_Buka futhi

Isimiso somthetho sivame ukubonakala njengesimiso esiphakeme, esiyinkimbinkimbi kulabo abangakaze bahileleke kuso. Kodwa ngaphansi kwezimiso ezingokomthetho nolimi olukhethekile kunesici esiklanyelwe ukuxazulula izingxabano, ukuvikela amalungelo, nokukhipha ubulungisa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubhekene nendaba yomphakathi enjengesivumelwano sesivumelwano noma icala lobugebengu, ukuqonda izigaba eziyisisekelo zecala elingokomthetho kukunika amandla okwenza izinqumo zolwazi nokusebenza ngokuphumelelayo ngeseluleko esingokomthetho.

Lokhu kudlula kulo lonke uhambo ngesimiso somthetho, kusukela ngesikhathi impikiswano iphakama kuze kube yisinqumo sokugcina nanoma yiziphi izenzo zangemva kokwahlulela. Isigaba ngasinye siveza imithetho yaso siqu, amasu, namathuba. Ngokufunda lesiqondiso, uzothola ibalazwe elicacile, elithatha isinyathelo lalokho okumelwe ukulindele nendlela yokulungiselela nganoma isiphi isikhathi.

Ukuqonda Isimiso Esingokomthetho

Ngaphambi kokuba iqhubekele kulenqubo, kusiza ukwazi izinsika zesisekelo ezisekela isimiso somthetho. Amagatsha amathathu ayinhloko asebenza ekhonsathini: igatsha lemithetho limisa imithetho, igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza futhi liyisebenzise, futhi igatsha eliphethe liyaliphoqelela. Ochwepheshe abangokomthetho u-— abahluleli, abameli, onobhalane, ne-paralegals — basebenzisana phakathi kwalesisakhiwo ukuqinisekisa inqubo efanele.

Inkantolo ngokwayo ingumahluleli. Izinkantolo zisingatha amaqiniso nezindaba zokuqala. Izinkantolo zihlola amarekhodi aqulwayo ecala ngenxa yamaphutha angokomthetho. Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu (ngokuvamile inkantolo ephakeme) ilalela amacala esizwe noma omthetho-sisekelo. Ukuqonda ukuthi inkantolo iliphi elilawula icala lakho kubalulekile kusukela ekuqaleni.

  • [[Umthetho:0] Imithetho emisiwe: Imithetho emiswa yiSishaya-mthetho, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, noma izindikimba zendawo zichaza ukuziphatha okunqatshelwe futhi zimise amalungelo.
  • [[QUT: 0] Umthetho ogunyaziwe:[ Izinqumo zokwahlulela zichaza imithetho futhi zigcwalise izikhala lapho umthetho uthule. Lezi zimiso zibopha izinkantolo eziphansi ngaphansi kwemfundiso ye steros decis[.
  • i-Proferarchy: Federal vs. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ngayinye ineziphakamiso ezihlukene. Icala elihilela umthetho kahulumeni noma ukwahlukahluka kwesizwe lingase lihlale enkantolo kahulumeni; izimpikiswano eziningi zansuku zonke zihlala enkantolo yombuso.
  • [[QURT: 0] Izazi ze-Legal:[ Abakhasimende baluleka amakhasimende, amabhukwana okubhala, kanye nezimpikiswano. Abahluleli baqinisekisa ukuqulwa kahle. AmaParelegali nabasizi basemthethweni basekela ukulungiselelwa kwamacala.

Ukuze uhlole ngokujule kakhulu indlela izinkantolo ezihlelwe ngayo, iwebhusayithi yase-U.S.U.[ inikeza ukucubungula okunegunya kwesakhiwo senkantolo yombuso nemisebenzi yayo.

Izinhlobo Zamacala: Icala Lomphakathi

Umehluko obucayi uhamba phakathi kwesimiso sonke. Icala lombango lihilela izingxabano phakathi kwama-partist azimele a— abantu abazimele, amabhizinisi, noma izinhlangano i-— amalungelo, izivumelwano, impahla, noma ukulimala komuntu siqu. Ikhambi ngokuvamile liyimali echithwe noma imvume. Icala lobugebengu lihilela ukugconwa komthetho womphakathi okuthiwa kuyenzeka, kanti uhulumeni umangalela umuntu othile noma inhlangano ethile. Isijeziso singahlanganisa inkokhelo, ukugcinwa, noma ukuboshwa.

