Ukuyekethisa yisici esiqinile sokubusa kwentando yeningi, inqubo lapho izithakazelo ezincintisanayo zihlangana khona ukuze ziveze izinqubo ezisebenzayo. Enkabeni yomphakathi, ukuthengiselana akugwemeki ngoba imithombo elinganiselwe, izindinganiso ezingqubuzanayo, kanye nabafaki bezithiyo abahlukene abavamile ukuvumela noma yiliphi iqembu ukuba lifeze izinhloso zalo ezigcwele. Ubuciko bokuyekethisa abulona uphawu lobuthakathaka kodwa kuyisidingo esikhethekile sokwakha izixazululo eziqinile, ezisekelwe ekwakhekeni. Lesi sihloko sihlola amandla okuhlehla esimisweni somphakathi, izithiyo ezisenza kube nzima, kanye nezinqubo eziqinile ezingasetshenziswa abaqondisi abangazisebenzisa ukuze bahambe kahle.

Ukuqonda Ukuhoxa Emthethweni Womphakathi

Ukuhlehla enkambisweni yomphakathi kuhilela ukulungisa izikhundla zokuqala ukuze kufinyelelwe isivumelwano esamukelekayo. Kudinga amaqembu ukubeka ezinye izinhloso kuqala phezu kwezinye, ngokuvamile amukela imiphumela engemihle kakhulu ekushintsheni intuthuko. Inqubo ingokwemvelo iyasungula: ifuna ukuba abahluli baphinde bavumelane bathathe izingxabano njengemicikilisho ehlanganisayo ehlanganisayo. Kunokubheka ukuvuma njengokulahlekelwa, abahlehlisi abaphumelelayo bazibona njengezingashekeli zemali ekubambisanani isikhathi eside nokusemthethweni.

Izimiso zomphakathi eziyekelelwayo zisebenza ngokwezilinganiso ezimbili: izikhangiso ezithengwayo ezithengwayo (into ezuzweyo noma elahlekileyo ngokwezimiso) kanye ne-'processical points[ (indlela izinqumo ezenziwa ngayo futhi othola izwi). I-akheli eliqinile elinamakheli womabili, iqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso sokugcina asisebenzi nje kuphela kodwa futhi sibhekwa njengobulungisa ngalabo abathintekile.

Indima Yababheki

Zonke izinkulumo ezingokomthetho zihilela iqoqo labasekeli abanezithakazelo ezihlukile, imithombo yengcebo, nemingcele. Ukuqonda izikhundla zabo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokubona izindawo ezingase zivumelane.

  • Izikhulu zombuso: Abameleli abaphakanyisiwe nabaholi bezinhlangano balinganisela inhlalakahle yomphakathi nokusinda kwezombangazwe. Kumelwe bacabangele imijikelezo yezekhethelo, amapulatifomu eqembu, kanye nokungaguquguquki kwezentengiselwano.
  • [ Amaqembu angenisayo:[ izinhlangano zezohwebo, izinhlangano zezezimali, kanye nezinyunyana ezingenisa izinyunyana zemiphumela ethile, ngokuvamile eziletha imithombo egcwele kanye nobuchwepheshe etafuleni.
  • [ Izindawo neMiphakathi: Umphakathi ulindele izinqubo ezisingatha izidingo zazo(ukuvikela), imfundo, ukuphepha, ukuvikela(*] kodwa kungantula ikhono lokuhlanganyela ngokulinganayo ezingxoxweni.
  • [[[I-FLT:0] Umenzi wehlelo:[[[FT:1] Amabhizinisi nezinhlangano zifuna ukuqiniseka kanye nezimo ezingcono zokutshala imali, zizenze abadlali abayinhloko esimisweni sezomnotho nesendawo ezungezile.
  • Izibopho zesizwe: Ezweni elihlangene, izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, amaqembu ezohwebo, kanye nezivumelwano zesivumelwano ziletha izithiyo namathuba ohulumeni bezwe okuhamba.

Ukuqaphela ukuthi umgcini wemali ngamunye usebenza ngaphansi kwezisusa ezihlukene − ukuhlelwa kwezimiso zokusetshenziswa kwemali, imijikelezo yemali, ukucindezela kwamalungu, noma inzuzo ezindaweni eziseceleni kwezindawo eziseceleni kwemiklamo evuma lezizinto eziza kuqala ngaphandle kokudela izimiso eziyisisekelo.

