Table of Contents

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, ababusi bezwe baye benza indima ebaluleke kakhulu neyinkimbinkimbi ekulolongeni ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni nezakhamuzi. Izimiso zabo, iziyalezo zokuqondisa, kanye nokuthatha izintambo zokuhola kuye kwathinta kakhulu amalungelo, amazwe, amasiko, nobukhosi babantu bomdabu kulo lonke elase-United States. Ukuqonda lobu buhlobo obushelelezayo kubalulekile ekuqapheleni kokubili ukungalungi okungokomlando nemizamo yamanje yokubuyisana kanye nobudlelwane obunenjongo.

Isisekelo Sobukhosi Besizwe Nobuhlobo Bukahulumeni

Ngaphambi kokuhlola indima yababusi bezwe, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda isikhundla esiyingqayizivele esingokomthetho nesezombangazwe samazwe esizwe. Izizwe zesizwe zinobuhlobo obufanayo nohulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni, ziveza ukufana okukhulu nalokho i-United States ehlanganyela namazwe emhlabeni wonke. Lobubuhlobo busekelwe eMthethweni-sisekelo wase-U.S. ngokwawo, obheka izizwe zesizwe njengohulumeni abanegunya eliyifa lefa lokuzilawula.

Okwamanje, izizwe ezibusayo ezingu-553 (ezibizwa ngezizwe, izizwe, amaqoqo, amapueblos, imiphakathi, namadolobhana abomdabu) zinobudlelwane obuhleliwe besizwe kuya kwesinye isizwe nohulumeni wase-U. zinamazwe angu-219 esizwe akhiwe e-Alaska kanye nezizwe ezisele ezikweminye imibuso engu-35. Isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo salobubuhlobo sisuka eSiphakamiso I, i-Degree 8, enika uMkhandlu amandla okulawula ibhizinisi nezizwe zamaNdiya, umisa uhlelo lobudlelwane besizwe.

Umqondo wokuthi izizwe zinelungelo elizuzwe njengefa lokuzibusa usekelwe esisekelweni sesimo sazo somthetho-sisekelo - amandla abekwanga ngezenzo zobuhlanga, nakuba uMkhandlu ungalinganisela ubukhosi besizwe. Ngaphandle kokuba isivumelwano noma umthetho kahulumeni ususa amandla, isizwe sicatshangelwa ukuba sibe nawo. Lesimiso sobukhosi obuyifa simisa ukwakhiwa kwe-United States ngokwayo futhi sihlala sisemqoka ekuqondeni ubuhlobo besizwe nesifunda namuhla.

Umthwalo Wemfanelo Wokwethembana Nobuhlobo Obungaqondakali

Ngokungafani nobuhlobo be-United States nezinye izizwe, i-United States ine- "umthwalo wemfanelo" ezizweni zesizwe. Ngochungechunge oluyinkimbinkimbi lobudlelwane nezenzakalo ezingokomlando nezizwe zezizwe, ikakhulukazi ukwenza isivumelwano, i-United States iye yazibopha ngalobu mthwalo wemfanelo wokuthembana. Ngezivumelwano, iZizwe Ezihlangene zikhokhelwe izibopho zokuthembana emazweni azo nasemalini yazo.

Lomthwalo wemfanelo wokuthembana udala amandla ayingqayizivele lapho uhulumeni kahulumeni onozibopho zokuvikela amazwe esizwe, imithombo yengcebo, namalungelo ohulumeni. UMongameli uNixon wamemezela isimiso sesizwe sokuzinqumela izizwe zamaNdiya ngo 1970, futhi muva nje, u-Eductive Ordern 13175, enesihloko esithi Concatation and Conocligation and Indian Tribation Councial, yamiswa ngo- 2000, lemithetho kahulumeni imisa uhlelo phakathi kwababusi bezwe okumelwe basebenze kulo lapho behlangene nezizwe.

Isimo Esiyinkimbinkimbi Sohulumeni Bombuso

Nakuba izizwe zinobuhlobo obuqondile nohulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni, ubuhlobo bazo nohulumeni bamazwe buyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Izwe, elimiphakathi kwemingcele yamaNdiya, liyabuqaphela lobu bukhosi kodwa liyanqikaza ukubhekana nokuhola kwesizwe ebuhlotsheni bukahulumeni nohulumeni. Lokhu kuntengantenga kunemvelaphi engokomlando futhi kuyaqhubeka kudala izinselele ebuhlotsheni besizwe samanje.

Igunya lesizwe ezweni lase-India liyizinto ezingokwemvelo futhi alinikezwanga yizifundazwe amaNdiya ahlala kuzo. Lesimiso sobukhosi bendawo sisho ukuthi ababusi bezwe abanalo igunya eliyifa phezu kwamazwe esizwe noma ohulumeni besizwe. Nokho, ohulumeni bombuso nohulumeni besizwe banemisebenzi eminingi efanayo, futhi basungula imikhuba emihle kakhulu ebuhlotsheni besizwe nesizwe ephumela ekubeni kube nokubambisana okukhulu kakhulu endaweni kunasekulweni.

Umlando Wendawo Kambusi Wendawo Ezungezile

Umlando wokuthembisana kwababusi bezwe nezakhamuzi uphawuleka ngezikhathi zokushenxiswa, ukuphoqelelwa, nemizamo ehleliwe yokululaza ubukhosi besizwe. Ukuqonda lomlando kubalulekile ekuhleleni imizamo yamanje yokubuyisana nokubambisana.

Inkathi Yokususwa Nokufuduka

Ngekhulu le-18 nele-19, ababusi bezwe abaningi basekela noma basebenzisa izimiso ezaholela ekususweni nokusheshiswa kwabantu besizwe emazweni abo okhokho babo. UMthetho we-Indian Removalk ka-1830 wamelela isikhathi esichithwayo enkambisweni kahulumeni wamaNdiya, kodwa ababusi bezwe bafeza izindima ezibaluleke kakhulu ekumisweni kwawo nasekusekeleni ukususwa kwabantu bomdabu emasimini abo.

Abaholi bombuso phakathi nalenkathi babevame ukumisa indawo enwetshwayo, ukukhishwa kwezimpahla, nokuhlaliswa kwezakhamuzi ezingezona ezabahlalisanayo ngaphezu kwamalungelo nenhlalakahle yezakhamuzi. Abaholi babevame ukucindezela uhulumeni kahulumeni ukuba axoxe ngezivumelwano ezazizovula amazwe aboMdabu ukuba angene, futhi abanye bahlanganyela ngentshiseko emikhankasweni yezempi ngokumelene namazwe amaZwe amasha amelana nokususwa.

Imiphumela yalezi zimiso yayibhubhisa. Izizwe zonke zasuswa ngenkani emazweni azo, kwaphumela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu kokuphila, ukuphazamiseka kwempucuko, kanye nokuphela kokuxhumana okungcwele emasimini okhokho. Umzila wezinyembezi nokususwa okuphoqelelwe okufanayo kunjengezikhumbuzo eziqinile zalesisahluko esimnyama emlandweni waseMelika, lapho umbuso nezikhulu zikahulumeni zabambisana khona ukuxosha abantu bamazwe abo.

Imithetho Yokushintsha Ukuziphatha Nokucindezelwa Kwempucuko

Ngemva kwenkathi yokususwa, ababusi bombuso baqhubeka befeza izindima ezimisweni ezazihloselwe ukuphoqelela ukuguqula abantu Bomdabu.

Ohulumeni bamazwe bavame ukubambisana neziphathimandla ekumiseni nasekulondolozeni izikole zokuhlalisa lapho abantwana boMdabu babehlukaniswa ngempoqo nemikhaya yabo nemiphakathi. Lezi zinhlangano, zisebenza ngaphansi kwefilosofi ethi "umbulali wamaNdiya, sindisa lowo muntu," zifuna ukususa abantwana bomdabu besizwe besizwe sabo benobuzwe, izilimi, kanye nokuhlobana nefa labo. Ababusi bakahulumeni babengena neze ukuze bavikele abantwana boMdabu kulezi zimiso zokuxhaphaza, futhi abanye basekela ngentshiseko ukwanda kwabo.