Umthwalo wobufakazi uhluka kakhulu: ama-partiff angaphakathi kumelwe afakazele icala lawo ngokubheka ubufakazi (cishe kungenjalo), kuyilapho abashushisi bobugebengu kumelwe babonise icala [ ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo [. Lokhu kuveza zonke izinga lohambo.

Ukuqulisa Icala Elingokomthetho

Uhambo ngalunye olungokomthetho luqala lapho othile ekholelwa ukuthi umthetho wephulwe noma unelungelo elingokomthetho. Lowomuntu uba isikhulumi (emacaleni omphakathi) noma umkhonondi (emacaleni obugebengu). Inqubo yokuqala icala idinga ukulungiselela ngokucophelela nokunamathela ngokuqinile emithethweni engokomthetho.

Ukubonana Ne - Attorney

Abantu abaningi bangenela ummeli ngaphambi kokufaka noma yini. Phakathi nokuhlola kokuqala, ummeli uhlola amaqiniso, achaze izinkolelo-lwazi ezingokomthetho, futhi ahlole umthetho wemingcele i-— isikhathi okumelwe icala lidluliswe ngaso. Ukungawutholi lo mkhawulo wesikhathi kungavala isigwebo unomphela. Ummeli futhi uxoxa ngezindleko, mhlawumbe imiphumela, nezinye izinketho zokuxazulula impikiswano.

Uma ungenayo imali yommeli ozimele, izinhlangano zosizo olusemthethweni noma izinhlelo ze-probo zinganikeza usizo. American Bar Association ilondoloza imithombo yemali yokusiza ekutholeni usizo olungokomthetho olukhululekile noma oluphansi endaweni yakini.

Ukuqeda Isikhalo Noma Isikhalazo

Kwesenkantolo yomphakathi, ummeli udweba u-&mdash [[FLT: 1]; ibhukwana elisho amaqiniso, isisekelo esingokomthetho salokho okushiwoyo, futhi usizo lufunwa. Lesi sikhalo sifakwa enkantolo efanele kanye nenkokhelo yefa. Inkantolo yabela umahluleli nejaji noma umahluleli.

Endabeni yobugebengu, le nqubo iyahluka: umshushisi unikeza ubufakazi ejajini elikhulu, elingase likhiphe icala, noma umshushisi afake ukwaziswa ngokuqondile.

Ukukhonza Umvikeli

Ngemva kokubhala, ummangalelwa kumelwe anikeze ikhophi yecala kanye nesicelo kummangalelwa. Lesinyathelo, esibizwa ngokuthi isekela lenqubo [, siphawule ummangalelwa ukuthi icala liqalile futhi sibazise ngesibopho sabo sokuphendula. Inkonzo kumelwe ilandele imithetho eqinile i-— ngokuvamile ifuna ukuthunyelwa komuntu siqu noma iposi eqinisekisiwe. Inkonzo ingalibamba icala noma iholele ekuxoshweni.

Ummangalelwa uvame ukuba nezinsuku ezingu - 21 kuya kwezingu - 30 zokubhala impendulo, ukuvuma noma ukuphika ukumangalela ngakunye. Ukwehluleka ukusabela kungaphumela ekwahlulelweni okungahlulelwa kubo.

3. Izinhlelo zangaphambi kwenkathi

Uma sekuvele zombili izinhlangothi, icala liqala ukuthatha indawo yangaphambi kwezono. Le nkathi ivame ukuba ingxenye ende kakhulu yohambo futhi inganquma ukuthi icala liyahlala noma liyaqulwa. Izinqumo ezihleliwe zenziwa lapha zilololonga yonke indawo.

Ukuthola

Ukuthola ukuthi inqubo engokomthetho ethola ngayo ubufakazi komunye, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangothi zombili ziyawazi amaqiniso ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, kunciphisa izinto ezimangalisayo nokuhlaliswa kwezindawo ezikhuthazayo. Amathuluzi okuhlola ahlanganisa:

  • Imibuzo elotshiwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zokuveza: Izicelo zamabhukwana, ama-imeyili, izithombe, noma obunye ubufakazi obungokoqobo.
  • [ Izimo:[ In-person, ubufakazi obufungelwe obuthathiwe ngabameli, obubhalwe yintatheli yenkantolo.
  • [ Izimemo zokugunyaza: izisho omunye okumelwe azivume noma aphike, zinciphisa izimpikiswano zomthetho.