Umbukwane Wamabhizinisi

Akuyona yonke imifantu elinganiswe. Ukuhlelwa kwemithetho yokuthengiselana kungahlukaniswa ngapha nangapha kwenani elisukela ku (win-win) [kuya ku-] ukuyekelela [[ (ukucima i-win-oct]). Ukuhlehla komdlangalala kwandisa ipayithi ngokuthola amakhambi anelise izithakazelo eziningi, ukuhlanganisa iziqondiso zendawo ezungezile nezinhlelo ezithuthukisa kokubili imboni nomsebenzi. Ukuhlehlisa kuhilela ukuhlukanisa inzuzo emisiwe, njengenkokhelo yentela noma ukuchitha izikhwama, lapho inzuzo yeqembu lilahlekelwa khona yinzuzo yombili. Ukuhlanganisa ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa izinhlelo, ukusebenzisa izinhlelo ezisebenzayo ukuze kwakhelwe kabusha amasu.

Isizathu Sokuba Uyekethise Ezindabeni

Ukuyekelela akuyona nje imvume yamaqhinga; kuyisimiso esiyisisekelo sokugunyazwa kwentando yeningi. I-policies ehlonishwe ngokuhlanganisa ukuthengwa okubanzi, ethuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwempahla futhi inciphise amathuba okushintsha lapho amandla eshintsha. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi imithetho edluliswa ngokusekela i-bipartisan ithambe kakhulu futhi ithambekele ekuhlaseleni kwe-propatission. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuyekethisa kuthuthukisa ukuqina kwezombangazwe ngokuthumela izimpi kube yingxoxo eyakhayo kunokuba kube yi-grock lockbock noma isenzo esinesiqu. Enkathini yokukhuphuka amandla. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi imithetho edluliswayo ingaba ikhono elibucayi kakhulu lokusekela ukubusa okusebenza.

Izinselele Zokuyekelela

Naphezu kwezimfanelo zayo ezinhle, ukuyekethisa kubhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu kwezombangazwe zanamuhla.

Ukwenezelwa Kwezombangazwe

Emashumini eminyaka ambalwa adlule, ukuhlelwa kwemibono kuye kwakhula embusweni wentando yeningi, futhi izigaba ziba nezinhlangothi eziphakathi futhi ziqhele kakhulu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa imbulunga kudala "zonke-noma ubala" ingqondo lapho ukuvumelana kubekwa khona njengokukhaphela. Imithetho yezentengiselwano yezenhlala - mhlaba kanye namagumbi e-reversiturea e-evolution akhulisa le nkinga, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ngabahlali ukuba bathole izindawo eziphephile zokuhlola. ukucwaninga okuthintingantenga yikho okuthi ukuguqula i-involution. I-algorimethiums kanye ne-mediactivessss ezisekela iqembu eliphikisayo njengeqembu eliphikisayo, inciphisa ukuzimisela ukuvuma.

Ukungaqondi Nokungathembani

Amaqiniso abonisa ukuthi isisekelo esivamile esidingekayo ekuxoxisaneni. Uma ababambi be-mathikithi bengenakuvumelana ngemininingwane eyisisekelo `imiphumela eyisisekelo yezomnotho, izingozi zempilo,'izenzakalo ezingokomlando--(-"izindawo zabo zigxile.) Ukungavumelani kuyagxila kule nkinga: uma abantu besola ukuthi olunye uhlangothi lusebenza ngokholo olubi, ngisho nezindawo ezinikezwa kahle ziyabukwa ngokunyundela. Ukubuyisela ithemba kudinga ukukhulumisana okusobala, ukuzilawula, nokulandela ngokungaguquki ezivumelwaneni ezincane ngaphambi kokuba kuxazululwe izindaba ezinkulu.

Amazinga Okubala Amandla

Izingxoxo zivame ukuvela phakathi kwabadlali abanemithombo elingana kakhulu. Ukungenela kwezezimboni okunemisebe engcono kakhulu kungase kubuse inqubo yokulawula, kuyilapho amaqembu omphakathi angawatholi alungele ukuzwakala. Ukungalingani kwamandla kungaveza ukuyekethisa okungenanjongo okusekela abanamandla nababuthakathaka, kunciphe umthetho osemthethweni. Ukulwa nalokhu, abalamuleli bangasebenzisa izivikelo ze-procratical enjeni njengokuthiwa ukukhuluma isikhathi esiqinisekisiwe, abaphikisi abangathathi hlangothi, nokubopha izivumelwano zokulinganisela insimu. [[FLT:] [FT:] ku-Negogationstings of Harvard Law School kugcizelela ukuthi ukuqaphela namandla ahlukene enqubweni yezivumelwano zezivumelwano zezivumelwano.