Phakathi nalenkathi, amazwe amaningi amisa imithetho evimbela imikhuba engokwenkolo yoMdabu, imikhosi yamasiko, kanye nezinkulumo ezingokwesiko. Iziphathimandla zoMbuso, ngokusekela noma ngokuthula kwababusi, zasebenzisa izimiso ezazenza imikhuba engokomoya yobuzwe yobugebengu futhi zafuna ukuphoqelela abantu boMdabu ukuba bamukele isimilo samazwe ase - Euro naseMelika.

Inkathi Yokunquma

Phakathi nekhulu lama-20 leminyaka kwaletha enye inkathi eyinselele ebuhlotsheni besizwe sesizwe. Phakathi nawo-1950 nango-1960, uhulumeni wamazwe walandela isimiso soku "nquma," ukufuna ukuqeda ukuqashelwa kwezizwe eziningi zesizwe futhi ukudlulisela igunya phezu kwabantu boMdabu kuhulumeni. Lesimiso sasihloselwe ukungenisa abantu bomdabu emphakathini omkhulu waseMelika ngokususa ohulumeni besizwe nokuqeda ukuphathiswa kwemithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni.

Ukusabela kwababusi bakahulumeni ekuqedweni kwahlukahluka. Abanye bamukela ithuba lokwandisa igunya lombuso phezu kwamazwe esizwe nabantu, belibheka njengendlela yokulawula ingcebo eyigugu nokususa lokho abakubheka njengezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezihlukene ezisezweni labo. Abanye baqaphela ukuthi ukuqedwa kwemiphumela ebhubhisayo kwakuyoba nethonya emiphakathini yaboMdabu futhi baphikisa lezimiso.

Inkathi yokuphela kwabangela ukulahlekelwa ukuqashelwa kwezizwe eziningi zikahulumeni, ukuqedwa kohulumeni bezizwe, nokudluliselwa kwamahektare ezwe lesizwe ngenxa yokungathenjwa. Imiphumela yayihlanganisa ubumpofu obengeziwe, ukulahlekelwa izinkonzo zikahulumeni, nokuwohloka kombuso wesizwe. Kwakuyothatha amashumi eminyaka ukuba abantu boMdabu namanxulumane nabo baqede eziningi zalezi zimiso futhi baphinde baqaphele izinhlanga eziqediwe.

UMbusi weNkathi Yesikhathi Esidlule: Ukubukeka Okushintshayo

Emashumini eminyaka amuva, kuye kwaba noshintsho olukhulu ekutheni bangaki ababusi bezwe abasondelana nomphakathi wesizwe. Nakuba izinselele nezingxabano ziqhubeka, inani elandayo lababusi liye laqaphela ukubaluleka kokuhlonipha ubukhosi besizwe nokuhlanganyela ekuhloleni okunenjongo kukahulumeni oya kuhulumeni.

Ukwanda Kwezimiso Zokuhlolwa Kwesizwe

Enye yentuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu ebuhlotsheni banamuhla besizwe nesizwe sokuhlolana. Amagunya ayisishiyagalolunye (i-arizona, i-Louisiana, iMontana, i-New Mexico, i-Oklahoma, i-Utah, i-Utah, iWashington, neWyoming) akha isikhundla sokuxhumana esinesibopho sokuhlanganyela nemiphakathi yesizwe. Ngokuphawulekayo, iOklahoma, iSouth Dakota, neWashington zakha ihhovisi elibekwe ngokukhuthaza ukuxoxa nokwenza imithetho efuna izinhlangano zikahulumeni zokuxhumana.

Lezimiso zokuhlola ziyaqaphela ukuthi izizwe zezizwe zinemibono eyingqayizivele, ulwazi, kanye nezithakazelo okumelwe zicatshangelwe lapho ohulumeni bombuso beveza izinqubo, iziqondiso, noma izinhlelo ezingase zithinte. Amagunya amathathu kuphela achaza ukuxhumana kwesizwe. Naphezu kokuntuleka kwencazelo, izifunda ezingu-15 zanikeza isiqondiso esithile ezindleleni zokuthinta imiphakathi yezizwe ekuhloleni.

Ukumiswa kwezimfuneko zokuhlola imishado kumelela intuthuko ebalulekile ekuqapheleni ubukhosi besizwe nokuqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi aboMdabu azwakala ezinqubweni zokwenza izinqumo zikahulumeni. Nokho, ukuphumelela kwalezi zinqubo kuyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi zisetshenziswa kanjani nokuthi izinhlangano zikahulumeni zifaka ithonya eliqotho lesizwe ezinqumweni zazo.

Izenzo Zokuqondisa Zamuva: Isibonelo SaseWashington

Izenzo zamuva zababusi bombuso zibonisa kokubili amathuba obuhlobo obuthuthukisiwe nomsebenzi oqhubekayo odingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe ubudlelwano obulinganayo ngempela. Washington Gov. Bob Ferguson wasayina umyalo wokuqondisa ngoLwesithathu ukuze aqinise indlela umbuso othinta ngayo izizwe zamaMelika Omdabu eWashington. Kule Okthoba 2025 uhlelo lwezikhulu lunikeza isibonelo samanje sendlela ababusi abangathatha ngayo izinyathelo eziqinile zokuthuthukisa ubuhlobo besizwe nesizwe.

Lomyalo udinga ukuhlelwa kwezimiso ezintsha zokuhlola isizwe futhi udinga ukuqeqeshwa okwengeziwe kwezisebenzi zikahulumeni eziphethe nezinye izindaba ezihlobene nokuqonda uhlobo oluyingqayizivele lobuhlobo phakathi kombuso nohulumeni besizwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iHhovisi loMbusi le-Indian Affairs lizothola isihlalo esihlala njalo ekhabetheni lika-Proguson eliphethe futhi lithole igunya elikhulisiwe nomthwalo wemfanelo wokufeza iziqondiso zomyalo.

Umyalo ophethe wakheka ezimisweni ezikhona zobuhlobo besizwe sesizwe eWashington. Isivumelwano se-Centential Applition, isivumelwano sango 1989 esasayinwa yi-parigard Booth Gardner kanye nabaholi bezizwe ezaziwayo e-ohulumeni besizwe, siyisimiso sobuhlobo phakathi kwezwe nesizwe. Abameleli bahlangana unyaka ngamunye ukuze baqaphele ukuthi ubuhlobo bungasuswa kanjani.

Lo myalo usekela futhi ukuma okungokomlando uMbusi ngaphambili owathatha njengoGeneral Attorney ngo-2019, ngokuchaza ukuhlola kwesizwe ngesimiso senkululeko, seMinist, ne-Connect. Lesi simiso, esiqashelwa emhlabeni wonke njengendinganiso yesithembiso sobuzwe, simelela isibopho esibalulekile sokuqinisekisa ukuthi izizwe zinegunya elibalulekile lokusekela nokwenza izinqumo ezindabeni ezizithintayo.

Isethulo SeCalifornia Sobuhlobo Besizwe

ICalifornia inikeza esinye isibonelo sobuhlobo obuhlanganisa umbusi nesizwe. Ngo-2011, kwathi ngo-Governor Edmund G. Brown, Jr. yakhipha i-Education Order B-10-11, ifuna wonke amanxusa ezwe laseCalifornia ukuba akhuthaze ukuxhumana nokuxoxa ne-California Indian Covancs. Ngemva kwalokho, ngoMatshi 28, 2016, i-Formant Ocsucts Agency yamukela i-Tribal Constantical Policy.

NgoJune 18, 2019, uMbusi u-Newstom wakhipha i-Educative Order N-15-19, eyafaka futhi yafaka izimiso ezihlelwe ku-Gunya B-10-11 futhi yavuma futhi yaxolisa futhi yaxolisa ngenxa yoMbuso ngomlando "lobudlova, ukuxhashazwa, ukuphangwa, ukubhujiswa kwemiphakathi yesizwe e-California eyasusa amaMelika Omdabu aseCalifornia ezweni lawo kanye nemikhuba engcwele.