Ukuvubukulwa kungaba umthwalo onzima nobizayo. Abahluleli bavame ukulinganisela ukutholwa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuxhashazwa kabi. Imithetho ye-Federal ye-Civil Procedia ne-ovement ezilinganayo zinikeza iziqondiso eziningiliziwe. Kukhomba okubanzi, i-Cornell Legical Information Institute[ iphethe umbhalo ogcwele we-Federal Magence of Civil Procedature.

Umkhuba Wokuhamba

Ngamunye angase athathe amafayela ngezindlela zokungena afune izinqumo ezithile enkantolo. Izenzo ezivamile zangaphambi kokwahlulela zihlanganisa:

  • Ukukhipha: Isubathi ukuthi ukukhononda akukwazi ukusho ukusho okungokomthetho okusemthethweni, ngisho noma wonke amaqiniso eyiqiniso.
  • [[[NTP:0] I-Motion yeSinqumo esifushanisiwe: Impikiswano yokuthi akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela ngamaqiniso ezinto ezibonakalayo, ngakho iqembu elihambayo lifanelwe isahlulelo njengendaba yomthetho.
  • Motion to Compel Discovery: ifuna umyalo wenkantolo ophoqelela umphikisi ukuba avumelane nezicelo zokuthola.
  • [[INTLOBO:0] Motion in Limine: izicelo zenkantolo zokukhipha ubufakazi obuthile ekuqulweni kwecala ngaphambi kokuba lidluliswe.

Uma umahluleli enikeza isahlulelo esifingqiwe, icala liphela ngaleso sikhathi. Uma kukhishwa inqubo yokuzigcina, icala liqhubekela ekuqulweni.

Ukuxazulula Impikiswano Nezimpikiswano Ezihlukile

Icala elikhulu lixazululwa ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Izingxoxo zokulungisa zingaba khona nganoma isiphi isikhathi, ngokuvamile zincedwa yi-mediation noma uku-arhente. umemezelo, ingxenye yesithathu engathathi hlangothi isiza zombili izinhlangothi ukuba zifinyelele isivumelwano sokuzithandela. [ ukuhlanganisa [, umthumeli uzwa ubufakazi futhi akhiphe isinqumo noma esingabopheki.

Izinkantolo zifuna ukuba amaqembu azame ukuqulwa kwecala ngaphambi kokuba liqulwe.

Inqubo Yokuqulwa Kwecala

Icala liyisigaba esivelele kakhulu nesingokomthetho sohambo olungokomthetho. Kuwukuqulwa komphakathi kwecala ngalinye, elibekwe phambi kwamajaji noma abahluleli. Ukuqulwa kwamacala ezakhamuzi namacala obugebengu kulandela izinqubo ezifanayo, nakuba ukuqulwa kwecala kunezici ezingeziwe zokulahlekelwa yinkululeko.

Ukukhethwa kwe Jury

Uma icala lejaji licelwa, lenqubo iqala nge- ihlasimlisa — ukubuza abangase babe abahluleli ukuba baphawule ubandlululo noma ukungakwazi ukungakhethi. Izinhlangothi zombili zingabekela inselele abasizi bejaji izimbangela (ukucwasana okungaqondile) noma ukusebenzisa izinselele (ezingadingekile, ezilinganiselwe ngenani). Umgomo uwukubeka ikhefi elingakhethi nejaji elingakhethi.

Ecaleni lasebhentshi (ukwahlulela kuphela), akukho kukhethwa kwamajaji. Umahluleli uyabuzwa ubufakazi futhi ukhipha isahlulelo.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Izinkulumo zokuvula azibonakali; ziwumgwaqo osiza abasizi bejaji ukuba baqonde ubufakazi nemifanekiso ezolandela.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Umshushisi uveza icala lakhe kuqala. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubiza ofakazi nokuletha imiboniso. Ukuhlola okuqondile kuvumela ummeli weqembu ukuba abuze ofakazi. Ukuhlola isiphambano kulandela, kuvumela ummeli ophikisayo ukuba aphikise ukuthembeka noma ubufakazi bofakazi.

