo yesimo esiphuthumayo sanamuhla. Sizohlola izakhiwo zomthetho, ukuhlola kwezezimali zangempela, izinselele eziphikelelayo, namasu asebenzayo ukuqinisa amakhono okusabela endawo.

Isisekelo: Umtapo wokulawula isimo sendawo

Ukulawula isimo esiphuthumayo kuyinqubo ehlanganisa izigaba ezine: ukulinganisela, ukulungiselela, ukusabela, nokululama. Ohulumeni bendawo banomthwalo wokukhipha zonke izigaba ezine ezisezindaweni zabo. Ukuma kwabo okukhethekile, okusondele kubantu nendawo ezungezile − kubavumela ukuba bavumelane neziqondiso zesizwe nezezwe, izibalo, nezingozi zendawo.

Ukuhlela Nezingozi

Uhulumeni ngamunye wendawo kumelwe asungule amasu abanzi okuhlela (ama-EOP) abonisa izingozi ezingase zibe khona , izingozi zezobuchwepheshe, izimo zempilo yomphakathi, nezinsongo zokulondeka. Lokhu kuhlela ukuhlela ukuhlela izindima, imithwalo yemfanelo, izimboni, nezindlela zokuthutha. Ukuhlela kuhlanganisa nokuhlola izingozi eziyingozi (HV) ukuhlela izingozi nokunika imithombo yemali ngokwesibonelo. Ngokwesibonelo, imiphakathi yasogwini igxile ekulungiseni isiphepho, kuyilapho izindawo eziphakathi komhlaba zingabangela iziphepho, izikhukhula, noma ukuzamazama komhlaba. I-Every. Uhlelo lokuhlela ukwakheka kwezindawo zomphakathi okuhlelwa yizimo ezizimo ezizinziswayo.

Ukuqeqesha Nokuvivinya Umzimba

Amasu aphumelela kuphela uma esetshenziswa. Ohulumeni bendawo baqhuba izinqubo zokuzivivinya ezivamile kanye netafula kwabaphendulayo, imisebenzi yomphakathi, iminyango yezempilo, nezimiso zesikole. Lokhu kuvivinya ukuxhumana, ukwenza izinqumo ngaphansi kokucindezeleka, nokusebenzisana. I Homeland Security Exective and Vieuncition Program (HEVAP) inikeza izindlela ezivamile zokuzivivinya. Ngaphandle kokuziqeqesha okungaguquguquki, izikhathi zokusabela nokubambisana kuyawohloka ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kwangempela.

Izimiso Zokukhulumisana Nomphakathi Nezesixwayiso

Phakathi nokwaziswa okuphuthumayo, okucacile, okufike ngesikhathi, nokuqondile kungasindisa ukuphila. Ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa i-Emergency Alert Systems (EAS), i-General Emergency Alerts (WEA), ibuye ibuye i-911 yezingcingo ze-General Emergency Alerts (WEA), ibuye ishintshe izingcingo ze-911, iziteshi zezokuxhumana, nokunyathelisa i-methom yezokuxhumana nomphakathi, nokufingqalanisa. Kumelwe balawule amahemu kanye nokungaqondile ngenkathi inikeza iziyalezo ezisebenzayo, izindawo ezikhoselayo, izikhungo zamanzi ezibilizayo. Integrated Publicle Alert and Inseling Sy System (IPAWS) iyimpumelelo eyinhloko ethathwe izindawo eziningi.

Ukubambisana NoMbuso Nezimo Zokuthunywa Kwezwe

Ohulumeni bendawo abasebenzi bebodwa. Bashukumisa izikhungo zemisebenzi yezimo eziphuthumayo (i-EOC) futhi baxhumanise namanxusa aqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo ngaphansi kwe-National Incident Management Management System (NIMS). Phakathi nezinhlekelele ezinkulu, bangacela imithombo kahulumeni, bese kuvela usizo kuhulumeni nge-stafford Act evumayo. Lesi simiso se-hierarchisting siqinisekisa ukuthi idinga ukutshelwa umbuso nokusabela kombuso, kodwa futhi kudingeka ukuba izikhulu zendawo zibe ingcali yezokuhamba ngemishini ye-translate.

Amandla Aphuthumayo: Igunya Elingokomthetho Nezinga

Phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo ezimenyezelwayo, ohulumeni bendawo bazuza amandla okulawula abengawalawula ngenye indlela. Lamandla achazwa ngemithetho enikeza amandla ezwe, imithetho yendawo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi iziyalezo eziphethe.