Lokhu kuxolisa kusho ukuvuma okukhulu kokudukiswa komlando futhi kubonisa ukuzimisela ukubhekana nendima kahulumeni ekucinezelweni kwabantu bomdabu. UMbusi u-New Newsom waxolisa ngenxa yoMbuso ngokuqothulwa kohlanga, ukususwa nokuphathwa kabi kwabantu bomdabu baseCalifornia. I-Administration yakhumbula ukuxolisa nge-Adrector N-15-19, evuma indima kaHulumeni ekulweni "nobudlova, ukuxhaphazwa, ukuphazwa kwesizwe nokuzama ukuqothulwa kwemiphakathi yezizwe".

Ngo-September 25, 2020, uMbusi u-Massadom wakhipha i-Paration of Administral Policy on Native American Ancestral Lands, eyakhuthaza zonke izikhungo zikahulumeni, umnyango, ibhodi, ne-authoni ukuba ifune amathuba okusekela ukulawulwa nokuya emazweni emvelo esizwe saseCalifornia angaphakathi ezweni lokhokho beCalifornia futhi angaphansi kobunikazi noma ukulawulwa kwezwe laseCalifornia, futhi asebenze ngokubambisana nezizwe zonke zaseCalifornia ezinesithakazelo ekutholeni amazwe emvelo ngokwezidingo ezingaphezulu zikaHulumente. Le nqubo imelela isinyathelo esiqinile sokuthinta izwe elingokomlando lokuxoshwa nokuqaphela izithakazelo zesizwe emasimini okhokhokho.

Izindawo Eziyinhloko Zokuhlanganyela Kumbusi

Ukuqonda lezi zindawo zokuthembisana kusiza ekuboniseni ukuthi ubudlelwane obuphakathi kwesizwe nesizwe namathuba okuba nobuhlobo obunenjongo.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezomnotho Nezomnotho Zezizwe

Intuthuko yezomnotho imelela enye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuthembisana ngombusi wesizwe. Ababusi abaningi baye baqaphela ukuthi ukusekela ukuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho zesizwe akusizi nje kuphela imiphakathi yaboMdabu kodwa futhi kuzuzisa nezifunda ezizungezile kanye nombuso uwonke.

Ukugembula ngokwezizwe kuye kwaba yindawo ebaluleke kakhulu yokuthuthukisa ezomnotho kanye nokuhlangana kwesizwe. Ngemva kokudlula koMthetho we-Indian Gaming Regugatory ngo- 1988, izizwe eziningi ziye zamisa imisebenzi yokugembula ebangela inzuzo kuhulumeni besizwe futhi zakha amathuba emisebenzi kubo bobabili izakhamuzi zesizwe kanye nezakhamuzi ezingezona ezesizwe. Ababusi bezwe badlala indima ebalulekile ekugabeni amaqoqo angokozwe, amisa amagama ngaphansi kwawo amaqembu amaqembu asebenza ngaphansi kwezindawo zokugembula.

Lezingxoxo ezihlangene zingaba nezingxabano, njengoba zihilela ukulinganisela ubukhosi besizwe nezithakazelo zezomnotho kanye nezinkathazo zikahulumeni ezilawulayo kanye nokucabangela inzuzo. Abanye ababusi baye baxoxa ngalezizingxoxo njengamathuba okwakha ukubambisana nokusekela ukuzanelisa kwesizwe, kuyilapho abanye beye bafuna ukukhuphula inzuzo kahulumeni noma ukubeka imingcele izizwe eziyibheka njengesephula ubukhosi babo.

Ngaphandle kokugembula, ababusi bangasekela ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho zesizwe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokukhuthaza amabhizinisi esizwe, ukusungula ukufinyelela inhloko - dolobha nosizo lobuchwepheshe, ukusekela ukuthatha uhambo lokuvakasha kwesizwe, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi lezo zinqubo zikahulumeni zinikeza amathuba ezinhlangano zesizwe. Uhulumeni nohulumeni wezizwe ukusekela intuthuko engokomnotho eCalifornia Indian Courtland umelela ukuzinikela kombuso owodwa kulendawo yokuthembisana.

Imfundo Nokulondoloza Isiko

Imfundo imelela enye indawo ebucayi lapho ababusi bezindawo bangathonya khona kakhulu imiphakathi yakhona.

Izizukulwane zezimiso ezihloselwe ukuvimbela izilimi zomdabu, izinhlangano eziningi zoMdabu zisebenzela ukuvuselela nokulondoloza izilimi zokhokho bazo. Ohulumeni bangasekela lemizamo ngokusekela izinhlelo zolimi, ukusekela izikole zokucwilisa, nezimiso eziqaphela futhi zizise izilimi zesizwe ezisemihlanganweni yemfundo kahulumeni.

Ezinye izifunda ziye zamisa izimfuneko zokuhlola izinhlanga ngenqubo yemfundo. Ukuthatha indawo yeSigele uBill 5252 (202) uthi kusukela ngoSeptember 1, 2024, amalungu ebhodi lesikole, abagcini, nanoma yiziphi ezinye izisebenzi ezifuneka ukuba zenze i-Attings of the Tribution ngaphansi kweSihlomo VI se-ESSA. Ukuhlola kwesizwe kuyisici esibalulekile sokuqinisekisa ukuthi abafundi bafunda i-Al/AN bamukela imfundo ephakeme evumelana nezizinda zabo zempucuko nezolimi, futhi kuhloniswe ukubusa kwabo kanye nokuzihlela ngokwabo njengesizwe. Phakathi kwe-Inbanuralbarication, isifunda sezwe, isifundazwe, nezinhlangano zemfundo yombuso kumelwe zihileleke ebuhlotsheni obukahulumeni nemibuso yezizwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinhlangano zemfundo nezokuzikomfunda, imfuno yemfundo, nemikhaya, nemikhaya yezemfundo, nemikhaya, ne-AN.

Abaholi bangasekela futhi ukulondolozwa kwamasiko ngokuxhasa imali esetshenziselwa iminyuziyamu yesizwe nezikhungo zamasiko, ukuvikelwa kwezindawo ezingcwele nemithombo yamasiko, nezimiso ezisiza ukuba izizwe zingene emazweni okhokho ngezinjongo ezingokwesiko nezemikhosi.

Imvelo Nesimiso Sokuvikela Imvelo

Izindaba zendawo ezungezile zimelela indawo ebaluleke kakhulu yokuthembisana kwesizwe sombusi, njengoba izizwe eziningi zinobuhlobo obujulile bempucuko, obungokomoya, nobungokwezinto ezingokwemvelo emazweni okhokho bazo nempahla engokwemvelo. Ohulumeni bangafeza indima ebalulekile ekusekeleni imvelo esendaweni ezungezile futhi bahlanganise ulwazi lwesizwe ezimisweni zendawo ezungezile zikahulumeni.

Qaphela futhi uhlanganise ulwazi lwendawo lapho kufaneleka khona. Izinhlangano zeKhabhinethi ezenza izinqumo noma ezibeka izindinganiso ezisekelwe "kwezesayensi ezingcono kakhulu" kumele zilandise ulwazi olukhona nolwamukelwa ngokwesizwe ngokwenza kanjalo. Lokhu kuqaphela ulwazi lobuzwe lusho ushintsho oluphawulekayo emikhubeni engokomlando elahla noma enganakanga ukuqondwa okujulile kwabantu boMdabu indawo yabo ezungezile.