Ubufakazi kumelwe bufaneleke futhi bungakholeki ngaphansi kwemithetho yobufakazi. I-heach — izitatimende ezidluliselwe ngaphandle kweqiniso lendaba i-— ivame ukungakhishwa ngaphandle uma i-pasttiff isebenza. Ngemva kokuhlala, ummangalelwa angaletha ofakazi bawo siqu nobufakazi, ngaphansi kwemithetho efanayo.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Ngemva kokuba zombili izinhlangothi sezinikeze bonke ubufakazi, abameli banikeza izimpikiswano zokuphetha. Bafingqa ubufakazi, baqokomisa amaphuzu ayinhloko, futhi baphikisane ngendlela umthetho okufanele usetshenziswe ngayo. Ummangalelwa noma umshushisi uphikisa kuqala, alandelwe ummangalelwa. Kwezinye izindawo, ummangalelwa angase abe nomthetho ophikisayo.

Ukufundisa Nenkululeko

Umahluleli uyala abahluleli ngomthetho osebenzayo. Lezi ziyalezo zichaza izindinganiso ezingokomthetho abasizi bejaji okumelwe bazisebenzise emaqinisweni. Khona - ke abahluleli bathatha umhlalaphansi ngamabomu bangene ngasese. Ukukhishwa kwecala kungathatha amahora, izinsuku, noma ngisho namasonto, kuye ngokuthi icala liyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani.

Ezimweni zobugebengu, isinqumo kumelwe sihlangane. ezimweni eziningi zomphakathi, kudingeka futhi ukungalingani, nakuba ezinye izizwe zivumela izinqumo eziningi ezindabeni ezithile zomphakathi.

Ukusola Nokugweba

Isinqumo siphawula umvuthwandaba wecala. Ecaleni lomphakathi, abahluleli banquma icala futhi, uma kunokwenzeka, isibalo semali ewohlokile.

Izilandzulo Zomphakathi

Uma abahluleli bethola imvume yokuthola isikhulumi, ilimaza: inxeba lokukhokha izindleko zangempela, futhi ngezinye izikhathi isijeziso sokujezisa ukuziphatha okungafanele. Uma abahluleli bethola ummangalelwa, ummangalelwa akatholi lutho futhi angaze atshelwe ngisho nokukhokha izindleko zommangalelwa kwezinye izindawo.

Iziphambeko Zesigebengu Nesigwebo

Isinqumo sokungabi nacala sisho ukulahlwa futhi ummangalelwa udedelwe. Isinqumo esinecala siholela eqenjini elihlukile lokugwetshwa. Umahluleli ucabangela umbiko wokuphenya ngaphambi kokuba kuthathwe imvume, izinkulumo zokuhlasela izisulu, neziqondiso zokugweba. Isigwebo singahlanganisa ukukhokhwa, ukuqulwa, ukugcinwa kwecala, inkonzo yomphakathi, noma ukuboshwa. Ezimweni ezingathi sína, ukuphila ejele noma ngisho nesigwebo sokufa singasebenza (ngokusekelwe ekulawuleni).

[[UMnyango woMahlulelo] wase-U.S. unikeza ukufingqa izinqubo neziqondiso zikahulumeni.

6. Izinhlelo zangemva kokuthunyelwa kwe-TYP

Isinqumo asisona isiphelo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Izinketho eziningana zangemva komthetho zikhona, futhi ukuqonda kugxeka noma ubani onganelisekile ngomphumela.

Ukuhamba Kwangemva Komsindo

Phakathi nesikhashana ngemva kwesinqumo, umncintiswano ongabhala phansi inqubo yangemva kwe-catery. Lokhu kuhlanganisa:

  • Ukuthatha i-Actal yokwahlulela njengendaba yoMthetho (JOV):[ I-Agues ukuthi isinqumo asisekelwe yibufakazi.
  • [[INTLOBO] I-Actum yomthetho omusha: Izihloko ezibangela amaphutha, ukuziphatha okubi, noma ubufakazi obusanda kutholwa obuvumela ukuqulwa okusha.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukuhlanganisa uku-Alter noma ukwahlulela okunganqamukiyo: kufuna izinguquko ekwahluleleni noma emananini.