Isimemezelo Sikahulumeni Ophuthumayo

Isimemezelo sendawo siyisiqalo esingokomthetho esivula imithombo eyengeziwe neziphathimandla ezingokomthetho. Singakhishwa umphathi wesifundazwe, noma ibhodi yesifundazwe. Isimemezelo sivumela uhulumeni ukuba alahle imithetho evamile, izisebenzi eziqondile ezivela kweminye iminyango, asebenzise izivumelwano zokusizana, futhi agunyaze iziqondiso eziphuthumayo. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, izimemezelo zendawo zabangela ukuvalwa kwamabhizinisi abalulekile, izibopho, izikhundla zezokufihla ubuso, kanye nemithetho yokuhamba.

Iziqondiso Zokuphuma

Iziqondiso zokuthutha ezizimo ezizihambelayo ziphakathi kwemibuso elandela kakhulu uhulumeni wendawo ongayisebenzisa. Baphoqelela izakhamuzi ukuba zishiye izindawo ezimisiwe ukuze zigweme ingozi eseduze emliloni, ezipheshukayo, ekuchithekeni kwamakhemikhali, noma ezikhukhuleni. Nakuba abantu bengase baphikise iziyalezo ezinjalo ngokomthetho, izinkantolo ngokuvamile ziye zazisekela ngaphansi kwemfundiso ye [ amandla ombuso [[FLT:]] [igunya eliyisisekelo lokuthatha isinyathelo sokuvikela umphakathi. Ukuthutha okuphumelelayo kudinga izindlela zangaphambi kwesihloko, usizo lwezethutho kubantu abasengozini, kanye namalungiselelo okuphatha izindawo zokukhosela.

Ukutholakala Kwemithombo Yemali Nokulinganiswa Kwayo

Kusenkingeni, ohulumeni bendawo bangalawula imithombo yemali − kuhlanganise nempahla yomuntu siqu . Lokhu kungahilela ukucela amagumbi ehhotela abaphendula abantu bokuqala, ukuthatha izinto zokwelapha, noma ukuqondisa ukudla namanzi. Uhlelo olungokomthetho luyehluka ngokwezwe, kodwa isinxephezelo siyadingeka. Phakathi neSiphepho uKatrina, ukuhluleka kweziphathimandla ukuqoqa imithombo ngokushesha kwaholela ekuhluphekeni; izinguquko ezilandelayo zihloselwe ukulandelana kwezinqubo.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwemisebenzi Yomphakathi

Ohulumeni bendawo bangamisa imithetho yezikhathi zokwehla, imibuthano, ukulinganisela ukuthengiswa kotshwala, nokukhishwa kwezindawo zokwahlukaniswa noma iziyalezo ezigunyaziwe. Lezenzo zihloselwe ukuvimbela ukuphanga, ukunciphisa ukudluliselwa kwezifo, futhi zigcine uhlelo lomphakathi. Phakathi nemisebenzi yezimoto ezishayo ezingu-2020 eCalifornia, imithetho yakusihlwa yasiza ekuvikeleni izakhiwo ezisusiwe. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, iziyalezo zezempilo zendawo ezilinganiselwe ekudleni nasemikhankasweni kwesikole.

Ukwakha Inethi Yempendulo Eyinkimbinkimbi

Akukho hulumeni wendawo ongaphatha isimo esiphuthumayo esikhulu yedwa. Ukusabela okuphumelelayo kuxhomeke enxanxatheleni yabantu osebenza nabo abaklanywe ngokucophelela.

Ohulumeni BoMbuso

Izinhlangano zokuqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo zikahulumeni zinikeza ukusekela komthetho, izisebenzi, nezimali eziqondiswe ezindaweni eziphethe indawo. Zisebenza futhi njengendlela yosizo lukahulumeni. Ukubambisana kwezwe nendawo kwenzeka nge-State Emergency Operations Center (SEOC) nangosizo olufana ne-Emergency Management Active Convice Confict (EMAC). Izwe lingathumela amabutho esizwe avikela izindiza ekulweni komlilo, futhi linikeze ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola nokuhlenga.

Izimo Eziphuthumayo

IFEMA ihola ukusabela kukahulumeni, kodwa ezinye izinhlangano zifeza izindima eziyinhloko: iCDC yesimo esiphuthumayo sempilo yomphakathi, i-EPA yezinto eziyingozi, iButho Lonjiniyela lokulawula izikhukhula, neHHS ukuze kuvele amandla ezokwelapha. Ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe bathumele izicelo ezingokomthetho zosizo lukahulumeni, ngokuvamile besebenzisa uhlelo lwe-FEMA's Public Transformation ukuze baqoqe ukususwa kwemfucucu, izinyathelo zokuvikela, nokuvuselela izakhiwo zomphakathi. Le nqubo iyinkimbinkimbi, idinga ukubhalwa nokugcinwa nokugcinwa ngokucophelela kwemithetho yombuso.

