Ukuqonda Umthetho

Ukubusa komthetho kuyinkolelo eyisisekelo eqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu, kungakhathaliseki isikhundla noma amandla akhe, ongaphezulu komthetho. Yisimiso sokuthi igunya likahulumeni kumelwe lisetshenziswe ngokuvumelana nokubhalwa, imithetho edalulwa obala ethathwa futhi iqiniswe ngezinqubo ezimisiwe. Ngaphezu kwesethi yemithetho engokomthetho, umthetho umelela isivumelwano sezenhlalo esibopha izakhamuzi nohulumeni wazo esibopha ukwahlulelana ngokulunga, nangokulunga.

Emiphakathini lapho umthetho ukhona, abantu bangahlela ukuphila kwabo ngokuqiniseka, bazi ukuthi amalungelo abo ayoba avikelwe futhi izingxabano ziyoxazululwa ngezinqubo ezingakhethi. Lokhu kubikezela ukuthi kuyisici sokuzinza komphakathi nokuchuma kwezomnotho. Ngaphandle kwakho, ababuswayo babusa bangene ezindaweni eziphansi, lapho amandla esetshenziswa ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa nobulungisa eba yilungelo labambalwa.

Lomqondo unezimpande ezijulile ezingokomlando, eziqala emuva ezizweni zasendulo. Ummeli wamaRoma uCicero waphikisa ngokuthi "sonke siyizinceku zomthetho ukuze sikhululeke." iMagna Carta ka-1215 yamisa isimiso sokuthi inkosi ngokwayo yayingaphansi komthetho. Izihlakaniphi ezikhanyiselweyo njengoJohn Locke noMontesquieueu zathuthukisa lemibono, ikhuthaza ukwahlukana kwemibuso nesivikelo samalungelo angokwemvelo. Enkathini yanamuhla, iSimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu samisa umthetho njengomthetho obalulekile ekuvikeleni isithunzi sabantu.

Namuhla, umthetho ufana nenye yezinsika eziyinhloko zokubusa kwentando yeningi. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ezinjengeZizwe ezihlangene ne World Justice Project [ Izwe Lokwahlulela] Ilandela ukusetshenziswa kwayo ezizweni zonke, inikeza ukwaziswa okusiza ohulumeni nomphakathi ukuba uhlaziye futhi uhlukanise izindawo zokuthuthukisa.

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zokubusa KoMthetho

Ukuze siqonde ngokugcwele ukubaluleka komthetho, siyasiza ekuwuhlukaniseni ube yizici zawo eziyinhloko.Lezimiso zisebenza ndawonye ukuze zakhe indawo engokomthetho enqunyelwa kusengaphambili, engakhethi nevikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

  • ukulingana phambi komthetho. Lesisimiso sithi bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki ingcebo, isikhundla, noma ukuhlobana kwezombangazwe, bangaphansi kwezindinganiso ezingokomthetho ezifanayo. Akekho othola ukuphathwa okukhethekile, futhi akekho ongase athweswe icala. Kungumsizi omkhulu olinganayo emiphakathini yentando yeningi.
  • ukulandisa kwezikhulu zikahulumeni. Ukubusa komthetho kudinga ukuba labo abasebenzisa amandla omphakathi bahlale benempendulo ngezenzo zabo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa abameleli abakhethiwe, izinceku zomphakathi, ukugcinwa komthetho, namalungu omthetho. AmaMechaniism anjengezindikimba ezizimele, izimfuneko zokubona ngalé, nokuziphendulela kokhetho kusiza ekuphoqeleleni lesimiso.
  • Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo ayisisekelo. Imithetho akumelwe ilawule ukuziphatha kuphela kodwa futhi ivikele amalungelo nenkululeko eyisisekelo yabantu ngabanye. Lokhu kuhlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokuhlangana, yenkolo, inqubo efanele, nesivikelo ekuboshweni okungenamthetho. Isimiso somthetho esihlulekayo ukuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo yincazelo, hhayi ukusebenza ngaphansi komthetho.
  • ivumelana nobulungisa. Ukuba khona kwemithetho kusho okuncane uma izakhamuzi zingakwazi ukukuphoqelela. Ukufinyelela ekwahlulelweni kudinga ukumelelwa okungokomthetho okungakholekiyo, izinkantolo ezingakhethi, izikhathi zokulungisa amacala ezinengqondo, kanye nezinqubo zesinqumo sokuphikisana ezitholakala kuzo zonke izingxenye zomphakathi.
  • [[QURT:0]] Ukubonana okusemthethweni. Imithetho kumele yaziwe obala, ibhalwe ngokucacile, futhi isetshenziswe njalo. Imithetho eyimfihlo noma umthetho osebenza ngokuphindiwe ululaza umthetho ngoba abantu abakwazi ukuvumelana ukuziphatha kwabo nemithetho abangakwazi noma leyo eshintsha ngokungabikezelwa.

Lezizimiso ezinhlanu zakha isimiso esihlangene. Uma umuntu ebuthakathaka, lonke uhlaka luyahlupheka. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuntuleka kokukhanya kunciphisa ukulandisa, okuthi nakho kunciphise ukulingana phambi komthetho. Ukuqinisa umthetho kudinga ukunaka konke lokhu kulingana kanyekanye.

Indima Yokubusa Komthetho Ekubuseni

Ukubusa kuhlanganisa izinqubo igunya elisetshenziswa ngazo ekuqondiseni imithombo yezwe yezombangazwe, ezomnotho, nezenhlalo. Ukubusa komthetho kunikeza ukuthembeka kokwakha okwenza kube nokubusa okuphumelelayo. Kumisa imithetho yalomdlalo, kwakha indawo eqinile lapho kokubili izinhlangano nabantu bangasebenza khona ngokuqiniseka.