Uma umahluleli evuma ukuba kuthathwe noma yikuphi kwalokhu, icala lingase livulwe, isinqumo sibhujiswe, noma icala elisha liyalwe.

Inqubo Yokukhanga

Icala alilona icala lesibili. Inkantolo ihlola irekhodi lokuqulwa kwamaphutha angokomthetho ayengathinta umphumela. U-apnellant (umkhandlu okhangayo) ufaka impikiswano emfushane yokuthi kungani inkantolo yecala lenze iphutha. Impendulo yecala. Impikiswano edluliswayo ingazwakala.

Inkantolo ye-appellate ingaqinisekisa (ibamba), ibuye ibuye (ibuye) icala ukuze iqhubeke ithatha inqubo. Kwezinye izimo, inkantolo edlulisa amacala iqinisa isahlulelo. Ukudlulisa izikhalo kungathatha izinyanga noma iminyaka, futhi zingaphansi kwemithetho eqinile emisiwe.

Impumuzo yePost-Conviation (Izimo Zobugebengu)

Kubantu abamangalelwa abaye baqeda ukudlulisa izikhalo zabo eziqondile, ukukhululeka kwangemva kokukhipha isigwebo kungaba khona. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izicelo ze-habeas corpus enkantolo kahulumeni (zeziboshwa zikahulumeni) noma ukuthatha isinyathelo ngaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni yangemva kokuqulwa. Lokhu kubekela inselele ukuqina komthetho-sisekelo wecala noma isigwebo esisekelwe ekusekeleni okungaphumeleli kweseluleko, ubufakazi obusanda kutholwa, noma ukwephulwa komthetho-mthetho.

Ukukhululeka ngemva kokuphethwa kulinganiselwe futhi kunzima ukukuthola, kodwa kuseyisivikelo esibalulekile ezinkolelweni ezingalungile.

7. Ukuthutha Okuwusizo Ukuze Uhambele Endleleni Lesimiso

Isimiso somthetho sihlelekile kodwa sifuna kakhulu. Isigaba ngasinye sidinga ukunakwa imininingwane, ukunamathela ekufinyelelweni kwezikhathi ezimisiwe, nokucabanga okufanelekile. Nakhu ukutusa okuwusizo nganoma ubani othatha loluhambo:

  • Iseluleko esifanelekayo sisekho. Ummeli onolwazi angabona izinto ongazilahlekelwa futhi usebenzise indlela eyinkimbinkimbi.
  • Gcina amarekhodi acophelelayo. Gcina zonke izincwadi, amathili, nobufakazi. Zihlele ngokwendlela yokulandelana kwezenzakalo.
  • Ngaphansi kwezindleko. Imali iyabiza. Xoxa ngezindleko, izindleko, nemiphumela engenzeka nommeli wakho ngaphambi kokuba ubhalise.
  • Isabelo sokuhlola. Uvivinyo alulindelekile. Ukuhlala kunikeza ukuqiniseka futhi kungalondoloza isikhathi nemali.
  • [ Yazi izikhathi zakho ezimisiwe. Imithetho yokulinganiselwa, imikhawulo yokuphendula, namafasitela okudlulisa isikhala angathetheleli. Ukungakhonzi kungaqeda icala lakho.

isiphetho.

Uhambo ngesimiso somthetho lulandela indlela ehlelwe kahle: ukusungulwa, ukusungulwa kwezindawo zangaphambi kwenkantolo nokuthatha izinyawo, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuqulwa kwecala, nokubukezwa kwangemva kwenkantolo. Nakuba icala ngalinye lihlukile, uhlelo luhlala lungaguquguquki phakathi kwe-mosfectal nobugebengu. Ukuqonda leli balazwe lemigwaqo kukuvumela ukuba ulungiselele ngokwengqondo, ngokwezimali, futhi ngokufanelekile ngalokho okungaphambili.

Ubulungisa abuqinisekisiwe, kodwa ukuqonda okucacile kwenqubo kukhulisa ikhono lakho lokuveza icala lakho ngokuphumelelayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungummangalelwa ofuna ukubuyiselwa, ummangalelwa, noma umthengisi wesivumelwano, isimiso somthetho sinikeza i-comment ukuze sithole isinqumo. Ngokufunda izinyathelo nokusebenza nochwepheshe abanolwazi, ungasondela kuloluhambo ngokuqiniseka nangokucacile.