Izinhlangano Ezingatholi Inzuzo Nezokuzithandela

Izinhlangano ezinjenge-American Red Cross, i-The Salvation Army, namaqembu asekelwe ekukholelweni anikeza indawo yokuhlala, ukudla, ukweluleka, nokubambisana kokuzithandela. Zivame ukugcwalisa amagebe imithombo kahulumeni engenakuwafihla. Inhlangano ye-National Voluntacy Police in Disaster (VOAD) yenza ukuba lezi zigqi zivumelane. Ohulumeni bendawo kufanele bawafake ngaphambi kokuba bahlangane futhi bawafake ekuhleleni.

Abangane Abangabodwa

Amabhizinisi anemisebenzi egxekayo, ukuxhumana, namakhono okunikeza. Ohulumeni bendawo bangabambisana nabakhiqizi bezinto zokuphehla amandla ngokushesha, nabathengisi ukuze bahambise izinto, futhi nabathengisi be-telecom ukuze balondoloze umsebenzi wasemangqamuzaneni. I-PSCOR Sectaison Office ifeza indima enkulu kumaEOC. Izivumelwano zokusizana nezinkampani zokwakha, abathengishi bamandla, kanye namafemu ezokuthutha zingasheshisa ukululama.

Izifundo Ezitholakala Ezinhlekeleleni Ezinkulu

Izenzakalo zezwe zangempela zembula kokubili amandla nobuthakathaka bemibuso kahulumeni yendawo esebenzayo.

ISiphepho uKatrina (2005)

Ukusabela okubambene nokungahleleki kuwo wonke amazinga − kodwa ikakhulukazi kwehluleka kwesimiso sokuthutha, ukuxhumana okungavumelani nezindawo. Ukuhluleka kwe-okeolease kwanqoba isilinganiso sendawo. Idolobha laseNew Orleans lalingenazo izinto zokuhamba ezanele zezakhamuzi ngaphandle kwezimoto, futhi iSuperdome yaba indawo yokukhosela yezindawo zokugcina zokukhosela ngaphandle kokuthola izindleko ezanele. Umphumela waholela ekuguquleni iZinguquko ku-National Response Formework kanye nokugcizelela okukhulu kweminyango yendawo.

ICOVID-19 Pandemic (2020-2022)

Iminyango yezempilo yendawo yaba yikho okuphambili kokusabela kobhadane, ukuhlola, ukuxhumana, nokusakaza umjovo. Yalwa futhi nezimiso zezempilo zomphakathi, ukuphazamiseka kwezomnotho, nokuwohloka kwezombangazwe. Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo kwadingeka ukuba balinganisele ngokushesha ukuxhumana ngemishini, bamise izinkonzo ze-tektroniki, futhi bamise izinhlangano zomphakathi ukuze bafinyelele abantu abambalwa abagciniwe. Umqedazwe wagcizelela isidingo sezempilo eziqinile zomphakathi ngokwezinga lendawo.

Imililo yaseCalifornia (208-2021)

I-Couvanies e-Butte (Imoto Yesibani) ne-Sonoma zabonisa ukubaluleka okukhulu kokukhishwa kwemiyalo yakuqala nezimiso zomphakathi eziqinile. Izikhulu zendawo zabhekana nomsebenzi onzima wokwethula izinkulungwane zezakhamuzi emililweni esakazeka ngokushesha. Amandla avinjelwa ngemishini eyingozi adala ukuhluleka okusha. Lezi zenzakalo zabangela ukutshala imali ekuqapheni okusekelwe esiphuphuthekini, ukuxhumana okuqinile, kanye nokulawula kwezitshalo okunamandla kakhulu. Kodwa futhi zaqokomisa imikhawulo yemithombo yendawo emelene neziqhumane.

