Umdanso obucayi phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni uchaza ukubusa okuningi kwe-Melika. Izwe ngalinye linezinto ezihluke ngokulinganayo ezidala izidingo ezihlukene, ngokwezomnotho, kanye nendawo, kodwa umthetho kahulumeni uthanda izindinganiso ezifanayo. Lokhu kucindezeleka akusona isici kodwa isici sombuso waseMelika, esiklanyelwe ukuvumela ukuhlola kuyilapho kugcinwa ukubambisana kwesizwe. Ukuqonda indlela amazwe asebenzisa ngayo ukulinganisela kwembula izinhlelo ezisebenzayo zokubusa kanye nokuphikisana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwezinto eziza kuqala nenjongo yombuso.

Isimiso Somthetho - sisekelo SobuFederalism

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States umisa isimiso sokubusa okumbaxambili esinikeza inkululeko ephawulekayo kuyilapho sigcinela uhulumeni wezwe amagunya athile. ISichibiyelo seshumi sisho ngokucacile ukuthi amandla angaphathiswa i-United States noma anganqatshelwa imibuso agcinelwe imibuso noma abantu. Lesi sisekelo esingokomthetho sivumela amazwe ukuba asebenze njengezindawo zokuhlola idemokrasi (8) njengezimiso zokuhlola ezingase zikwazi ukufinyelela kwesizwe kamuva.

Nokho, i-Supremacy Claus eSiphakamiso VI yenza umthetho kahulumeni ube umthetho ophakeme wezwe, osho imithetho kahulumeni ephikisana ngokuqondile nemithetho kahulumeni esebenzayo ingadelwa. Izinkantolo zivame ukushoshozela lokhu kucindezela, zilololonga imingcele yegunya likahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yenza isinqumo sika-2012 i-National Federation of Independent Business v. Selius[ yasekela i-Afford Carence Act enegunya likahulumeni kodwa yalinganisela ikhono likahulumeni kazwelo lokwandisa iMidia.

Ukuqonda lenqubo yokwakha yomthetho - sisekelo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi kungani ohulumeni bezwe kumelwe bavumelanise njalo izimiso zabo neziqondiso zikahulumeni. Akuyona indaba elula yokungalaleli noma ukulalela; kunalokho, kuyinqubo eqhubekayo yokuxoxisana, ukuchaza okungokomthetho, nokuzivumelanisa kwezombangazwe.

Icala Lemithwalo Yemfanelo Kahulumeni Kahulumeni

Ohulumeni banikeza izinkonzo eziningi zomphakathi ezithinta ukuphila kwezakhamuzi kwansuku zonke. Imfundo kusukela enkulisa kuya esikoleni esiphakeme, emayunivesithi omphakathi, inqubo yomthetho wezokwethutho, izakhiwo zezezohwebo, iminyango yezempilo, imithetho yendawo ezungezile phakathi kwemingcele, kanye nezokugunyaza amabhizinisi ngokuyinhloko kunciphe ngaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni. Uhulumeni unikeza izimali futhi ubeke izindinganiso eziyisisekelo eziyisisekelo kulezizindawo eziningi, kodwa amazwe alondoloza ukuqondisa okukhulu ekufezeni.

Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni we-Avery Students Fugles Act (ESSA) wathatha indawo ye-No Child Leafred Behind futhi wanikezwa isho ukuvumelana kakhulu ekubekeni izindinganiso zemfundo nezindlela zokulandisa. Lokhu kushintsha kwaqaphela ukuthi indlela eyodwa elingana nayo yonke i-full Students Receed Act yahluleka ukulandisa nge-mome. Ngokufanayo, i-Clean Water Act ivumela izikhungo zokuveza izinga lamanzi uma zihlangabezana noma zidlula isilinganiso sombuso wamanje. La malungiselelo abonisa indlela yombuso womphakathi obambisana nezimiso eziningi zenhlangano yanamuhla.

