Igunya lezombangazwe limelela uhlobo oluhlukile lwamandla: ilungelo eliqashelwayo lokubusa, ukwenza izinqumo, nokuphoqelela ukulalela emphakathini. Ngokungafani negunya elinonya noma ukuphoqelela okulula, igunya lixhomeke ekwamukeleni nasekwemukelekeni ngokwezinga elithile kwalabo ababuswayo. Indida ephakathi, kusukela kuPlato u-public [ emfundisweni yanamuhla yentando yeningi, yiyo ngempela evumelana nalelungelo lokubusa. Ingabe imvume, inkolelo, inkolelo, usongo lobudlova, noma isithembiso sokulondeka? Ukuqonda izisekelo nemingcele yegunya lezombangazwe kubalulekile ekuhloleni ukubusa, umthetho, nezibopho zezakhamuzi.

Ukuchaza Igunya Lezombangazwe: Impi iphikisana neqiniso

Ngaphakathi, igunya lezombangazwe linamandla angokomthetho okukhipha imiyalo nokulindela ukuthobela. Igama eliyinhloko lapha lingu umsizi . Isibhamu sifuna isikhwama sakho semali sinamandla, kodwa hhayi igunya. Isikhulu sezezombangazwe esiqondisa izimoto eziphuthumayo sinakho kokubili. Umehluko ukhona elungelweni elicatshangelwayo lokuyala. Igunya lisho isibopho sokuziphatha noma somthetho engxenyeni yesihloko sokulalela, ngaphandle kwento ethile eshiwo yikhoneni ethile yomyalo. Lokhu yilokho izazi zefilosofi zezombangazwe ezibiza i- ukuthi i-'active-deeyence [[FLT]. Silalela umthetho ongavumelani nakanjani naso, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi sinikezwe othile oqashelweyo.

Max Weber, isazi sezenhlalo esiyisisekelo, sachaza umbuso ngokudume kakhulu ngokuthi yindawo ephumelelayo ethi "ifilosofi yezombangazwe isho ukuthi ikhona ekusetshenzisweni okungokomthetho kwamandla angokomzimba" phakathi kwendawo enikiweyo. Lokhu kuqokomisa ukuhlobana okuseduze phakathi kwegunya lezombangazwe nokuphoqelelwa. Igunya liyisiqinisekiso salelo gunya. Iguqula ubudlova obungenalutho bube yisijeziso esigunyawe nesivikelo. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wefilosofi yezombangazwe uwukuhlukanisa phakathi [igunya] igunya [ukubusa] kanye negunya eliqinile] negunya lokuqinisekisa ukulawulwa kwezikhali. [i] igunya eliphumelelayo (iphethe ngakwesokudla emandleni). Isimiso sezombangazwe sinye lapho abantu abaningi beqaphela igunya elivamile, njengoba bedinga ukubuswa.

Imithombo Yegunya Elingokomthetho

UMax Weber wanikeza isisekelo sokuqonda izizathu ezihlukahlukene okungashiwo ngazo ukuthi zingokomthetho.

Igunya Elingokwesiko

Igunya lendabuko lisekelwe emasikweni amisiwe, ekulandeleleni kwefa, nasenkolelweni ebungcweleni bemiyalo ehlonishwayo. Umbusi uyabusa ngoba "kulokhu kunje." Loluhlobo lwegunya lwalubusa kakhulu emiphakathini yangaphambi kwenkathi yanamuhla, kusukela kumamonarchy kuya kumankosi esizwe. Amandla ombusi adluliswa ezizukulwaneni, futhi ukufaneleka kwalesi simiso kusekelwe emlandweni nasebunhlalweni obungokwenkolo. Nakuba kunciphile kakhulu eNtshona Ntshona ntshona, igunya elingokwesiko lihlala linamandla ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba futhi lingabonakala ezinkonzweni zomthetho wombuso wesizwe eMbusweni noma eJapane, noma emandleni abadala abavamile emiphakathini ehlukahlukene.

Igunya Elingokomthetho

Igunya lokubusa okungokomthetho liyikhombe likahulumeni wanamuhla. Lisuka esimisweni semithetho emisiwe, izinqubo, nemithetho engenabuntu. Igunya alihlali kumuntu ngamunye, kodwa ehhovisi analo. Ukufaneleka kwalesi simiso kusekelwe enkolelweni yokuthi izinqubo ezingokomthetho ezisetshenziswayo ekukhetheni abaholi futhi zimise imithetho zilungile futhi zilungile. Izakhamuzi zilalela umthetho ngoba ubekwe ngokwemithetho engokomthetho, hhayi ngenxa yokuthi ziyamazi noma zihlonipha umenzi womthetho. Leli igunya lomthetho, izikhulu ezikhethiwe, nezingameleli. Amandla ayo ayisiqinisekiso sokuzinqumela nokusebenza kahle; ubuthakathaka bawo buwukuthambekela ekutheni i-sibindi nokukwazi ukulawula kwamandla ezwe, lapho kulandelwa khona imithetho ebanzi.