Ukunqamuka Kwezigwegwe Nokucindezelwa Okuncane

Abaholi bedemokrasi babhekana nokhetho oluvamile, benza izisusa zokuzuza isikhashana ngokuxazulula izinkinga ezithatha isikhathi eside. Ukuyekethisa okuphoqelela izindleko ezisheshayo [1] Ngisho nasezinzuzo ezinkulu zesikhathi esizayo . . Ngokwesibonelo, ukunikezwa inguquko noma i-carbon crimeding kungadinga ukuzidela namuhla ukuze kutholakale intuthuko eyathatha iminyaka eminingi kamuva, ngaphandle komjikelezo olandelayo wokukhetha. Ukunqoba ukuhlanganisa okufushane kuhilela ukwakha imifelandawonye ediliselwe ukuvala izibopho ezinkulu kakhulu noma izibopho ezizimele, ezivikela isimiso sokhetho oluvela ku-evotaral .

Ukuhlukaniswa Kwemithombo Yezindaba Nokucwaningwa Komphakathi

Izindawo zanamuhla zezezindaba zandisa imvume ngayinye, ziguqula izingxoxo zibe imibukiso. Izingxoxo zamahora angu-24 zinikeza izingxabano nedrama, okwenza kube nzima ngabathuthi ukuba bangene ekuthuleni, inqubo edinga ukuyekethisa. Ukuhlola umphakathi kungaqinisa izikhundla: uma nje ummisi womthetho evimbela ukuma komphakathi, usekela ibhekwa njengobuthakathaka. Ukunciphisa lokhu, abaqondisi abanolwazi ngokuvamile basebenzisa izinxulumano ezisemuva nezimemezelo ezisezingeni, ukuvumela amaqembu ukuba alungise ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yiso.

Izinyathelo Zokuhlehla Ngokuphumelelayo

Nakuba izinselele zingokoqobo, ulwazi oluningi nokuhlangenwe nakho okusebenzayo kunikeza amathuluzi okuthuthukisa ukuyekethisa okunenzuzo.

Ukulalela Ngokukhuthele Nozwela

Ukulalela ngokunakekela kuhilela ukuqonda imizwelo, izindinganiso, nezidingo eziyisisekelo ezishukumisa isimo somcimbi. Abalaleli abalalela ngozwela bangaveza izithakazelo ezingabonakali ngokushesha. Ngokwesibonelo, ukufuna intela ephansi kungabonisa isifiso sokuzimela kwezomnotho kunokuba kubonise ukungathandi izinkonzo zomphakathi. Ngokunikeza ukukhathalela kwangempela, abaqondisi bangaklama amakhambi anelise izinhlangothi zombili. Izindlela ezilula ezinjengokuveza, ukubuza imibuzo evulekile, nokuvuma imizwa kungaguqula ukuxhumana kwezentethelelo yomphakathi.

Ukwakha Ubuhlobo Nokwethembana

Ukwethembana kuyimali yokuvumelana. Ubuhlobo obude besikhathi eside buvumela ukuba abantu bavume ukungasabi ukuxhashazwa ngoba balindele ukubuyisana ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuhlangana okuvamile /ukudla okuhlanganisiweyo, izingxoxo ezihlangene, noma ukuthuthukisa kobuchwepheshe obuhlangeneyo , kusiza izitha ezibhekene kakhulu nendawo ehlukene. Ababulali abangathathi hlangothi bangasebenza njengezinto eziphazamisa ubuhlobo, ukwakha izithuba ezilondekile zengxoxo eqotho. [ I-Mediate.com umtapo wezincwadi wezempahla [ inikeza izinqubo eziwusizo zokwakha ukuthembana ezimweni eziphakeme.

Ukubona Imigomo Efanayo

Ngisho nabakhiqizi neqembu lendawo ezungezile bangaphikisana ngezimiso ezikhudlwana eziphikisanayo. Ngokuphakamisa ingxoxo ukuze ihlangane ngezindinganiso, abaphingi bangavuselela inkinga njengokufuna izixazululo ezihlangene kunokulwa i-zero-sum. Imigomo evamile isebenza njengenkanyezi egcina izingxoxo ziqondene ngokusizana, ikakhulukazi uma izindaba ezithile ziqala ukuphikisana.