Izinhlangano zokulondoloza indawo ezungezile zingaba nezindlela eziningi, kuhlanganise nezivumelwano zezindawo ezihlangene zemithombo yemvelo, imizamo ebambisanayo yokuvikela izilwane ezisengozini nendawo yokuhlala, ukuthatha izinyathelo ezihlangene zokulungisa imiphumela yesimo sezulu, nokusekela izinhlelo zendawo ezungezile yesizwe. Lezi zihlomelo ziyaqaphela ukuthi abantu abahlala kwamanye amazwe bebengabaphathi bamazwe abo iminyaka eyinkulungwane futhi banolwazi olubalulekile nombono wokulawula indawo ezungezile.

Amalungelo amanzi amelela indawo ebaluleke kakhulu futhi evame ukuphikisana yesimiso sendawo ezungezile esithinta ubuhlobo besizwe nesizwe. Izizwe eziningi zinamalungelo agcinwayo amanzi asekelwe ezivumelwaneni nasemthetho kahulumeni, kodwa izingxabano zivame ukuvela ngenxa yokwabiwa kwamanzi, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezihamba ngamanzi. Ohulumeni bangadlala indima ezakhayo ekuxoxiseni ngezingxoxo nezivumelwano ezihlonipha amalungelo esizwe kuyilapho besingatha izimfuno eziphikisanayo.

Izinkonzo Zempilo Nezomphakathi

Izindawo ezihlukene zempilo ezithinta izakhamuzi zimelela enye indawo ebucayi lapho ababusi bezwe bangenza khona umehluko. AmaMelika oMdabu abhekana namazinga aphakeme ezimo zempilo eziningi, ama-asethi anciphisis, kanye nezithiyo ezinkulu zokufinyelela izinkonzo zempilo ezisemgangathweni.

Abalawuli bangasebenza ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi izinhlelo zempilo nezinkonzo zikahulumeni ziyatholakala ezakhamuzini, ukusekelana phakathi kwezikhungo zempilo zikahulumeni nezinhlelo zezempilo zesizwe, ukusekela ukuxhaswa kwemali kahulumeni ezinkonzo zezempilo zamaNdiya, nokunikeza izigwegwe zempilo ezithinta izakhamuzi zomdabu ngokungenakuqhathaniswa.

Umqedazwe we-COVOVAD-19 waqokomisa kokubili ukusebenzelana kwemiphakathi ye-Invocation nokubaluleka kokubambisana kwesizwe ezimweni eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi. Abanye ababusi basebenza eduze nabaholi besizwe ukuhlanganisa imizamo yokusabela okuwumshayabhuqe, ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala okulinganayo kokuhlola nokugoma, futhi bahlonipha ubukhosi besizwe ekusebenziseni izinyathelo zempilo yomphakathi emazweni esizwe.

Ubulungisa Nokulondeka Komphakathi

Izwe lobugebengu liyindawo eyinkimbinkimbi neyinselele kakhulu ebuhlotsheni besizwe nesizwe. Imibuzo ephathelene nokuthi yiyiphi uhulumeni olawula ubugebengu obenziwa emazweni esizwe, ikakhulukazi ubugebengu obuhilela abaphangi abangabanga abadalisi kanye nama - Abomdabu, sekuyisikhathi eside bunengxabano.

Abalawuli bangasekela izimiso zokwahlulela zesizwe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokuhlonipha igunya lesizwe lenkantolo, ukusekela ukubambisana phakathi kwezinhlangano zomthetho eziqinisekisa ukumiswa kwezwe nesizwe, ukusekela izivumelwano zokubekwa icala, nokusekela umthetho kahulumeni oqinisa ukubusa kwesizwe. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zathatha izinyathelo zokuxazulula inkinga yokuswela nokubulala abesifazane namantombazane, zimise amandla okusebenza kanye nezimiso zokuhlela ukuthuthukisa ukusabela kulokhu bugebengu.

Imishini Yokuhlanganyela Enduneni Yombuso

Ubudlelwane obuphumelelayo besizwe nombusi budinga izinqubo zokuhlela kanye nezakhiwo ezisiza ukukhulumisana okuqhubekayo, ukuxoxa nokubambisana. Kuye kwasungulwa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokusekela lobu buhlobo.

Amahhovisi Nokuthunywa Kokuxhumana Nezizwe

Izifunda eziningi ziye zamisa izikhundla noma izikhundla ezinikezelwe ngokukhethekile ebuhlotsheni besizwe. La mahhovisi asebenza njengamakhopho ayinhloko okuxhumana phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezizwe, ukuxhumana kwezinqubo, nokusebenza ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imibono yesizwe ifakwa esimisweni sikahulumeni.

Ukuhlola okusemzimbeni kuyasebenza uma i-athomo lihlanganisa noma livumela imisebenzi yalo yokuxhumana nezakhamuzi ngomuntu oyedwa noma ngesikhundla. Lendlela ingasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi umbuso usebenzelana kanjani nezizwe futhi unikeza abaholi bezizwe izindlela ezicacile zokuxhumana nohulumeni.

Kuma-degree angu-49 ane-odoct 1 efuna ukuzwana nomthetho wesizwe, 42 (85,7%) okungenani inekhomishane eyodwa ephethe isimiso sobuzwe. Imishini yahlukahluka kusukela kwezihloko zezihloko (umgomo, imfundo, indawo yokuhlala) kuya ekuthatheni izintambo. Ngo-81.0% wezindawo ezilawulayo (344 kwabangu-42), umbusi omisiwe ogunyaza umsebenzi owodwa. Le mishini inganikeza izinqumo zengxoxo eziqhubekayo phakathi kombuso nakumeleli besizwe futhi isiza ekuboneni izinto eziza kuqala zesenzo esibambisanayo.

Imihlangano Nezingqungquthela Eziya Kuhulumeni

Imihlangano yasikhathi sonke phakathi kwababusi nabaholi besizwe inikeza amathuba engxoxo eqondile nokwakha ubuhlobo. Ezinye izifundazwe ziba nezingqungquthela zaminyaka yonke ezihlanganisa umbusi, izikhulu zekhathemende, nabaholi besizwe ukuze baxoxe ngezindaba zokukhathazekana futhi baphawule amathuba okubambisana.

Lemibuthano ifeza izinjongo eziningi: ibonisa isibopho sombusi ebuhlotsheni besizwe, inikeza abaholi besizwe ukuba baphakamise izinkathazo kanye nezinto eziza kuqala ngokuqondiswe ngokuqondile uhulumeni, ibangele izinkinga eziqondene nezindaba ezithile, futhi isize ekwakheni ubuhlobo bomuntu siqu nokwethembana phakathi kwezikhulu zikahulumeni nezizwe.

Ukuqeqeshelwa Nemfundo Izikhulu ZoMbuso

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni ziyabuqonda ubukhosi besizwe, amalungelo esivumelwano, kanye nesikhundla esiyingqayizivele esingokomthetho nesezombangazwe samazwe esizwe sibalulekile ukuze kuphumelele ukuhlangana kwesizwe nesizwe. Uhlelo ludinga amakhanda enhlangano ngayinye yezikhulu nesezikhungo ezincane zekhatheyini, futhi ngalinye lesimiso soMbusi liqondisa abaqondisi namalungu abaphathi beqembu eliphethe ukuba babe khona ekuqeqesheni okungalawuleki okusungulwe yi-GOIA egxile ekuthuthukiseni ukukhulumisana okuphumelelayo nokubambisana phakathi kwezwe nesizwe. GOIA, ekuxhumaneni nezinhlangano zikahulumeni zesizwe nezesizwe.

Ukuqeqesha okunjalo kusiza ekuvimbeleni ukungaqondani, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni zisondela ekwakheni inhlonipho efanelekile nokuqonda, futhi zakhe ikhono kuhulumeni wezwe lokusebenza ngokuphumelelayo nezizwe. Izihloko zokuqeqesha zihlanganisa umlando wesimiso sikahulumeni wamaNdiya, isisekelo esingokomthetho sobukhosi besizwe, amalungelo esivumelwano nezibopho, ukuncintisana kwesiko, nemikhuba engcono kakhulu yokuxhumana nohulumeni.