Igunya Elinamandla

Igunya lokubusa lisekelwe ezimfanelweni ezingavamile zomuntu ngamunye . .heroism, ubungcwele, umbono wokuvukela. Abalandeli bakhangwa umsebenzi ocatshangelwayo kamholi nobuntu obukhethekile, hhayi ehhovisi elingokomthetho noma esikhungweni esifuzo. Loluhlobo lwegunya aluzinzi futhi luthathe indawo, njengoba luvame ukuvela ngezikhathi ezinzima ukubekela inselele uhlelo olukhona. Izibonelo zihlanganisa abaprofethi benkolo abafana no-Muhammash, izibalo zenguquko njengoLenin noma uMao, kanye nabaholi bezezenhlalo abanjengoMartin Luther King Jr. Inkinga eyinhloko yegunya elinamandla angokwemvelo yi "rouniting of charmasma." iqhubeka kanjani ngemva kokuba umholi ehambile? Kumelwe ishintshele ekubeni isimiso esingokwesiko, noma esingokwesiko, esingokomthetho, esingokwezimo esingokomthetho, esinye esingokwenko, ukusungula isakhiwo somholi wezehluleko.

Isisekelo Esiwubuhlakani: Ubani Onelungelo Lokubusa?

Uma Weber echaza [[[QT:0] ukuthi libizwa futhi lamukelwa kanjani igunya, izazi zezombangazwe zibuza umbuzo ovamile: Iyiphi imvaba yegunya? Lona isisekelo senkulumo mpikiswano "efanele ukubusa".

Isiko Elihambisana Nezenhlalo

Isivumelwano senhlalo siphendula lombuzo ngokumisa igunya ekwakheni ukuvuma kwababuswayo . Kulokho okucatshangelwayo "Isimo semvelo" ngaphandle kukahulumeni, abantu ngabanye bakhululekile kodwa basengozini. Ukubalekela ukungalondeki kwalesimo, bavumelana ndawonye ukwakha umphakathi wezombangazwe futhi bazithobe egunyeni elifanayo.

  • Thomas Hobbes waphikisa ngokuthi isimo semvelo siyimpi emelene nabo bonke," ukwenza ukuphila kube ngokwedwa, kubenobumpofu, kube krwada, kube mfishane, futhi kube mfushane. Ukuze baphunyuke, abantu kumelwe banikeze wonke amalungelo abo kumbusi ophelele (uLeviyathani) oqinisekisa ukuthula. I Hobbases, igunya lithetheleleka ngesidingo esikhulu sokuphepha.
  • uJohn Locke wanikeza umbono okhululekile kakhulu. Isimo semvelo sinomthetho wemvelo (umqondo), kodwa singenayo umahluleli nomthetho ongakhethi. Abantu ngabanye bavuma ukwakha uhulumeni ukuze bavikele amalungelo abo angokwemvelo "ukuphila, inkululeko, nempahla""Crucalyly, kuLocle, lemvume inemibandela. Uma uhulumeni ephula ukwethenjwa kwakhe futhi eba ononya, abantu banelungelo lokuvukela. Lenkolelo inikeza i-democriodial yefilosofi ye-democracy yanamuhla.
  • Joan-Jacques Rousseau wasikisela inhloso yentando yeningi elawulayo. Igunya elingokomthetho lifuna abantu ukuba banikeze amalungelo abo kuwo wonke umphakathi, benze "intando" ehloselwe okuhle okukodwa. Ku Rousseau, inkululeko yeqiniso itholakala ekulaleleni imithetho yokuthi umuntu unesandla ekudaleni, ukuzenza azitholele umbuyiseli wohlobo oluwukuphela kwegunya elingokomthetho lezombangazwe.

Isivumelwano somphakathi sibhekene nenselele enkulu: inkinga yemvume engacacile. Abantu abaningi abakaze bavume ngokuqondile ukubuswa. UDavid Hume waphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlala nokulalela nje kungenakuthathwa njengemvume yangempela. Izazi zefilosofi zanamuhla njengoJohn Rawls ziye zavuselela umqondo ngokugxila ekwakheni inkolelo ecatshangelwayo. [[FLT:] abantu abanengqondo [ bavumelana nokuvumelana ngaphansi kwezimo ezilungile, njengendinganiso yemithetho elungile, kunokuba kube yisehlakalweni esingokomlando.