Ukuvumelana Nenkinga Yokudala

Ukunamathela okuqinile ezimfunekweni zokuqala yisitha sokuyekelela. Ukuvumelana akusho ukulahla izimiso kodwa kunalokho kuhlola izindlela ezihlukile ukuze zifezeke. Ukuhlela izikhawu, ukuhlelwa kwezenzakalo, "imibuzo" ingaveza ukukhetha okusha. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphikisana ngokusetshenziswa kwendawo kungaxazululwa hhayi ngokukhetha phakathi kokuthuthuka nokulondoloza kodwa ngokuvumela izibhona ezisindayo ukushintshana nendawo eluhlaza. Ukuhlanganisa ukufakwa kwemigoqo yentengiselwano ne-produs /-trad imvume empontshelwe impikiswano eyodwa yentuthuko kwenye izivumelwano ezabonakala zingakholeki.

Izindlela Zokusondela Eziyingozi

Uma inguquko ebanzi ivaliwe, ukuvumelana kwezimiso kungakha umfutho. Ukunqanda isimiso esikhulu sibe yizingxenye ezincane, ezingezona eziphikisanayo kuvumela amaqembu ukuba afinyelele ukunqoba kokuqala futhi abonise ukuthakazelelwa. umfuziselo wenguquko , odume ngokuchazwa ngolwazi lwesayensi yezombangazwe uCharles Lindblom, usikisela ukuthi isimiso senqubo singcono kakhulu ngochungechunge lokulungisa okuncane kunokuhlela amapulani amakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, isimiso sezulu sivame ukuqhubekela ngesilinganiso sezindinganiso ze-"16] ze-partumfolio, impumelelo, kanye nabashayeli bekharbonthi be carbon, kunyuswa kakhulu ngomthetho owodwa obanzi. Impumelelo ngayinye yakha inhloko yezombangazwe edingenwayo ngenkampaneyo.

Ukusebenzisa Ukwaziswa Nobufakazi

Ukwaziswa okunenjongo kungasusa ingxabano ngokususa izinkolelo ezisekelwe ezinkolelweni ezisekelwe ezingeni eliphezulu kuya ekwakheni amaqiniso. Kodwa, ukwaziswa okunganikezwa ngendlela efinyelelekayo, amahhovisi kahulumeni, kanye nezifundo zemfundo kunikeza iphuzu elilodwa lokukhomba. Uma abaqondisi bevumelana ngemiphumela engenzeka yezimiso ezihlukahlukene mayelana nezindlela zezezomnotho , izifundo zezokuqondisa, noma izibalo ezingokomlando zokuhlehlisela umehluko osemthethweni. Kodwa ulwazi kumelwe lunikezwe ngendlela efinyelelekayo, futhi abaqondisi-akhulumi kufanele bacace ngokungaqiniseki ukuthi iziphikiswa. [[FT:] Coctete ka-herrectory ye-Livicerl Depage [FL:1]

Isimiso sengxenye yesithathu

Uma izingxoxo zivaliwe, umlamuleli ongathathi hlangothi angasiza. Abalamuleli abawafaki amakhambi; basiza ekuxhumaneni, ukulawula imizwelo, futhi bahlongoza ezinye izindlela zokwakha. Ezimweni ezihlukene kakhulu, owayeyisikhulu esihlonishwayo, umahluleli, noma umlamuleli onguchwepheshe angagcina inqubo ihamba phambili. Ukusetshenziswa kwezokuxhumana kusungulwe kahle ezimpikiswaneni zendawo ezungezile, izingxoxo zemisebenzi, kanye nezinxulumano zomhlaba wonke. Ngokwesibonelo, i-United Nations Mediction Unity Union isiza ekuvimbeleni izivumelwano zokuthula ngokulungiselela izinhlelo ezihleliwe.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ekuyekethiseni

Izibonelo ezingokomlando zicacisa indlela ukuvumelana nezimo okusebenza ngayo, zembula kokubili amathuba nokulinganiselwa kwale nqubo.