ISiphepho uMaria (2017) ePuerto Rico

Nakuba i-Puerto Rico iyinsimu yase-U.S., okuhlangenwe nakho kwayo kubonisa izinselele eziningi zikahulumeni wendawo: ukucekelwa phansi kwezakhiwo, ukulahleka kokuxhumana, ukuswelakala kukaphethiloli, nokusabela okuhamba kancane kukahulumeni. Izindawo zikaMasipala zazingenawo amandla izinyanga eziningi. Le nhlekelele yakhuthaza imizamo yendawo enjengemibhoshongo ehamba ngomphakathi nezimiso zokusakaza ezihlelekile, okubonisa ukuqina kobuholi bendawo ngisho nalapho izimiso zendawo zihluleka.

Izinselele Ezingapheli Ezibhekene Nabaphathi Bezindawo Abaphuthumayo

Naphezu kwamashumi eminyaka entuthuko, ohulumeni bendawo bayaqhubeka belwa nezithiyo zokwakha nokusebenza.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Imiphakathi emincane ivame ukusebenzisa indlela yokuqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo ngezisebenzi ezisezingeni eliphansi neziphelelwe lixesha. Izindawo zohlelo lokuhlela izindleko zokuncintisana nezikole, imigwaqo, nezinkonzo zomphakathi. Izimali zeGrant ezivela kuMnyango Wezokuphepha Wase Homeland ziye zehla ngokwezwi langempela, ziphoqelele ukuba izindawo zenze okungaphezulu. Lokhu kusebenza okungalawuleki kuthinta ijubane kanye nokuphumelela ngokuqondile.

Amagebe Okuxhumana

Ukunikeza izixwayiso ezifinyelela wonke umuntu − kuhlanganise nezikhulumi ezingezona ezesiNgisi, abantu abakhubazekile, nalabo abangenazo i-makhalekhukhwini − kuhlala kuyinselele. Ama-Siren, i-TV/radio, kanye nezixwayiso zokuxhumana zombhalo azikho emhlabeni wonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuxhumana okuhambisana phakathi kwemisebe ehlukene nezimiso zokwaziswa akukahambisani ngokugcwele. I-socity ye-Forfet yakhiwa ukuze ikhulume ngalokhu, kodwa ukutholwa kuyahluka kakhulu.

Izingcindezi Zezombangazwe Nezemithetho

Izikhulu zendawo ezikhethiwe zibhekene nokucubungula okukhulu lapho kuphuthuma. Izinqumo eziphathelene nokukhishwa kwabantu okuphoqelelwe, ukuvalwa kwebhizinisi, noma ukwabiwa kwempahla zingaba yize ezombangazwe futhi ziholele ekumangalelweni. Ukwesaba ukubekwa icala ngezinye izikhathi kubambezela isinyathelo esiwujuqu. Ngokwesibonelo, abanye abameya babemadolonzima ukuyala ukubaleka phambi kweSiphepho uSandy kuze kube sekwephuze kakhulu. Ukulinganisela ukuphepha komphakathi nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuyimpicabadala.

Izisebenzi Negebe Lokuqeqesha

Izikhulu eziningi zendawo eziphethe izimo eziphuthumayo azifani. Izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa zezobuchwepheshe azivumelani. Ukuvivinya umzimba kungahamba njalo noma kungahlanganwa kakhulu. Umphumela kungaba izisebenzi ezingase zingayikhumbuli inkumbulo yemisipha edingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi, ehlukahlukene. I-FEMA Emergency Managementment Institute (EMI) inikeza ukuqeqeshwa kwamahhala, kodwa ukuhamba nokuhamba kanye nokulinganisela kwesikhathi.

Ukwaziswa Nokushintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe

Ukusabela okuphuthumayo kwanamuhla kudinga ukwaziswa okungokoqobo kwezikhathi zengozi − ukuphakela, amakhamera ezimoto, ukuhlola imithombo yezokuxhumana, ukulandelela imithombo yezincwadi, nokuhlola umonakalo. Kodwa ohulumeni abaningi bendawo basathembela emabalazweni amaphepha, amazandisi, nokuxhumana okushayelela. Ukuhlukanisa imithombo yokwaziswa esithombeni esifanayo okusebenzayo kuwumgomo oqhubekayo odinga kokubili ukushintshwa kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokushintsha kwempucuko.

Izinyathelo Zokuqinisa Amandla Ezindawo Aphuthumayo

Ohulumeni bendawo bangathatha izinyathelo ezingokoqobo ukuze bathuthukise ukulungela nokubekezela kwabo.