Igunya Lentando Yeningi

Ebuthweni lentando yeningi lanamuhla, ilungelo lokubusa livunywa ngokuyinhloko ngokhetho olukhululekile nolungagwegwesi. Isimiso se ubukhosi obuthandwayo simi ukuthi igunya lezombangazwe lisuka "ekwamukeleni kwabantu." Lokhu kulunga okusekelwe enqubweni yenqubo kuphikisa ukuthi ngisho noma isakhamuzi singavumelani nesimiso esithile, sinesibopho sokuziphatha sokuvumelana ngenxa yenqubo eyasenzayo eyayisemthethweni. Inseleleko ecatshangelwayo iwukubonisa indlela ukubusa kwezombangazwe okungabopha ngayo idlanzana. Abameleli bedemokhrismenti bedemokramenti, njengoJür Habakermas, baphikisa ukuthi ukufaneleka akuveli nje ekuvoteni, kodwa entweni eholwa kuyo evolweni. Okunye okubonakala futhi kunengqondo kakhulu, umphumela obonakala kahle kakhulu njengomphumela wonke.

Inselele Yesigaba Sikahulumeni Egunyani

Akuwona wonke umuntu ovuma ukuthi igunya lezombangazwe lingalunga. Abavukeli abaphezulu abangobuProfethi, njengoRobert Paul Wolff, uphikisa ngokuthi kukhona ukuphikisana okuyisisekelo phakathi kwegunya nenkululeko yokuziphatha. U-Autonomy] umgomo wokuthatha umthwalo ngezenzo nezinqumo zomuntu siqu, uphikisana no"lungelo lokubusa" ngoba igunya lifuna ukulalela kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isahlulelo somuntu siqu sokuziphatha. UWolf uphetha ngokuthi akukho mbuso onegunya elingokomthetho, inxusa elizimele. Nakuba ifilosofi ayifuni ukuqedwa kwezwe ngokwelungelo lombuso, iphika umthetho womthetho womthetho onegunya, kodwa i-archism ayiwufuni ngokomthetho womthetho womthetho. Ibeka umthwalo wezwe ekubekeni ubufakazi obukhulu ezimweni zesizwe sokuzithethelela, futhi ibophe umthetho wokwahlulela umthetho ngamunye ngokusemthethweni.

Ukuklanywa Kwegunya Kwanamuhla: Izinhlangano Nesibopho

Igunya lezombangazwe aliwona umqondo ocatshangelwayo; lakhiwa futhi lagcinwa ngezinhlangano zikakhonkolo. Umbuso wanamuhla usebenzisa igunya lawo ngolwembu oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezakhiwo:

  • Imithetho imisa "imithetho yomdlalo," ichaza amandla nemingcele kahulumeni. Inikeza uhlelo oluphezulu olungokomthetho olugunyaza umthetho wezinsuku zonke.
  • [[[I-FLT:0] Izibalo ziyizimoto eziyinhloko zokuhumusha incwadi yentando ethandwayo (noma okungenani intando yezombangazwe) ifakwe emthethweni obophayo.
  • [ Abaqondisi bachaza imithetho nezimpikiswano eziphikwayo, besebenzisa igunya lokuqeda izenzo eziphula umthetho. Umkhuba wokubukeza uluhlobo olunamandla lwegunya, lapho izinkantolo zingazilahla khona izinqumo ezenziwa izikhulu ezikhethiwe.
  • Izikhulu ze-Bureaucracy ziyisisekelo sokuqondisa umbuso. Igunya lazo lisekelwe kubuchwepheshe nokuhlakanipha. Zisebenzisa izimiso futhi zakhe izimiso eziningiliziwe, zisebenzisa amandla amakhulu kakhulu phezu kokuphila kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi.

Ukuphumelela kwalezi zinhlangano kuxhomeke ekukholelweni kwezenhlalo ekwandiseni ekusebenziseni kwazo igunya. Uma ukuthembela ezinhlanganweni kuncipha, ngokufanayo negunya lezombangazwe likahulumeni, kuholela esimweni esibucayi sokubusa lapho ukuthobela kungasathathwa kalula.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Egunyeni Lezombangazwe

Igunya lezombangazwe ekhulwini lama - 21 lingaphansi kokucindezela okukhulu okuvela ezinhlangothini eziningi.

I - populism Nokukhishwa Kwezigebengu

Izinhlangano zePopulist, kokubili ngakwesokudla nangakwesobunxele, ngokuyisisekelo zibekela inselele igunya elingokomthetho lezinhlangano ezimisiwe. Bathi i-"elter" (iqembu lezombangazwe elikhohlakeleyo, abahluleli, imithombo yezindaba, ne-bureaucrates) iye yaphanga isimiso. Abaholi bePopulist baye basho ukuthi bathintana ngokuqondile, abantu," bedlula noma bahlasele izinhlangano ezingokomthetho. Lokhu kudala ingxabano eqondile phakathi kwegunya elinamandla elinamandla likamholi we-populist nombuso ongokomthetho we-ropublicrations, ngokuvamile kuholela ekusebenziseni isilinganiso esingokomthetho sezinkantolo, ekuncipheni, ekuhleleni, ekuhleleni. Isibonelo, ukunyuka kwe [FOLD.FLD, [F.F.Promedians] [F1] ePoland] nasebusweni kwegunya le-Rhoversian engokomthetho kubonise kanjani ukubusa kwabo okungokomthetho.

