Isingeniso

Izimiso zezingozi eziphindwe kabili nezimiso zokulinganiselwa ziphakathi kwezinga lokuvinjelwa okukhulu kakhulu emthetho wobugebengu. Zombili izimfundiso ziklanyelwe ukuvikela abantu ekuphathweni amandla abashushisi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukumangalelwa okungokomthetho kuyenzeka ngokungakhethi nangempumelelo. Izingozi ezimbili zivimbela uhulumeni ekubekeni umuntu izingozi eziningi zecala elifanayo, nakuba imithetho yokuvinjelwa kwemingcele ngemva kwesikhathi esithile esimisiwe. Nakuba lezizikhuselo zisebenza ezilinganisweni ezihlukene nangaphansi kwemithetho ehlukene, zivame ukuhlangana ngezindlela ezihambelanayo, izimpikiswano, nemiphumelo yokwahlulela. Ukuqonda indlela okuhlangene ngayo okuphindwe kabili nokulinganiselwa komthetho, abafundi, nabafundisi. Lesihloko sihlola ububanzi ngandlela ngayinye ekwakhenisweni, ukuhlangana nokunye, futhi sihlola ukuhlangana kwemizwa kwemiyalo, futhi sihlola ukuthi imiphi imiphumela.

I - “Reafardy ” Ekabili: Umsuka, I - rayole, Ne - Ceta

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Isivikelo esimelene nezingozi ezimbili sibekwe eSichibiyelweni sesihlanu soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., esinikeza ukuthi akekho umuntu “ozobekwa engozini efanayo yokufa noma ukubekwa ilungu lomzimba.” Lendlela isebenza kumazwe phakathi kweSiphendulo se-Screate Screate Programme Clause. Injongo eyisisekelo iwukuvimbela uhulumeni ekusebenziseni ingcebo yakhe ephakeme ukuze acindezele ummangalelwa ngokumshumayeza ngokuphindaphindiwe, ukuze alondoloze isigwebo sokugcina, futhi agweme ukuphoxeka nokucinywa kaningi ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo. INkantolo Ephakeme ilokhu ikholelwa njalo ukuthi i-Jeopard Claus uvikela ukuxhashazwa okungahluziwe kathathu: ukumangalelwa okwesisiwe okwesibili ngemva kokulahlwa kwecala, ukuquliswa ngokwe kwesibili, ukujeziswa okungoko kwesibili, ukujeziswa okufana nokujeza okuthiswayo.

Lapho Ubuhlungu Obukabili Buhlanganiswa

Ukunamathiselwa kwengozi kungumqondo ogxekayo. Ecaleni lejaji, izingozi zikhona lapho ijaji libekwa futhi lifungwe. Ecaleni lebhentshi, linamathela lapho inkantolo iqala ukuzwa ubufakazi. Amahloni abantwana anamathela enkantolo yokuvala icala. Uma i-intestent, iyingozi ihlangene, ummangalelwa ngeke aphinde abekwe icala elifanayo ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuquliswa kwecala. Nokho, uma ikhambi limenyezelwa “uma kuyimfuneko” noma ngemvume yommangalelwa, angase avunyelwe. Ngokufanayo, uma ummangalelwa enxusa ngempumelelo, uma enxusa isiqinisekiso esigunyaziwe, uhulumeni ngeke aphinde aphinde avume icala ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa avume ngokuphumelelayo.

Izici Ezihlukile Nokulinganiselwa

Ingozi ephindwe kabili ayisona isithiyo esiphelele. Imfundiso “yobubusi” ivumela ohulumeni bahulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni ukuba bamangalele ummangalelwa ngokuziphatha okufanayo uma lokho kuziphatha kwephula imithetho ehlukene yenkosi ngayinye. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu angase aquliswe enkantolo kahulumeni ngenxa yokuphanga futhi kamuva abekwe enkantolo yecala elifanayo uma futhi ewubugebengu obuhlangene nombuso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhubeka kabili akukuvumeli ukuqubuka kwemithetho yomphakathi, ngisho noma kuvela emaqini afanayo njengecala lobugebengu. Lemfundiso futhi ayimvimbeli uhulumeni ukuba aphinde anqande ummangalelwa ngemva kokudluliswa kwecala eliphumelelayo eliphumela ekulungiseni iphutha (njengoba ubufakazi obunganele). Ukuqonda lokhu kudingayo lapho kuhlola ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwezimiso eziphindiwe kabili.