Ukuhlehla Okukhulu Kwango - 1787

Phakathi ne-Constitution, izihambeli ezivela emazweni andala zathanda ukumelelwa kwesizwe esiminyene, kuyilapho amazwe amancane ayefuna ukumelelwa ngendlela efanayo. Ukungavumelani kwaso sonke isakhiwo senyunyana yaseMelika. ISikhulu, esahlongozwa uRoger Sherman, sasungula i-badaral Congress: iNdlu yabameleli esekelwe kubantu abakhona kanye neSishaya-Nkathi Yezishaya-mthetho esinemiyalo eyodwa ehlangene neyayimfuyo. Le ngxoxo ihlanganise izithakazelo zemibuso emikhulu nemincane, futhi yamisa isibonelo sokulinganisela kwezwe okuye kwahlala emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Ukuhlehla kwesivumelwano kwaphumelela ngenxa yokuthi yaphinde yahlela impi ekwimpini yokuphumelela ekwakhiweni eyayilondoloze izimiso zombili. Izingxoxo zenkulumo mpikiswano zigcinwe [FLD]

UMthetho Wokunakekela Ongenakulinganiswa (2010)

I-ACA iwucwaningo lwanamuhla lwezezimali eziphazamisa ukuhoxa. Ukudlulisa ukulungiswa kwezempilo, ukuqondisa kwe-Obama kuxoxisana nabakhandi bemishuwalense, izibhedlela, namaqembu odokotela. I-Keypoffs yahlanganisa: ukwamukela intengiso yomuntu siqu (ukushintshana) esikhundleni sesimiso sokukhokha umkhakha owenziwe ngenkani. Ukugcina umqashi wemali eyimfihlo kunokuphazamisa amasuntswana akhona; futhi kuhlanganise nemvume yokufeza izimfuneko zokusebenza. Isivumelwano sokugcina sihlanganisa ukhetho lomphakathi oluzosetshenziswa kamuva? Ngempela, ukukhetha komphakathi kwalahlwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe imali eyanele. Umphumela wawuyiphutha kodwa ushintsho umthetho owandisiwe ezigidini. [FOL: 0] Ukuhwebela kwe-HAMBILI Ihhovisi le-HAMBI yemali [FFFFF]

Isivumelwano SaseParis Ngesimo Sezulu Esishintshayo (2015)

Izingxoxo zesimo sezulu sezizwe zonke sekuyisikhathi eside zilwisana nokungavumelani phakathi kwezindawo ezithuthukisiwe zomlando namalungelo amazwe asathuthukayo ezomnotho. Isivumelwano se-Paris samelela ukuyekethisa okungokomlando: esikhundleni sokubopha izisulu eziphezulu, samukela isakhiwo sezwe ngalinye lapho lifaka khona iminikelo yalo siqu emisiweyo (i-NDCs). Lokhu kuguquguquka kwavumela ukukhiqizwa okukhulu okunjenge-United States, iChina, ne-Indiya ukuba kusayine. Ngokubuya, amazwe athuthukile ayezimisele ukunikeza izimali zesimo sezulu nezokuhlobana ezizweni ezingavikelekile. Isivumelwano sasungula "inqubo ye-athorite" efuna ukunyuselwa kwesikhathi esithile ngenxa yesikhathi. Nakuba abagxeki bephikisa ukuthi isimo sokuzithandela se-NDCC sasiza, ukuhlehlela ukungenela ukungenela kwengxenye enkulu. [NFFF] [F]

Isiphetho

Ukuyekethisa enkambisweni yomphakathi akukhona ukunikezela noma ubuthakathaka", kuwukuphishekela okuqinile kokungakho. Abaqondisi abaphumelelayo bayaqaphela ukuthi amakhambi aphelele ayivelakancane; umgomo ukwenza izimiso ezingcono zokuthuthukisa ukuphila kuyilapho kugcinwa ukufaneleka kwenqubo yentando yeningi. Izinselele zokubekwa ngokwezinga eliphezulu, ukudukiswa kwezindaba, nokungalingani kwamandla kungokoqobo, kodwa zingasingathwa ngokulalela ngokuzikhandla, ukwakha ubuhlobo, ukusungula inkinga esheshayo, nokusetshenziswa okungokomthetho kokwaziswa kanye nokuxhumana. Ukuhlolwa kwenqubo yezomthetho-Caltic Convention kusuka eMbusweni we-Paris / [1] Kunikeza izimpikiswano eziphikisana kakhulu namuhla. Kulelizwe ezingoko kwezindinganiso ezihlukahlukene nezingakhokhwa, ubuciko obuhlala buthembekile, ukusekela ukubusa.