Imithetho Yezimiso Zokuhlola

Izimiso ezibhaliwe zokuhlolana nemithetho elandelwayo zinikeza ukucacisa ngokuthi kunini futhi kanjani ukuxoxa okufanele kwenzeke, ukuthi yini ehlanganisa ukuxoxa okunenjongo, nokuthi ukufakwa kwesizwe kuyoba kanjani phakathi kokwenza izinqumo zikahulumeni. Lemithetho isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukuxoxa ngezindaba akuyona nje inqubo edinga i-'sheck-box" kodwa kunalokho inqubo enenjongo ethinta ubukhosi besizwe futhi ihlanganisa izimo zesizwe.

USizwe waseNdiya uSihlalo uBill Iyall wathi amalungiselelo azoqinisa isibopho segatsha eliphethe sokuhlola. "Esikhathini esidlule, kwakuwukuhlola ibhokisi. Lokhu kungumyalo omusha wokukhulumisana kwasekuqaleni nokukhulumisana njalo," wathi. Lokhu kuphawula kuqokomisa ukubaluleka kokunyakazisa ngaphandle kokuxoxa ngokungenangqondo ngokuthembisana kwangempela.

Izinselele Eziqhubekayo Ebuhlotsheni Bombusi Ongabekezeleleki

Naphezu kwentuthuko ezindaweni eziningi, izinselele ezinkulu ziyaqhubeka zithinta ubuhlobo besizwe nombusi. Ukuqonda le zinselele kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni amasu okubhekana nazo futhi kwakhe ubuhlobo obuphumelelayo.

Ukungaphathi Kahle Komlando Nefa Lawo

Amakhulu eminyaka ezivumelwano ezaphulwayo, ukususwa ngempoqo, ukucindezelwa kwamasiko, nezimiso ezihloselwe ukuqeda ubuzwe kuye kwabangela ukungathembani okukhulu phakathi kwemiphakathi nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nohulumeni bakahulumeni. Lelifa elingokomlando alinakususwa ngokushesha, futhi liyaqhubeka lithinta ubuhlobo besizwe samanje.

Akukho ukuphika ukuthi ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni besizwe ne-U. buye bagcwala ukucindezeleka kwamakhulu eminyaka edlule. Nokho, kunezizathu zokuthi ukulondoloza ubuhlobo obuqinile phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nohulumeni we-U. kubaluleke kakhulu kuhulumeni wesizwe sobuzwe nombuso wezizwe ezihlala khona kanye nemiphumela enamandla eHlalweni. Kungashiwo okufanayo ngobuhlobo besizwe.

Ukwakha ukwethembana kudinga ukuzibophezela okuqinile, ukungaguquguquki phakathi kwamazwi nezenzo, inhlonipho yangempela ngobukhosi besizwe, nokuzimisela ukuvuma nokulungisa amaphutha esikhathi esidlule.

Izingxabano Nezingxabano Ezingokomthetho Ezibangelwa Icala

Imibuzo ephathelene negunya − yimuphi uhulumeni onegunya emazweni athile, kubantu, noma imisebenzi − eqhubeka ibangela izingxabano phakathi kwezizwe nezizwe. Lezingxabano zingahlanganisa ukubusa kobugebengu, ukuqondisa kwezakhamuzi, intela, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, nezinye izindawo eziningi.

Nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni unegunya eliyinhloko ezindabeni zamaNdiya, futhi izizwe zinefa lokubusa, imingcele yokubusa kwezwe nezizwe ayicacile ngaso sonke isikhathi. Izinqumo zeNkantolo ziye zakha imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi eyinkimbinkimbi ehlukahlukayo kuye ngezici ezinjengokuthi izwe lingaphansi kwemingcele engabekelwe mingcele, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amaqembu ahilelekile angowoMdabu noma awawona awesizwe, nendaba ethile ehilelekile.

Labo abahlonipha ubukhosi besizwe futhi bafune izixazululo ezivumelanayo ngokuxoxisana nangokuvumelana bangaba nemiphumela emihle kunalabo abaphishekela ukuqashelwa ngobudlova noma abazama ukunikeza igunya lombuso emazweni nezizwe nabantu.

Izingxabano Zemithombo Yezinto Nezingxabano Zezomnotho

Ukungavumelani ngemithombo yemvelo, ukusetshenziswa kwendawo, nokuthuthuka kwezomnotho kuyaqhubeka kudala izingxabano ebuhlotsheni besizwe nesizwe. Lezingxabano zingahlanganisa amalungelo amanzi, ukudoba nokuzingela, ukukhiqizwa kwamaminerali, ukuthuthuka kwamandla, noma ezinye izinkinga zemithombo.

Impi yezomnotho ingadala futhi izingxabano, ikakhulukazi ekugembuleni kwesizwe. Ezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni kanye nezithakazelo zezentengiselwano ezingezona ezesizwe ziye zaphikisana nokuqhutshelwa kwemijaho yesizwe, ziyibheka njengemincintiswano engafanele noma zifune ukukhuphula inzuzo kahulumeni ngenxa yokugembula kwesizwe. Lemibango yezomnotho ingayinciphisa imizamo yokwakha ubuhlobo obubambisanayo.

Ukusingatha izingxabano zemithombo kudinga ukuqaphela amalungelo esizwe, kuhlanganise namalungelo esivumelwano, kuyilapho kubhekiswa nasezithakazelweni ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni. Izivumelwano ezihlangene kanye nokusebenzisana kwezindlela ngokuvamile kuphumelela kakhulu kunokuxazulula lezingxabano.

Imithombo Yamandla Nemisebenzi Engenayo

Ohulumeni bezizwe kanye nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wobuhlobo besizwe ngokuvamile babhekana nezithiyo ezivimbela imithombo yezimali ezibalawulayo ukuze bafeze izinkonzo eziphumelelayo. Ohulumeni besizwe bangase bantula izisebenzi ezanele nezimali zokuhlanganyela kuzo zonke izinqubo zokuxhumana ezithinta izithakazelo zabo, kuyilapho amahhovisi okuhlobana kwesizwe angase angabi namisebenzi futhi angabi nasisekelo.

Lokhu kulinganiselwa kwemithombo kungaphumela ezinqubweni zokuhlola ezijahile noma ezikha phezulu, eziphuthelwe amathuba okubambisana, futhi ziphelelwe amathuba okufeza izivumelwano nezinyathelo ezithatha isinyathelo. Ohulumeni abazimisele ukuthuthukisa ubuhlobo besizwe kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi imithombo eyanele inikezelwe kulomsebenzi.

Ukungaguquguquki Kwaphesheya Kweziphathi - mandla

Ubuhlobo besizwe nobuzwe bungathonywa kakhulu ushintsho kubaphathi be-gubernary. Umbusi omisa kuqala ubuhlobo besizwe futhi amise ubuhlobo obuqinile angalandelwa yilowo ongazimisele kakhulu noma ongamelene nakancane nezitha zesizwe. Lokhu kuguquguquka kudala ukungaqiniseki futhi kungalimaza ukwakheka kobuhlobo obuthatha isikhathi eside.

Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zasingatha lenselele ngokuhlola izinhlanga ngokuhlela umthetho kunokuthembela kuphela eziyalweni eziphethe ezingasuswa ababusi abalandelayo. UMbusi LePaget's Uhlelo oluphethe "Ukwazisa Ubuhlobo Obukhethekile Phakathi Kwezwe laseMaine neNative American Covationd Intonce of State of Maine," ufuna umbuso ukuba uthintane nezizwe kunoma yimuphi umthetho, ukubusa, noma umthetho ozozithinta ngokuphawulekayo. Uphinde aqaphele ubudlelwane obukhethekile phakathi kweminyaka emine kamuva, uqhubele phambili izizwana zePassamaquody nePenaobst ukuba zikhiphe abameleli bazo bemithetho yokuvinja. Lesi sibonelo sibonisa indlela ushintsho ekulawuleni imibuso engaphazamisa ngayo ubuhlobo nezizwe.