Izilinganiso Zokulinganiselwa: Injongo, Umehluko, Nezinhlangothi Ezihlukile

Isilinganiso Sesikhathi Esilinganiselwe

Imithetho yokulinganiselwa idinga ukuba kubekwe iziphakamiso zobugebengu phakathi nesikhathi esithile ngemva kokuba icala seliqanjiwe. Lemithetho ifeza izinjongo eziningana: iqinisekisa ukuthi ubufakazi buhlala busha futhi buthembekile, ivikela abamangalelwa ekutheni izinkumbulo zishayekile futhi ofakazi babuye bangabikho, ikhuthaza ukuphenyiswa ngokushesha nokubekwa icala ngomthetho, futhi inikeza ukugcinwa kwabantu abangase babhekane nosongo lokumangalelwa okungasoze kwaphela. INkantolo Ephakeme iqaphele ukuthi imithetho yokulinganisela imelela isahlulelo somthetho ngephuzu lapho izithakazelo zomphakathi zincishiswa khona izinzuzo zokujeziswa. Ngenxa yalokhu, imingcele iphathwa njengegunya kwezinye izifunda, okusho ukuthi inkantolo ilahlekelwa igunya lokulalela icala lapho idlula inkathi yokufa.

Izinguquko Eziyinhloko Zobugebengu Nezigijimi

Ubude benkathi yokulinganiselwa buhluka kakhulu kuye ngobukhulu bomthetho. Uma kuneziphazamiso ezincane, inkathi ingaba mfushane njengonyaka. Izindawo ezingathi sína, zisukela eminyakeni emithathu kuya kweyisithupha. Izifundazwe eziningi azinawo umthetho wokulinganisela ukubulala noma eminye imibango emikhulu, ebonisa umbono wokuthi ubugebengu obunjalo buyinqaba kakhulu ukuba bungaphinde bungalawuleki. Amanye amazwe awenyusa noma asusa imingcele yezocansi, ikakhulukazi leyo ehilela izingane, ngenxa yezinselele ezingavamile zokungasheshiseki. Umthetho wesifunda ubuye uhlukahluka: ngenxa yezenzo zobugebengu obungezona ezezicathulelo-kakhulu, inkathi evamile iyiminyaka emihlanu, kodwa ingefani nobugebengu obungangokobuphekulashela uhulumeni, obuthile obungathembekile. Imithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho elawulayo ibaluleke kakhulu

Ukugunda Nokubulala

Imithetho yokulinganiselwa ayiqinile njalo. Iwashi lingase “liqiniswe” ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Izenzakalo ezivamile zihlanganisa ukungabi khona kommangalelwa ebukhosini, isivikelo esiqinile sommangalelwa sobugebengu, kanye nokuvumelana kwezinye izinqubo ezihlobene. Kwezinye izizwe, inkathi ilinganiselwa lapho ummangalelwa evalelwe icala elithile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ubufakazi obusha buvela obungakwazanga ukutholakala ngaphambili, eminye imingcele ivumela ukunwetshwa okulinganiselwe kwenkathi phakathi kwemithetho eyimfihlo nezingozi ezimbili. Ukushayana phakathi kwezikhathi ezithile kubaluleke kakhulu lapho ukumangalelwa kwangaphambi kwecala kukhishwa ngemithetho eqedweni elingokomthetho nasendaweni kahulumeni kamuva ukufuna kabusha ngemva kwesenzakalo esithile.