Kodwa lokhu kuphathiswa kwegunya kuhambisana nezintambo. Imali kaFederal ivame ukudinga izifundazwe ukuba zithathe izinqubo ezithile noma izakhiwo zokuphatha ukuze zithole imali. Lokhu kubangela isikhuthazo esinamandla sokulalela ngisho nalapho izinto eziza kuqala zikahulumeni zincipha. Umphumela uyisenzo sokulinganisela njalo: izifundazwe kumelwe zilinganise izinzuzo zemali kahulumeni ngokumelene nezindleko zokwamukela izimiso ezingase zingavumelani nezidingo zendawo ngokuphelele.

Izinselele Eziphikelelayo Ekulinganiseni Izidingo Zendawo Nezimo Ezivamile

Ukulahlekelwa Imali Nezimpawu

Izimali ze-Federal azivamile ukuncishiswa. Izinhlelo ezifana noMedicaid, umthombo omkhulu kakhulu wezipho zikahulumeni ezisezindaweni, zidinga amazwe okuhlanganisa izakhamuzi ezithile nezinkonzo ezithile noma alahlekelwe izimali ezifanayo. Uma izimfuneko zikahulumeni zishintsha − njengemvume yokuqala yokuyaleza uMdicaid . Ezinye izizwe zikhetha ukunganwebi, ukuveza izindleko nemibono yefilosofi, zishiye izigidi zezakhamuzi ezithola imali ephansi ngegebe eliyinda. Lokhu kubonisa indlela izakhiwo zezimali ezingadala ngayo ukuxabana phakathi kwamaqiniso ezwe nemigomo yombuso.

Ukuwela Nxazonke Nokuzitika

Izimpi zokulawula zenzeka lapho imithetho kahulumeni nombuso isingatha indaba efanayo kodwa ithatha izindlela ezihlukene. Enkundleni yendawo ezungezile, igunya leCalifornia lokumisa izindinganiso eziqinile zokukhipha imoto ngaphansi kwe-Ceat Air Act iholele ekuhlawulweni okuqhubekayo. Izikhulu ze-Trump zavala lokho kulahlwa; ukuphatha kwe Biden kwayibuyisela. Ukushaya ibhulukwe kubangela ukungaqiniseki kwezentengiselwano emabhizinisini nasemazweni afanayo. Ngokufanayo, ukuxabana ngenethi eliwukungathathi hlangothi, imithetho ethatha isikhathi eside, futhi imfihlo yemininingwane yezwe ithathe izifiso zomthetho ezimelene nomthetho wombuso.

Izigaba Zezombangazwe Nezemibono

Ohulumeni boMbuso ngokuvamile basebenza ngaphansi kwemibuso ehlukene yezombangazwe kunohulumeni kahulumeni. Umbuso oneningi elinamandla elithuthukayo ungamisa izimiso ngokuphambene kakhulu nohulumeni olawula isigaba esisadla ngoludala, futhi ngokuphambene. Lokhu kuphikisana kwemibono kubonakala ezindaweni ezinjengokukhipha isisu, amalungelo okuvota, ukuphathwa kwezibhamu, nokubekwa kwensangu ngokomthetho. Izwe lingasebenzisa amandla amaphoyisa awo ukusunduza imingcele, ukuhlola ukuthi angafinyelela kuphi ngaphambi kokuba abhekane nokubekwa uhulumeni emacaleni noma axhasa ngemali. Umbono womphakathi phakathi kombuso ungacindezela nababusi nemithetho ukuba badedele isiqondiso sikahulumeni, ikakhulukazi ezimpikiswaneni ze-srand.

Izinhlangano Ezilawulayo Nezinga Elinamandla

Ukugcwalisa izinhlelo zikahulumeni kudinga isikhundla sokuqondisa kwezwe. Izifunda ezincane noma ezingaphansi kwezicebile zingalwa ukuhlangabezana nezimfuneko eziyinkimbinkimbi zokubika, ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa, noma izilinganiso zezikhathi ezibekwe yizinhlangano zikahulumeni. Uma imibuso ithatha isikhathi esiphansi, ifaka isigwebo esiphansi, noma ngisho nohulumeni othatha imisebenzi ethile. Ngokuphambene, izifundazwe eziqinile zingaba ngcono ukuhlanganisa abafaki-maki noma izinhlelo zokulungisa izimo zendawo, zidala ukungalingani kobuhlobo bezwe ngokwalo.