Ukulinganisela Izithakazelo Nezici Eziningi

Ohulumeni kumelwe balinganisele izithakazelo zezizwe nezohulumeni bendawo, kuhlanganise nezithakazelo zezebhizinisi, amaqembu endawo ezungezile, nomphakathi wonke. Lezi zithakazelo ezincintisanayo zingadala izinselele zezombangazwe kubabusi abafuna ukusekela izinto eziza kuqala zesizwe.

Ngokwesibonelo, izinqumo eziphathelene nokuphatha imithombo yemali engokwemvelo zingabangela ukuba izithakazelo zesizwe zimelane nezamamboni ahluzekile noma abasebenzisi bezokuzilibazisa. Ama-gamming angabhekana nokuphikiswa ngenxa yezithakazelo zokugembula ezingezona ezesizwe. Ukubuya kwezwe noma ukuhlongozwa komphakathi kungamelana nokumelana nezindawo noma abasebenzisi bamanje.

Ukumisa lezizithakazelo ezincintisanayo kudinga ikhono lezombangazwe, ukuzinikela ezimisweni zobukhosi besizwe namalungelo esivumelwano, nekhono lokwakha imifelandawonye nokuthola isisekelo esifanayo.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yokuhlanganyela Kumbusi

Ngokusekelwe ezibonelweni eziphumelelayo nakokuhlangenwe nakho kwabaholi bezizwe nezikhulu zikahulumeni, kuye kwavela imikhuba eminingana emihle kakhulu kubabusi abafuna ukwakha ubuhlobo obuphumelelayo nemiphakathi yomdabu.

Inhlonipho Yangempela Ngobukhosi Besizwe

Isisekelo sobuhlobo obuphumelelayo bobudlelwano besizwe nombusi siwukuhlonipha ngempela ubukhosi besizwe. Lokhu kusho ukuqaphela ukuthi izizwe zesizwe zinguhulumeni abanegunya elingokwemvelo lokubusa izindaba zazo siqu, hhayi nje amaqembu anezinzuzo noma izinhlangano ezikhethekile.

Ukuhlonipha ubukhosi besizwe kudinga ukuhlanganyela nezizwe ngesisekelo sikahulumeni oya kuhulumeni, ukuxoxa nabaholi besizwe ngaphambi kokwenza izinqumo ezithinta izithakazelo zesizwe, ukuhlonipha amalungelo ezisivumelwano nezibopho, nokugwema imizamo yokwandisa ukubusa kwesizwe nabantu ngaphandle kwemvume yesizwe.

Ukuhlola Kwangaphambili Nokunenjongo

Ukuhlola kufanele kwenzeke ekuqaleni kwenqubo yokuthuthukisa, lapho ukufakwa kwesizwe kungathinta imiphumela yangempela, kunokuba kube ngemva kokuba sekukhishwe izinqumo. Ukuhlola okunenjongo kuhilela ukunikeza izizwe ulwazi oluphelele, isikhathi esanele sokubukeza nokusabela, nokucabangela okuqotho kwemibono yesizwe ekwenzeni izinqumo.

Ukuhlanganyela ekuhloleni okufike ngesikhathi uma noma yiziphi izinqubo zenhlangano, izinhlelo noma izenzo zingathinta imikhosi yezizwe imele isibopho kulesi simiso. Ukuhlola akumelwe kube isenzakalo esisodwa kodwa kunalokho ingxoxo eqhubekayo eqhubekela phambili phakathi nokuthuthukiswa kwenqubo nokusetshenziswa.

Ukwakha Ubuhlobo Bomuntu Siqu

Ubuhlobo obuphumelelayo besizwe sesizwe asixhomekile nje kuphela ezimisweni ezihleliwe nasezindleleni kodwa nasebuhlotsheni bomuntu siqu phakathi kwababusi nabaholi besizwe. Abalawuli abazinika isikhathi sokuvakashela imiphakathi yezizwe, ukuba khona kwezemikhosi yezizwe, nokwakha ukuxhumana komuntu siqu nabaholi besizwe cishe bayoba nokwethembana nokuqonda.

Lobu buhlobo bomuntu siqu bungasiza ekuxazululeni izinkinga, benze kube nezingxoxo eziqotho ngezinkinga ezinzima, futhi benze ukubambisana okusiza ekusekeleni ukusekela ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinselele. "Ngiye ngavakashela izizwe ngaphesheya kweWashington, futhi ngiye ngezwa kubaholi besizwe ukuthi singabuthuthukisa kanjani ubuhlobo bethu nohulumeni bezizwe," kusho uMbusi Ferguson. Lendlela yokuthembisana ngokuqondile nokulalela ibonisa ukubaluleka kokwakha ubuhlobo bomuntu siqu.

Ukubona Kahle Nokulandisa

Abaholi kufanele babonakale beyibo ohlangothini lwemizamo yabo yokuthembisana futhi balandise ngokulandela izibopho.

Lapho ababusi benza izibopho ezizweni zesizwe, kufanele bafeze lezozibopho. Izithembiso eziphukile ziqinisa ukungathembani komlando futhi zilulaza ukwakheka kobuhlobo.

Ukuba Nekhono Lokusungula Nokuchuma

Ubuhlobo obuphumelelayo besizwe sesizwe budinga isikhundla sokubusa kuhulumeni wezwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izisebenzi ezizinikezele ezinolwazi oluphathelene nobudlelwane besizwe, imithombo eyanele yokuhlola nokubambisana, nokuqeqeshela izikhulu zikahulumeni ubukhosi besizwe kanye nezimpikiswano ezihlobene.

Ohulumeni kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi amahhovisi okuhlobana kwesizwe anegunya elanele nempahla yokuhlanganisa ukubophana kwesizwe phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Beka umbiko we-intelligence yesizwe ngasinye ngqo kumphathi wenhlangano, futhi ilungu leqembu labaholi benhlangano futhi lihlanganiswe ezinqumweni zenhlangano ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izimo zesizwe zihlanganisiwe emazingeni aphezulu okwenza izinqumo.

Ukusingatha Ukungabi Nabulungisa Komlando

Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukuxolisa okungokomthetho ngamaphutha esikhathi esidlule, ukusekela iqiniso nezinqubo zokubuyisana, imizamo yokubuyisela izwe ekulawuleni izizwe, nezimiso eziqhubeka zikhuluma ngokuhlukana okuthinta imiphakathi yaboMdabu.

Uqaphela ukuthi imiphumela ebhubhisayo yokuqothulwa kwabantu bobuzwe baseCalifornia Bomdabu iyaqhubeka namuhla, futhi lesosenzo esinencazelo, esihlukanisayo esivela kuHulumeni naseCalifornia singaqala ukuxazulula lokhu kungalungile, uMbusi wamisa iQiniso neSikhathi Sokuphilisa. UMkhandlu uyisinyathelo esithatha isinyathelo esinzima saseCalifornia OMdabu baseMelika esihloselwe ukucacisa umlando ongokomlando wobuhlobo phakathi kwezwe ne-California NoMdabu wase-America ngokunikeza ubufakazi, ngokuqopha, ngokuhlola, ukuhlolwa okukhona kwemibhalo yezindaba zamazwe namaza eCalifornia ngomoya weqiniso nowokuphulukisa. Imizamo enjalo ibonakalisa isibopho sokubhekana nomlando onzima nokusebenza ekuphulukisweni.

Ukusekela Ukuzimisela Kwesizwe Ngawe

Ekugcineni, ubuhlobo obuphumelelayo bobubusi besizwe nobukanye kufanele busekele ukuzikhethela kwesizwe sohlanga, qha nekhono lamazwe okuzenzela izinqumo zawo ngekusasa, ukubusa izindaba zawo siqu, nokuphishekela imibono yawo siqu yenhlala - kahle yomphakathi.

Lokhu kusho ukusekela ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho zesizwe, ukuhlonipha ukubusa kwesizwe negunya, ukuvimbela ukutholakala kwengcebo namathuba esizwe, nokususa izithiyo ezivimbela izizwe ukuba zisebenzise ubukhosi bazo.