Ukungezwani Kokulinganiselwa Okukabili

Ukwehlukanisa Izivikelo Ezimbili

Uma uqala ukubheka isilinganiso, izingozi eziphindwe kabili nezimiso zokulinganiselwa kubonakala zisebenza ezindaweni ezihlukene ngokuphelele. Amajaji ezingozi ezimbili ngemva kokuba icala selifinyelele isahlulelo sokugcina, kuyilapho imithetho yokulinganiselwa ivimbela ukuqulwa kwecala kuqala ngemva kosuku oluthile. Nokho, izimfundiso ezimbili zivame ukuhambisana. Isibonelo, uma ummangalelwa ekhululwa ekuzameni, izingozi eziphindwe kabili zikhona noma isiphi isiphi isahlulelo noma isiphi noma isiphi isiphi isiphiwo esingokomthetho sokulinganiselwa esingesivumela. Ngokuphambene, uma inkathi yokulinganiselwa iphela kwecala iphela ngaphambi kokuba isolwane, uhulumeni uvinjelwa akuvunyelwe ukuletha icala, futhi ummangalelwa akalokothi abhekane nengozi yokubekwa engozini. Umehluko oyinhloko ukhona ngesikhathi: ukufakwa engozini kuphela ngemva kokuhlelwa kwezenzo ezingokomthetho, kuyilapho umthetho wokunqunywa kwemithetho kahulumeni ukuvumela ukulinganiselwa.

Izenzakalo Abangenela Kuzo

Izenzakalo eziningana eziwusizo zibonisa ubuhlobo. Okokuqala, cabangela icala lapho amafasidi abamangaleli becala emangalela khona ngaphambi nje kokuba umthetho wokulinganisela uphele, kodwa icala liphumela ekuxazululweni kabi ngenxa yejaji elilengayo. Uhulumeni ungamphikisa ummangalelwa ngoba ukuqulwa kwecala akukona ukulahlwa, futhi ukuqubuka kabili akuyikho okuvimbelayo. Nokho, umthetho wokulinganisela awuseyona impikiswano ngoba imingcele yokuqala ifike ngesikhathi. Okwesibili, ucabanga ukuthi ummangalelwa walahlwa walahlwa icala, udlulise icala, futhi uphumelele ekunciphenisweni okusekelwe ebufakazini obunganele. Kulesosimo, izingozi eziphindwe kabili azinazo ngenxa yokuthi isahlulelo se-appellettent. Umthetho wokulinganiselwa akuyona into eyenzekayo ngaphambi kokuba uvume, uma ingekho iphutha. Kodwa uma umbiko wesiphendulo ukhona, uma ukhona futhi ungenza iphutha.

I - conundrum Exoshwayo

Ukuxhumana kuba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu uma icala likhishwa ezisekelweni zomthetho ezinqunyiwe ngemva kwengozi. Uma inkantolo inquma ukuthi inkathi yokulinganiselwa iphelile, ukuxoshwa kuqeda ngokuphumelelayo ukuqulwa kwecala. Ngenxa yokuthi ingozi ehlangene nalokhu kuxoshwa, ummangalelwa angase aphikise ngokuthi noma imuphi umzamo olandelayo wokubuyisela ukonakala okuphindiwe kabili. Nokho, izinkantolo ziye zakholelwa ukuthi ukunqatshelwa kokukhishwa kwecala okusekelwe ekukhubazekeni okusekelwe ekunciphelweni okungokomthetho, njengomthetho wokulinganiselwa, akunakulahlwa kwecala ngamalungelo. Ngakho, uma ukuxoshwa kuvela ngaphandle kobandlululo, uhulumeni ungavunyelwa ukuba ulungise isisekelo esingokomthetho sokubulala izikhali. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukuphikisana kokuncishiswa kwemigoqongo ezindaweni ezifanele.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo

Ezinye izimiso zomthetho zisingatha ukuphambuka ngokwehlukile. E-United Kingdom, imfundiso yezingozi eziphindwe kabili (aurefois Conrection noma iziboshwa eziboshwe ngeziboshwa) yadanjiswa kakhulu ngo-2003 ukuze ivumele ukuqulwa kabusha kwamacala amakhulu ezimpikiswano ezintsha nezinamandla. Izinqumo zokulinganiselwa kobugebengu e-UK ziqedwa, ngaphandle kwezecala elifushanisiwe. ECanada, izingozi eziphindwe kabili ziyafana nezase-US, kodwa umthetho wemingcele wecala elikhulu lobugebengu uye waqedwa, okusho ukuthi ukuphela kwesikhathi kulapho ummangalelwa angabonisa ubandlululo ngenxa yeTrebertures of Rights nenkululeko. U. Umthetho womphakathi, njengaseFrance, unezimiso eziqinile zobugebengu, kanye nezinganiso zawo ezibizwa ngokuthi iziphazandle ze-bir [FF] [0] [5]