Izenzakalo eziphawulekayo zoKudlalwa Nkumbuso

Umlando ugcwele izibonelo zohulumeni bakahulumeni abalwa negunya likahulumeni.Ukuqonda lamacala kubonisa izigxobo namasu okuhilelekile.

Ukunakekelwa Kwempilo: Ukwanda Kwe - Saga Engaphansi Kwe - Medicaid

I-Affordlable Care Act yakuqala yayidinga ukuba kukhululwe iMedicaid ukuze ifinyelele cishe bonke abantu abadala abahhlwili abahlawulwayo. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-2012 senza ukunwetshwa ngokuzithandela, okwaholela ekuhlanganisweni okumbaxa-ndlela. Kusukela ngo-2025, amazwe ayishumi ayesalokhu enciphile, naphezu kwezimali zikahulumeni zokuxhasa inani labantu abasanda kufaneleka. La zimiso zikahulumeni ezinjengoTexas noFlorida ziveza ukuthi ukwanda kungabangela imiphumela ehlukene kakhulu esekelwe ekukhetheni.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile: Igunya Lendawo Ezungezile LaseCalifornia

Ikhono leCalifornia lokumisa izindinganiso eziqinile zokukhipha imoto ngaphansi kwe-Ceaner Air Act lisukela emuva ngo-1970. Umbuso uye wasebenzisa leligunya ukwamukela izisulu ezinamandla zokuncishiswa kwegesi, uthonya abenzi bezimoto ezweni lonke futhi ushukumisela amanye amazwe ukuba athathe izindinganiso ezifanayo. Ukuzimisela kukahulumeni ngokungafani kokuphoqelela noma ukuqeda ukuthi impoqo i-ECONCAR. Ngo-2019, i-EPA ngaphansi kukaMongameli Trump yasusa i-trainr futhi yabiza igunya elikhethekile lokumisa imithetho yezentengiselwano. I-Californiaied, futhi kamuva i-Biden abaphathi be-ravery. Lokhu kuphinda kuveza ukumelana okungokomthetho nezombangazwe kulawula indawo ezungezile. (ngomlando we-California, [FLPT]: Clavenuals])

Ukuqashelwa Ngokomthetho: Imithetho Kahulumeni

Naphezu kokuhlelwa kwenkasa njenge-Shedyuli I engiyilawulayo (ingaphansi kwe-Substances Act ePhakeme) kusukela ngo-2024, izifundazwe eziyi 24 kanye ne-Foourtrict of Columbia ziye zagunyaza insangu yezokuzilibazisa, futhi eziningi zivumela ukusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha. La mandla ayisisekelo angokomthetho avumela ukusebenzisa izimiso ezilawulayo eziphula umthetho kahulumeni. UMnyango weJaji unqabe ukunqabela ukunqabela imisebenzi yezezwe ngaphansi kwe-Profethilitisfectaltrantiss Actives, (iCole Meyandrandum, Rescion, nesiqondiso sawo sokwelapha), kodwa ukungaqiniseki. IBhange ukwenqaba ukusebenza kweminyango ye-galelo-mali kubangelwa yimithetho kahulumeni, ukwenza imisebenzi yemali nezingozi zomphakathi.

Ukufuduka: Umthetho Ongcwele Nokuphoqelelwa Kwamandla

Ukugcinwa komthetho wokuthunyelwa kwezindawo kulawulwa uhulumeni, kodwa izifundazwe zingakhetha ukuthi zingaba kanjani ukubambisana. “Izindawo zokulawula” zilinganisela indima yokugcinwa komthetho wendawo ezinyatheloni zokufuduka zikahulumeni, ziphikisa ngokuthi ukuthembana phakathi kwezindawo zabafuduki namaphoyisa kubalulekile ukuze kuphephe umphakathi. Uhulumeni ophethe izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene usongela ukugodla emadolobheni nakumazwe. Ukuvinjelwa komthetho-mthetho omthetho owenzelwe ukunqanda ukugcinwa kwamazwe, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwengu-8.S.C. . . . 171373, ukuvinjelwa kusefikile eNkabeni Ephakeme. Ukuvikelwa kweSigwegwegwe, kanye nezwe sisithiyo sokuvimbela iSigwebo seshumi seSigwebo ukuba kusetshenziswe imiyalo yomthetho kahulumeni ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuthutha abantu.