Izifundo zezenzakalo: Izindlela eziguquguqukayo kuMbusi-Tribal Relations

Ukuhlola izibonelo eziqondile zobuhlobo bezinhlanga nombusi kubonisa uchungechunge lwezindlela eziye zathathwa nezici ezibangela impumelelo noma ukwehluleka kulezi zindawo zobuhlobo.

IWashington State: Ukwakha Izakhiwo Ezingokomlando

IWashington State inikeza isibonelo sokunakekela okuqinile ebuhlotsheni besizwe phakathi kwezindawo eziningi zokuphatha. Lomyalo uvuma futhi udumisa umsebenzi wangaphambili oholwa izizukulwane zesizwe nomholi wesizwe, kuhlanganise neCentennial Aption (19989), kanye ne-Millennial Agumentation (1999), eyamisa izisekelo zobuhlobo bombuso nomthetho.

Indlela kahulumeni ibonisa indlela ukwakha amapulani akhona nokusebenza ngokuqhubekayo ukuwathuthukisa kungaqinisa ngayo ubuhlobo besizwe nesizwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Uhlelo lwamuva lukaMbusi u-Forguson lumelela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwamuva kule nqubo eqhubekayo, ihlanganisa izici ezintsha ezinjengokuvikelwa kolwazi lwendawo kanye nezimfuneko zokuqeqesha ezikhuliswe.

ECalifornia: Ukuthola Ikhono Nokuthatha Isinyathelo Esihlukile

Indlela yamuva yeCalifornia ngaphansi kukaMbusi iveza ukubaluleka kokuvuma amaphutha angokomlando nokuthatha izinyathelo eziqinile zokuthatha isinyathelo sokuhlukanisa. Ukuxolisa okungokomthetho ngokuqothulwa kohlanga nokuphathwa kabi komlando, kuhlangene nezimiso ezisekela ukubuya kwezwe kanye nokuphatha i-gallery, kumelela indlela ebanzi yokusingatha ukungalungi kwangesikhathi esidlule lapho kwakha ubudlelwano obusha.

Ukumiswa kweQiniso noMkhandlu wokuSebenza kubonisa isibopho sokuqonda nokubhala umlando ogcwele wobuhlobo besizwe nombuso, kuhlanganise nezahluko ezibuhlungu abaningi abangathanda ukuzishaya indiva. Lokhu kuzimisela ukubhekana nomlando onzima kubalulekile ukuze kubuyisane futhi kuphulukiswe ngempela.

Iphuzu Eliyinhloko: Ukuqhubeka Kulwa Ngenxa Yobukhosi

Okuhlangenwe nakho kukaMaine kubonisa izinselele ezingavela lapho uhulumeni wezwe nowesizwe benokuqonda okuhlukile ngokuyisisekelo kobukhosi besizwe. Emashumini amane eminyaka kamuva, i-Passaquody noma iZizwe ze-Penobscot zikwazi ukuthola indawo ethenjisiwe, imithetho iye yasetshenziswa ngokungafani phakathi kwezizwe, izingxabano ezingokomthetho ziyaqhubeka, ubudlelwane besizwe nezizwe buhlala bunengxabano, futhi ukuchuma kwezomnotho kwazo zombili izakhamuzi zesizwe nezingezona izinhlanga kuyaphikiswa. Ngalé kweMaine Isifundazwe saseNdiya, edalwe ngesakhiwo sokulawula ukuphumelela kwazo, amabutho amaningi, izinqumo, imibiko, imibiko, namaqembu asebenza kuye kwatusa zonke izinguquko zesizwe ukuze kuhlalwe amashumi eminyaka, kodwa izizwana kuphela (ezinjengezizwe) ezinikezwa amandla okubusayo, futhi zithola inzuzo yezimiso zezomthetho, futhi zinikezwa ngokutusa ngokulandelana kwezimiso zezomthetho.

Lesisimo sibonisa indlela ukungalingani kokwakheka ebuhlotsheni besizwe nesizwe okungaqhubekisela ngayo izingxabano futhi kuvimbele intuthuko. Kubonisa futhi ukubaluleka kwababusi abasebenzisa igunya labo ukusekela izinguquko ezithinta izinkathazo zesizwe nezibopho zokuhlonipha ezenziwa ezivumelwaneni nasezindaweni zokuhlala.

Indima Yomthetho Ozimele Ekudumazeni Umbusi

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxila kubabusi bezwe, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi isimiso sikahulumeni siwuhlela ngokuphawulekayo umongo lapho kuvela khona ubuhlobo besizwe nombusi. Imithetho, imithetho, izimiso, nezinkambiso zimisa uhlelo lobukhosi besizwe kanye nobuhlobo besizwe nesizwe.

Izimfuneko zokuhlola uhulumeni, njengalezo ezamiswa ngu-Order Ephethe 13175, zimisa izindinganiso ezithonya imikhuba yokuhlola kwesilinganiso sikahulumeni. Izinhlelo ze-Federal nemifudlana exhasa ngemali ngokuvamile idinga noma ikhuthaza ukubambisana kwesizwe sombuso. Izinqumo zenkantolo ye-Federal zichaza imingcele yokubusa kwezwe nesizwe.

Ukuqonda umthetho wezwe laseNdiya nesimiso esikhona okubalulekile kubabusi abafuna ukuzihlanganisa ngokuphumelelayo nezizwe. Ohulumeni nabo bangafeza indima ekusekeleni izimiso zikahulumeni ezisekela ubukhosi besizwe futhi zinikeze imithombo yemiphakathi yesizwe.

Ukubheka Phambili: Ikusasa Lobuhlobo Bombusi Ongenamingcele

Njengoba sibheka esikhathini esizayo, cishe ukuthambekela namathuba amaningana kuyothonya ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kobuhlobo bezinhlanga nombusi eminyakeni ezayo.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nezinselele Zendawo Ezungezile

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kudala izinselele ezingakaze zibonwe ngezizwe eziningi, kusukela ekukhukhulekeni kogu lwamadolobhana ase - Alaska, esongela isomiso esithinta imithombo yamanzi eseNingizimu - ntshonalanga kuya ekushintsheni inqubo engokwemvelo ethinta imvelo.

Abaholi banamathuba okusebenzelana namazwe esizwe ekusingatheni ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kokubili ngokuqondene nokuzivumelanisa nokuzivumelanisa nesimo sezulu. Ulwazi lomdabu nemikhuba engokwendawo ezungezile kunganikeza amasu okusabela kwesimo sezulu, futhi izizwe ngokuvamile ziphambili ekuthuthukiseni izindlela ezintsha zokuphatha indawo ezungezile.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezomnotho Nokuzisiza

Ukusekela ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho zezizwe kuyoqhubeka kuyinto eza kuqala kuwo womabili amazwe esizwe nohulumeni. Njengoba izizwe zishintsha izomnotho zazo zidlula ukugembula futhi zithuthukisa amabhizinisi ezindaweni ezinjengokuvuselelwa kwamandla, ezobuchwepheshe, ezokuvakasha, nezolimo, amathuba obudlelwane bezomnotho besizwe nohulumeni ayanda.

Ohulumeni bangayisekela lemizamo ngokususa imingcele yokuqondisa, bamise ukufinyelela enhloko - dolobha nasezimakethe, basekele intuthuko yezizwe, futhi baqinisekise ukuthi izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa izomnotho zitholakala emabhizinisini ezizwe.

Ukuvuselelwa Kwempucuko Nemfundo

AbaHluleli bangayisekela le mizamo ngesimiso semfundo, ngemali yokusekela izinhlelo zamasiko, ukuvikela izindawo ezingcwele nemithombo yamasiko, nezimiso eziyigugu nezihlanganisa ulwazi lomdabu.