Ukunakekela Ukuqeqeshwa Nokuvivinya Umzimba Kochwepheshe

Izikhathi zonke, ukuvivinya umzimba okungokoqobo okuhilela bonke abantu abasebenza nabo — kuhlanganisa nezinhlangano zomuntu siqu nezomphakathi − ukwakha ukwethembana nokubona amagebe. Ukuqeqesha okusekelwe kusuka kusuka kokuhluleka (isimo, isiphepho esilandelwa ukuphelelwa ugesi nophethiloli). Izisebenzi eziqeqesha iziphambano eminyangweni ziqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka uma izisebenzi eziyinhloko zingekho.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukwakheka Kokukhulumisana Kwanamuhla

Izindawo kufanele zithathe i-IPAWS ukuze iqaphele umphakathi, iqinisekise ukuba nobunye emsakazweni, futhi ifake imali ezimisweni zokuxhumana (omakhalekhukhwini, umsakazo ongabalulekile). Amaqembu abaphathi bezenhlalo-midiyamu kufanele aqeqeshelwe ukuphikisa ukwaziswa okunganembile. Ukusungula ihhovisi lomphakathi elisemkhakheni osebenza ama-24/7 phakathi nezenzakalo kuwumkhuba ongcono kakhulu.

Ukwazisa Kwangaphambili Nokukhuthaza Izivumelwano Zokusizana

Kuze kube inhlekelele egadlayo yokusayina izivumelwano sekwephuzile kakhulu. Ohulumeni bendawo kufanele bagcine i-EMAC ineziqinisekiso kanye nezivumelwano ezihlelwe kusengaphambili nezindawo ezingomakhelwane, izinto ezisebenza ngokusemzimbeni, kanye nezokukha. Lezi zivumelwano kufanele zihlanganise amalungiselelo abizayo kanye nezivikelo zokuyikhokha.

Ukwakha Umphakathi Ngokuhlanganyela

Amaqembu asabela esimweni esiphuthumayo emphakathini (i-CERT), amaqembu aqaphayo omphakathi, kanye nezinhlangano zokuzithandela zingandisa ukufinyelela kukahulumeni wendawo. Imikhankaso yemfundo yomphakathi ngokulungiselela komuntu ngamunye − njengokuba ne-godkit, icebo lomkhaya, nomshuwalense .ukuya ezikoleni, amasonto, namaqembu omphakathi ekuhleleni ukuthuthukisa isiko lokuvuma.

Ubuchwepheshe Obuntengantenga Obuqapha Izimo

Ukwamukela i-Gographic Information System (GIS), ama-drone ukuze kuhlolwe umonakalo, kanye nama-platfomu angokoqobo okulandelela (njenge-Web -OC) kunikeza abenzi besinqumo umbono ocacile. Ama-data angathuthukisa futhi ukusebenzelana nomphakathi nemithombo yezindaba. Nokho, ubuchwepheshe kumelwe busekelwe kumandla anokwethenjelwa nasemiphakathini ebomvu.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukulungiselela Okungokomthetho

Izeluleko zomthetho zendawo kufanele zibukeze futhi zilungise imithetho ephuthumayo, ukuthunyelelwa kwegunya, nokuthola abaqashi kusengaphambili. Ukuqonda imingcele yemibuso − njengalapho iziqondiso zokuhlukaniswa kwabantu ngabanye zingaphoqelelwa noma indlela yokusingatha ukufunwa kwempahla / /intengo ebizayo phakathi nenhlekelele.

Indlela Engaphambili: Ukuqinisa Isisekelo

Ohulumeni bendawo bahlala beshesha kakhulu futhi besabela kakhulu kuhulumeni ezimweni eziphuthumayo, kodwa ukuphumelela kwabo kuhlobene ngokuqondile nokulungiselela, imithombo yezimali, nokucaca okungokomthetho. Njengoba ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kwandisa ukuphindeka nobukhulu bezinhlekelele zemvelo, futhi njengoba ubhadane nosongo lweze-ibhusayithi luqala, amandla nemithwalo yemfanelo yezikhulu zendawo kuzokhula. Ukutshala izindleko zokulawula isimo esiphuthumayo akuyona izindleko ezidingekile ezithinta umphakathi eziletha inzuzo ekuphileni nasemiphakathini elondoloziwe.

Ngokuqonda ubukhulu bemibuso yendawo (kusukela ekukhipheni iziyalezo zokukhipha imithombo kahulumeni eqoqa imithombo yamandla ($i-officals) ingasebenza ngokuqiniseka nangegunya. Futhi ngokuqeqeshwa ngokuqhubekayo, ukubambisana, nokulungisa, bangaqinisekisa ukuthi lapho kugadla inhlekelele elandelayo, umphakathi wabo awukulungele nje kuphela kodwa uyakwazi ukumelana nezimo.