Igunya Lezizwe Nezembulunga Yonke

Izwe akuselona iqoqo lemibuso yezombangazwe. Lokhu kudala izinselele zembulunga yonke ezifana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ubuphekula emhlabeni wonke, kanye nezinkinga zezezimali ezidinga ukubambisana okudlula imingcele. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-European Union (EU), iZizwe Ezihlangene (UN), neNhlangano Yezwe Lohwebo (WTO) ezisebenzisa izakhiwo zegunya ezibopha amalungu ezwe. Lokhu kudala "ukuphikisana kwezwe elihlukile" nokuphikisana kwezwe." ngokufaka ubukhosi emikhakheni ehlangeneyo yonke indawo, kusho ukuthi ingenza isithakazelo sayo. Nokho, lemikhakha ngokuvamile ihlupheka isuka ku "democratic ," njengoba isuswa kude nezakhamuzi ezibusayo. Ukushukuma kwempikiswa kwesizwe nemibuzo ebangela ukuphambayo ngempela emhlabeni wonke.

Igunya Lezinombolo: Amandla Ezinto Ezingaklanywa

Inselele entsha nesheshayo ivela kwi-minuber communcu. Izinhlangano zomuntu siqu ezifana ne-Meta, i-Google, ne-X (eyayiyi-Twitter) ziphethe igunya elikhulu quasi-seburhulumenteni[. Zibeka futhi zibeke imithetho esemthethweni ngezigidigidi zabasebenzisi, zilawula ukugeleza kolwazi, futhi zikhulume ngezindlela ezazezona kuphela zezwe. Imithetho yazo engokoqobo, futhi izinqumo zazo zingamisa ukhetho, nombono womphakathi. Izimiso zaleligunya zincintiswa kakhulu. Ingabe lezi zinkampani zangasese ziyakwazi ukubeka imithetho eziyithandayo? Noma zisebenza njengezindlela zokukhuluma obala, izihloko ezisemthethweni? Izibalo ezilawulayo, futhi zilawula esinye sezici zezindaba zezombangazwe zezombangazwe ezisembulweni zethu.

Inhlekelele Yokwehla Kwemali

Igunya lezombangazwe lihlangene kakhulu negunya lezesayensi, .igunya lolwazi nobuchwepheshe. Igunya lesimanje lokulawula lincike kakhulu kochwepheshe bezesayensi nabezobuchwepheshe ekuhleleni indlela yokusebenza. Nokho, ukuvela kwezenhlalo, kanye nokungathembani okukhulayo kwezinhlangano, kuye kwabhebhebhethekisa "izikhundla zobuchwepheshe" uma izakhamuzi zinqaba izinto eziye zatholwa yisayensi yesimo sezulu noma ochwepheshe bezempilo, igunya lombuso lokumisa imithetho esekelwe esayensini. Lokhu kudala igebe elibusayo, lapho umbuso unelungelo lokushaya imithetho kodwa ungenalo igunya lokuyisebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo, njengoba kubonakala ekumelaneni nokugunyazamisa noma ukugoma kwezelaphayo phakathi nobhadabange lwe-COVID.

Isiphetho

Igunya lezombangazwe lihlala liselula futhi liphikiswana. Alikho icebo lobukhonya nje kuphela noma elivumelanayo. Lihlala ekwahlukaneni kwamandla, inkolelo, nobulungisa. Ukubekwa kwanoma yimuphi uhulumeni kuxhomeke empendulweni ephikelelayo yombuzo othi, "Kungani kufanele ngilalele?" Lempendulo ingatholakala esikweni, emthethweni, ekwakheni umholi, noma ekuvumelaneni kwababuswayo. Ezweni elibuswayo, elisheshayo, umsebenzi wokuthethelela igunya awusoze wenziwe. Impilo yezombangazwe ilinganiswa ngekhono layo lokugcina imibandela esemthethweni kuyilapho ivumelanisa izinselele ezintsha, ilondoloza umehluko phakathi kokubusa okulungile nokungalawuleki. Kubafundi bezombangazwe, ukuqonda lokhu, akuwona umsebenzi wokusebenzisa amandla esikoleni; ukusekela amandla nokusebenzisa iqoqo lezenga.