Izincwadi Eziwusizo Zezilweli Nabashushisi

Ukucabangela Okufanele

Abameli abavikelayo, ukufakwa kwemigoqo ehlukene nemithetho yokulinganisela kunikeza amathuba abalulekile okuthiya. Uma inkathi yokulinganiselwa isizophela, ummangalelwa angase afune ukuhlehlisa izenzakalo ngethemba lokuthi iwashi liyaphela. Nokho, ukulibala okufanelekile kwezingozi ezibangela ukugxekwa kokwahlulela nokungaqiniseki uma ukuziphatha kommangalelwa kunikela ekulibaziseni. Abashushisi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kumelwe baqaphele ukuphoqa amaphutha ngaphambi kokuba izenzakalo zibhalwe kahle futhi baqinisekise ukuthi izenzakalo zikhona ngokufanelekile. Uma icala lisuswa ezicini zomthetho ezilinganiselwe ngemva kokuhlelwa yingozi, abashushicileli kumelwe bahlole ngokucophelela ukuthi ukuziphatha kwakhe siqu kwanikela ukuba kuphumelele ngaphandle kokuhlehlela ngokuphindwa kabili. Ezimweni zomngcele, bangafuna ukudluliswa ukuze bacacise isimo sokuzimela.

Ithonya Lokugobeka

Ukuba khona komthetho ovikelayo wemingcele kungaba yi-chip enamandla encintisanayo yabamangalelwa. Umshushisi obhekene necala eliboshelwe isikhathi esinqunyiwe angaphoqelelwa ukuba anikeze isikhalo esingcono noma akhiphe izinsolo ngokuphelele. Ngokuphambene, uma isilinganiso sesikhathi esimisiwe singakaqhubeki, uhulumeni uphethe isandla esiphezulu. Izingozi eziphindwe kabili zingabuye zilolonge izikhalo: uma ummangalelwa encenga icala, izingozi eziphindwe kabili zivimbela uhulumeni ekuletheni amacala ewelele ekuthengeni kwezinye izigebengu ezifanayo, uma izicelo zingezona ezingezona ezingenzeki ezisezingeni eliphansi noma ukuziphatha okufanayo okungaphansi. Nokho, uma isivumelwano sigcina icala sikwelula ukudlulisa ezinye izikhalo, ingozi ezingasehlela futhi eziphindwe kabili izikhalayo. Ikhononi lokukhomba izimpawu ezizo kumelwe ziqonde ukuthi zombili ziyo ziyokuba kanjani izikhalo ezilandelayo.

Isiphetho

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwengozi ephindwe kabili nezimiso zokulinganiselwa abunayo nje imfundo, isuke inemiphumela yangempela kubamangalelwa, abashushisi, nobuqotho besimiso sokwahlulela. Izingozi ezimbili zivikela ekulingweni okuphindwe kabili kwecala elifanayo ngemva kokwahlulela kokugcina, kuyilapho imithetho yokulinganiselwa inikeza umngcele wesikhashana wokuqalisa amacala. [[F] [F], [5] kusobala ukuthi izinqumo ezimbili zisebenza ngokulinganayo, kodwa kumelwe ziqondwe ngobuhlobo obunye ukuze kugwenywe ukungalungisi. Abafundi base-mthetho bagcizelela imithetho ecubusweni yokunquma ukuthi izingozini eziphindwe kabili noma ukumane nje ivumele ukuvuleka phakathi kwenkathi yokulinganiselwa. [ngakhohlosakaziwe] njengoba lesi sihloko sibonise iziphetho, njengoba izinkolelo ezimbili zifeza imigomo epheleleni elungile neyokugcinayokugcineni, kodwa kumelwe ziqondwe ngokuncipheka kwenye imibandela ehlukene ukuze zigweme ukungalungisi ezinye izikhawu. [[F] [F] [F] [F] kulokhu kuhlulo], iziphaza iziphaka ka-kakhulu] kwezinsi yezimiso ezimbili zomthetho ezingaphezulu] [e