Njengoba izifunda eziningi ziqala ukufunda ezifundweni ezifundisa ngokunembile umlando wabantu bomdabu nokuba khona kwabo nokunikela kwabo okuqhubekayo, ababusi bangafeza izindima zobuholi ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izimiso zemfundo zilungiselela bonke abafundi ukuba baqonde futhi bahloniphe ubukhosi besizwe namasiko omdabu.

Ubulungisa Nokulondeka Kwemiphakathi Yomdabu

Ukusingatha inkinga yokulahlekelwa futhi ukubulawa kwabesifazane namantombazane abomdabu, ukuthuthukisa ukulondeka komphakathi emiphakathini yezizwe, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zokwahlulela zesizwe zinemithombo efanelekile negunya kuyohlala kubaluleke kakhulu. Ohulumeni bangasekela lemizamo ngokubambisana okuthuthukisiwe phakathi kombuso nomthetho wesizwe, ukusekela izinkantolo zezizwe, nokubusa kwemithetho eqinisa ukubusa kwezizwe.

Ukubuya Kwezwe Nokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Inhlangano yokubuyisela izwe ekulawuleni kwesizwe futhi imise izivumelwano zokulawula amaqembu okhokho iyanda. Ukubuyela ezweni ekulawuleni izinhlanga kuthuthukisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kwandisa ukutholakala kwezindawo, futhi kubuyisela amandla ezenhlalo nokwenza izinqumo emazweni esizwe. Ohulumeni bangasiza kule mizamo ngokuhlukanisa amazwe ayizizwe angabuyiselwa ekulawuleni kwesizwe futhi asekele izivumelwano zomphakathi zamazwe asemasimini esizwe.

Ukuqinisa Imisebenzi Yamafomu Engokomthetho Neyamakhambi

Ukuqhubekela phambili, kuyoqhubeka kugcizelelwa ukuqinisa izimiso ezingokomthetho nezingokwenhlangano ezisekela ubuhlobo besizwe nesizwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukumisa umthetho ohlanganisa izimfuneko zokubonana, ukumisa amahhovisi ahlala njalo nezikhundla ezinikezelwe ebuhlotsheni besizwe, nokuveza imithetho nezindinganiso ezicacile zokubopha uhulumeni kuhulumeni.

Lezi zinqubo zokuhlela ziyasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi intuthuko ebuhlotsheni besizwe nesizwe isekelwe ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene ekuqondiseni nasekutheni ukuthembisana kwesizwe kuba inqubo futhi kulindeleke ukuba kube ingxenye yemisebenzi kahulumeni kunokuba kuncike ezintweni eziza kuqala kubabusi ngabanye.

Isiphetho: Indlela Engaphambili

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwababusi bezwe nezakhamuzi buye baqala kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika, kusukela ezikhathini ezimnyama zokususwa, ukuqedwa, nokuphoqelelwa kwenkani kuya emizamweni yamanje yokubuyisana, ukubuyisana, nokusekela ukunquma ubudlelwane. Nakuba izinselele ezinkulu zikhona, kunezizathu zokuba nethemba ngekusasa lalobu buhlobo.

Abaholi abasondela ebuhlotsheni besizwe ngenhlonipho yangempela ngobukhosi, abazibopha ngokubonana okunenjongo, ukuzimisela ukuvuma nokusingatha ukungalungi okungokomlando nokuzinikela ekwakheni ubuhlobo bangenza umehluko omkhulu ekuphileni kwabantu bomdabu nasebuhlotsheni obuphakathi kwemibuso yabo nezizwe.

Izibonelo zeziqondiso zamuva nje zokuqondisa, ukuxoxa ngezimiso, ukuxolisa okungokomthetho, kanye nokuthatha izinyathelo ezibambisanayo kubonisa ukuthi intuthuko ingenzeka. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izingxabano eziqhubekayo, izingxabano zempahla, nefa lokungathembani komlando kusikhumbuza ukuthi ukwakha ubuhlobo obunokulingana nokuphumelela ngempela obuphakathi kwesizwe kudinga ukunamathela okuqhubekayo nomzamo oqhubekayo.

Nakuba ukubambisana nababusi abasekelayo kungathuthukisa izinto eziza kuqala futhi kuthuthukise izimo emiphakathini yaboMdabu, izizwe kumelwe ziqaphele izenzo zikahulumeni ezisongela ubukhosi bazo noma ezihlulekayo ukudumisa amalungelo azo.

Kubabusi, ukuganana nezizwe zezizwe akufanele kuqondwe njengesibopho esingokomthetho noma isidingo sezombangazwe kuphela kodwa njengethuba lokwakha ubuhlobo nohulumeni ababusayo abanolwazi oluyingqayizivele, imibono, nekhono. Amazwe ezizwe aye abusa amasimu awo iminyaka eyizinkulungwane, futhi ayaqhubeka enikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo ezindabeni ezisukela ekunakekeleni indawo ezungezile kuya enhlalakahleni empucukweni yomphakathi.

Indlela engaphambili idinga ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo endleleni ohulumeni bezwe abasondela ngayo ebudlelwaneni babo nezakhamuzi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuthatha ukubheka ngaphandle kokuhlola "ibhokisi-inqununu" ekuziqeqesheleni ukubambisana kwangempela ekwenzeni izinqumo, kusukela ekubhekeni izizwe njengezibambisi zokuziqaphela njengohulumeni ozimele, nokusuka ekugxileni kuphela ezindabeni zamanje ukubheka imiphumela eqhubekayo yokungabi nabulungisa komlando.

Kudinga futhi izinguquko ezingokwenhlangano ezibangela inhlonipho ngobukhosi besizwe nesibopho sokuthembisana ukuhlangana kwezizwe phakathi nemisebenzi kahulumeni. Ukuqeqeshelwa izikhulu zikahulumeni, imithombo eyanele yamahhovisi okuxhumana kwezizwe, imithetho yokuxhumana ecacile, kanye nezinqubo zokulandisa zonke zinikela ekwakheni ubuhlobo obuphumelelayo nobusekelayo besizwe.

Ekugcineni, ukuphathana kwezizwe nombusi kunemiphumela ejulile emiphakathini yezakhamuzi, ethinta yonke into kusukela emathubeni ezomnotho kuya ekulondolozweni kwezempilo kuya empucukweni, ekwazini kwezizwe ukubusa nokuphishekela imibono yazo siqu yenhlalakahle yomphakathi. Kuthinta nomphakathi obanzi, njengoba indlela abantu abahlala khona abaphatha ngayo ibonakalisa izindinganiso eziyisisekelo ngobulungisa, ukuhlonipha ukwahlukahlukana, nokuhlonipha izibopho.

Njengoba siqhubekela phambili, imizamo eqhubekayo yokwakha ubuhlobo obunenhlonipho nobubambisana phakathi kwababusi bezwe nezakhamuzi ibalulekile. Lobu buhlobo kumelwe busekelwe ekuqapheleni ubukhosi besizwe, ukuvuma ukungalungi okungokomlando, ukuzinikela ekusekeleni ukunqumana kwesizwe. Kungaleyo sibopho esiqinile kuphela esingathemba ukuxazulula iziphambeko zesikhathi esidlule futhi sakhe ikusasa elibonakala ngenhlonipho, ukuqonda, kanye nokuhlangana okuqotho phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nezizwe.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngobukhosi besizwe nohulumeni-ohulumeni, uKhongolo lwesizwe lwamaNdiya aseMelika lunikeza imithombo eminingi yokwaziswa nokwaziswa kwezimiso. [[FLT]] Bureau of Indian Affairs mayelana nezindaba ze-Indiya [ inikeza ukwaziswa ngobuhlobo besizwe nesibopho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, [[FLT:] i-American Rights Fund [ enikeza izinto zemfundo ngokuphathelenee nelungelo lesizwe nezindaba eziphathelenezezokuxhumana kwesizwe nemithetho yombuso yesizwe nobuhlobo bomphakathi nobuhlobo obuphakathi kungatholakala ngokwezezindaba zesizwe noma emawebhukwini embusweni esizwe.