Izinyathelo Zokuvumelanisa Izwe Nemigomo Yama - Federal

Naphezu kokungezwani, amazwe amaningi aphumelela ekuxazululeni izingxabano ngokusebenzisa izindlela zamabomu.

Ukufuna Imisebenzi Yokungcebeleka Nemisebenzi Yokubukisa

Izinhlangano ze-Frederal zinegunya lokunikeza abaphangi abavumela amazwe ukuba aphambuke ezimfuno ezivamile uma zihlongoza ezinye izindlela ezintsha ezihlangabezana nezinjongo zezinhlelo. Ngaphansi kwe-Social Security Act, izifundazwe zingafaka isicelo se-Cult 1115 ye-avers ekuhloleni izindlela ezintsha eMedicaid. I-Oregon isebenzisa iziphakamiso ezinjalo ukuze yandise ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlangano zokunakekela ezihlangeneyo ezigcizelela ukunakekelwa. Emfundoni, izifundazwe zingacela abaxhaphazi abavela emalungiselelweni athile e-ESA. La mathuluzi anikeza iziteshishi ezihleli ezisemthethweni zokuhlanganisa izinhlelo ze-movery.

Ukubambisana Nezikhungo Zokulwela Ukulwa

Izikhulu zikahulumeni zivame ukunxusa izinhlangano zikahulumeni ne-Congress ukuba zivumelane nokuhleleka noma izinguquko zesimiso. INhlangano ye-National Guides, i-National Conference of State Legislatures, ne-Council of State Geographial zisebenza njengamaqophelo okuhlanganisa ubudlelwano. Uma izifunda-zifunda eziningi zibhekene nezinselele ezifanayo, ukucindezela okuhlangene kungaveza imiphumela. Ngokwesibonelo, izifundazwe ziye zakhuthaza i-EPA ngokuphumelelayo ukuba ikhiphe isiqondiso ezinhlanganweni zokuhweba ngezinga lamazinga lamanzi okuthengisa ezivumela ukuhlangabezana nemingcele engcono kakhulu. Izinhlangano zombuso nezinhlangano ezihlangene zingaveza futhi izixazulu ezibambisanayo, njengamabutho asebenza ndawonye ekufezeni izindleko zezentetheleyo noma inhlekelele.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokubona Imibala Egqamile

Ukuhlanganisa izakhamuzi ekuthuthukeni kwenqubo kusiza ohulumeni bamazwe ukuba bahlele izinqumo eziza kuqala endaweni. Izinkathi zokukhulumana komphakathi, inkathi yokuphendula kwe-inthanethi, kanye nemihlangano efaka izintambo kuvumela imiphakathi ukuba izwakale ikhathazekile ngendlela izimali zikahulumeni ezisetshenziswa ngayo noma indlela iziqondiso zikahulumeni eziklanywe ngayo. Izinqubo ezibonisa ukuma kwangaphandle zinganciphisa ukungethembana kwezombangazwe lapho izenzo zikahulumeni ziphambuka ngokwezimiso zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, iminyango yezokuthutha eqhuba ukudluliswa komphakathi imisebenzi yezemfako exhaswe yi-obhusayithi ivame ukuveza imiklamo ebonisa ukungenela kwendawo lapho kuhlangana nezimfuneko zikahulumeni zendawo nezimiso.

Ukukhuluma Ngezwi Elingenakuphikiswa Njengendlela Yokugcina

Uma ukuxoxisana kwehluleka, isho ukuthi kungamangalela uhulumeni kahulumeni ukuba abeke inselele yokuphambana noma ukuhlehliswa. Ukumangalela okuhlukahlukene kwezwe ngokumelene nezimiso zikahulumeni kuvamile; i-Obama-Elera Clean Power Plan yabona izifunda 27 zibekela imingcele engokomthetho. Ngokuphambene, isho futhi ukuphoqelela isenzo sikahulumeni, njengalapho i-EPA ihluleka ukulawula amagesi ashisayo ashisayo. Nakuba i-adversarial, i-ligation icacisa imingcele engokomthetho futhi ingaholela ekuhlaliseni imingcele edinga ukuhlehla. I-Athorney ephethe ukubambisana kwezimiso zikahulumeni ezindaweni ezisebenzayo.

Ukuhlola Izifo Ngokulinganisela Okuphumelelayo

Isimiso Sekhomputha NeTrade SaseCalifornia Nokubambisana

ICalifornia yasungula uhlelo lwayo lokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ekhipha ugesi ekhipha ugesi okhipha ugesi oshisayo, inkambiso eyayikhona ngaphambi kwesakhiwo esifana nesombuso. Izwe lathola imvume engcono e-EPA ukuze liqinise isilinganiso sayo sokukhipha izimoto, futhi uhlelo luhlangene nesimiso saseQuebec ngaphansi kwesivumelwano sokubambisana. Ngokuhlangana nezisusa eziwumbuso ezikhokhelwayo ezikhokhelwayo zamandla avuselelwe, iCalifornia ibonisa indlela ukuhola kukahulumeni okungahlala ngayo kanye ne-($** futhi ngezinye izikhathi inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.) Uhlelo luye lwabangela izinkulungwane zezigidi zemisebenzi yamandla ahlanzekile lapho kuhlangane nezisulu zomoya wombuso.

IMassachusetts Inakekela Impilo Njengendlela Yokushintsha Izwe

Massachusetts yakhipha inguquko enkulu kwezokwelapha ngo- 2006 eyahlanganisa ukugunyazwa kwabantu ngabanye, ukuthengiselana umshuwalense, nemali exhaswayo (izingxenye ezamukelwa kamuva e-Affordcable Care Act. Izwe lasebenza nezikhulu zikahulumeni ukuze zithole iziphakamiso zokusebenzisa izinguquko zalo ngaphambi koshintsho lwesizwe. Ngemva kokuba i-ACA parese, iMassachusetts yakwazi ukuguqula ngokungathungabazi ukushintshela kwezwelo intengo yayo kuyilapho ilondoloza iziphazamiso zendawo njenge-Conneum Authority. Lokhu kubonisa indlela ukuhlolwa kwezwelo lwamazwe okungazisa ngayo umthetho kazwelo nomthetho wezimali ngaphandle kokulawula indawo. [[FLT:]] Amassachettss Health Concinence [FLct:1]] inikeza ukufica isiciso sewe-webhusayithi se-we-webhukwini ye-webhusayithi yamanje.

Umkhaya WaseWashington Oyisififane Owushiya Isikole Uphayona

Izwe laseWashington lasebenzisa uhlelo lokuqala lwesizwe olukhokhelwayo nehhomu lezemithi ngo-2019, lixhaswe yiminikelo yabasebenzi nabaqashi. Lesi sinyathelo sangombuso sadlula kumthetho kahulumeni, ngaleso sikhathi esanikeza ikhefu elingakhokhelwanga ngaphansi kwe-Family and Medical Leat Act. Ngokuklama isimiso salo siqu, iWashington yahlobisa amazinga azuzisayo nakwazi ukufinyelela inani labantu abasebenzayo. Lo hlelo luye lwanconywa ngokuba neqhaza kakhulu futhi lwaphazamisa amabhizinisi amancane. Impumelelo yayo iye yathonya izingxoxo ezimayelana nesicelo sokushiya intela esikhokhelwayo, ebonisa indlela izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezingabonisa ngayo ukufezeka nokuhlelwa kwezimiso zomthetho zezwe.

Ikusasa Lobuhlobo Obunentethe Yombuso

Izindlela eziningana ziyohlela indlela ohulumeni bezwe abalinganisela ngayo izidingo zendawo neziqondiso zikahulumeni eminyakeni ezayo. Ukwanda kokuncitshiswa kwezombangazwe zaseMelika kungabhebhethekisa izingxabano, njengoba izifunda ezilawulwa amaqembu ahlukene avela kuhulumeni kahulumeni zisebenza njengezikhulu ezimelanayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amandla okulawula alinganiselwe − ikakhulukazi emazweni angakhokhi ukuthembela kakhulu ekusizeni kwezobuchwepheshe noma izingquthela zezifunda.

Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziyaqhubeka zicacisa imingcele yegunya likahulumeni ezindaweni ezinjengesimiso sendawo ezungezile nezohwebo kuyi - Internet. Isithakazelo esikhulayo seNkantolo “emfundisweni yemibuzo ephakeme” singacindezela futhi ikhono lezinhlangano zikahulumeni lokukhipha imithetho ebanzi ethinta amazwe, iphindisele emuva ezinqumweni futhi ngaleyo ndlela ivule indawo yokuhluka kwezwe.

Ubuchwepheshe nokwaziswa okuhlangene kunikeza amathuba okubambisana okungcono. Ukwaziswa kwangempela okuphathelene nempilo, imfundo, nezakhiwo kungasiza amazwe kanye nohulumeni abasebenza nawo ukuba basebenzise imithombo yemali ngokuphumelelayo. Nokho, ukukhathazeka ngezindaba zomuntu siqu nezindinganiso zemininingwane ezihlukene kuletha izinselele.

Umqedazwe we-COVOID ka-19 wembula kokubili amandla nobuthakathaka bombuso wezwe ezinkingeni zempilo yomphakathi. Izwe ekuqaleni lancintisana ngokuthola izinto futhi lakhipha imingcele engavumelaniyo, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi imizamo ehlangene njengezisebenzi zokuhlola zikahulumeni yavela. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kugcizelela isidingo sokusabela okucacile okuphuthumayo okubonisa ukuthi uhlonipha igunya kuyilapho kuqinisekisa ukubambisana kwesizwe.

Izimiso zokuhlanganisa izakhiwo ezinjengokulawula kobuhlakani obungeyoyodwa, ukuhlanganisa icarbon crimp, kanye nokufihla imininingwane kuyohlola ubuzwe futhi. Ngaphandle kokuhlengwa kukahulumeni, imibuso ingadala imithetho encishisiwe eyenza ukuhwebelana kwezifunda zomhlaba kube nzima, kodwa ukuhlola kukahulumeni kungaveza izithombe eziphumelelayo. Ukulinganisela okulungile phakathi kokufana nokuhlukahluka kuyoba yinselele eyinhloko.

Isiphetho

Ohulumeni boMbuso basebenza phakathi komthetho-sisekelo obanika igunya eliphawulekayo kodwa bafuna ukuvumelana nobukhulu bukahulumeni. Ukungezwani phakathi kwezidingo zendawo neziqondiso zikahulumeni akusona nje isici esinzima sokulawula; kuyisici esinamandla sokubusa kwaseMelika okukhuthaza ukusungula nokulandisa. Nakuba izinselele ezinjengokuvimbela ukuxhaswa kwezimali, izingxabano ezilawulayo, nokungahlangani kwezombangazwe kuqhubeke, izifunda ziye zathola ukuthi ziyakwazi ukusekela ukuvumelana, ukubambisana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, kanye namakhambiza okuphayona afeza kokubili izithakazelo zendawo neyomhlaba.

Izibonelo zeCalifornia, Massachusetts, neWashington zibonisa ukuthi ukulinganisela kuyenzeka uma amazwe ehlanganisa ukuxoxa okusebenza ngokunenzuzo nombono ocacile wezinto eziza kuqala. Njengoba indawo ye-constalism iqhubeka iguquka, ohulumeni bombuso kuyodinga ukuhlala beqaphile futhi beqaphile (ukuqinisekisa amagunya abo lapho kudingekile lapho besebenzisana lapho bekhonza izakhamuzi zabo. Kulabo abafuna ukuqonda ukubusa e-United States, ubudlelwane obuseburhulumenteni bunikeza ukuhlolwa okungasoze kwahlala njalo kwekhono lokuhlehla, ukuvuselela, nokulungisa inguquko yentando yeningi. [[FLT]] U.U.U.U.U.Umnyango we-FL.[FL.FL.1] unikeza ukwaziswa ngendlela yemali ehlelayokubusayo ephethe izimookazwe, [FLGenest:] [F2]Unist]