Ngaphandle komthetho, ukubusa kuba yizimo ezizimele futhi kungalindelekile. Abaholi bangashintsha izimiso ngokuthanda kwabo, izivumelwano zingathembeki, futhi izakhamuzi azinakho ukuphendukela ekusebenziseni kabi igunya. Lokhu kungantengantengi kuqeda ukutshala imali, ukukhungathekisa, nokuqeda ukwethemba umphakathi.

Izinzuzo Zokubusa Komthetho Ekubuseni

Nazi izindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu ezisizayo zokubusa ngokuphumelela.

  • isho ukuqina kwezombangazwe. Lapho izakhamuzi zazi ukuthi amalungelo azo avikelekile nokuthi amandla ezombangazwe asetshenziswa phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho, zithambekele kakhulu ekwamukeleni ukufaneleka kukahulumeni. Lokhu kunciphisa ingozi yokudlondlobala, ukugumbuqela, nobudlova bezombangazwe. Izinqubo ezilungile nezisobala, ezisekelwa yizigebengu ezizimele, ezivumela ukudluliswa ngokuthula kwegunya.
  • ithuthukisa izomnotho. Amabhizinisi adinga izilungiselelo ezingokomthetho eziqinisekile ukuze afake imali, aqashe, futhi akhule. Umthetho uqinisekisa ukuthi izivumelwano ziyaphoqelelwa, amalungelo empahla avikelwe, futhi izimpikiswano zezentengiselwano zixazululwe kahle. Ngokwe- OECD, amazwe anomthetho onamandla kakhulu udonsa amazinga aphakeme kakhulu okutshala izimali zakwamanye amazwe futhi athole ukukhula ngokushesha kwezomnotho esikhathini eside.
  • Ithemba elithembekile lomphakathi kuhulumeni. liyimali yokulawula okuphumelelayo. Uma izinhlangano zisebenza ngokukhanyayo futhi zibekwa icala, izakhamuzi zihlakulela ukuqiniseka ukuthi uhulumeni wazo usiza umphakathi ukuba ube nesithakazelo. Lokhu kukhuthaza ukuthobela imithetho ngokuzithandela, kunciphisa isidingo sokugcinwa kwemithetho ehlangeneyo, futhi kuqinisa ukubambisana kwezenhlalo.
  • [ ihlanganisa ukuhleleka komphakathi. Umthetho unikeza izinqubo zokuxazulula izingxabano ngaphandle kobudlova. Izinkantolo, izinkantolo, nezinye izimiso zempikiswano zivumela abantu ngabanye namaqembu ukuba baxazulule izikhalo ngezinqubo ezimisiwe. Lokhu kunciphisa isisusa sobulungisa obuqaphile futhi kusiza ukulondoloza ukuthula emiphakathini ehlukene.
  • ivikela amalungelo nenkululeko yabantu. Umthetho umisa uhlelo olungokomthetho olulinganisela amandla kahulumeni futhi uvikela abantu esinyatheloni esiwumthetho. Isivikelo somthetho-mthetho, izigebengu ezizimele, kanye namalungelo e-habeas kuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingabekela inselele uhulumeni. Lokhu kubucayi ikakhulukazi kumaqembu angenazisulu nakweqiniswe asengozini enkulu yokuphulwa kwamalungelo.

Ukucwaninga okungokwesayensi okuvela ezinhlanganweni ezinjenge - World Justice Project kubonisa ngokungaguquki ukuthi umthetho wezingcabo zomthetho uvumelana ngokuqinile nemiphumela emihle kwezempilo, imfundo, ukulingana kweholo, nenkululeko yezombangazwe.

Indlela Ukubusa Komthetho Okuthonya Ngayo Izinhlangano Zentando Yeningi

Ukubusa kwedemokrasi kuxhomeke ezinhlanganweni ezingasebenzisa amandla ngokukhomba. Ukubusa komthetho yikona okwenza lezi zinhlangano zibe semthethweni futhi ziphumelele. Ijaji elizimele lingasebenza kuphela uma amajaji evikelekile ekuphazanyisweni kwezombangazwe futhi enza izinqumo ezisekelwe kuphela emthethweni. Umbiko okhululekile uncike ezivikelweni ezingokomthetho ezivikela izintatheli ekucupheni nasekuphindiseleni. Izinhlangano zomphakathi zidinga izinqubo ezingokomthetho ezibavumela ukuba basebenze ngaphandle kokuhlukunyezwa nguhulumeni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho udala isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni lisebenza phakathi kwemingcele ecacile, livimbela noma iyiphi into eyodwa ukuba iqoqe amandla aphakeme. Imithetho kumelwe imise imithetho evumelana nezindinganiso zomthetho-mthetho. Abaqondisi kumelwe basebenzise izimiso ngokuvumelana negunya lomthetho. Izinkantolo kumelwe zichaze imithetho ngokungakhethi. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, okuphoqelelwe ngokubusa umthetho, kungenye yezivikelo eziyinhloko ekumelaneni nombuso olawulayo.

Izinselele Ebuthweni LoMthetho

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwawo okuqashelwayo, umthetho ubhekene nezinsongo eziphikelelayo cishe kuwo wonke amazwe. Lezi zinselele zingavela kubadlali bezombangazwe, ubuthakathaka bezinhlangano, noma izimo zezenhlalo nezomnotho ezibanzi.

Izinselele Ezivamile

  • Ukukhohlakala ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni. mhlawumbe kungusongo oluqondile ekubuseni umthetho. Uma izikhulu zimukela ukufumbathiswa, izivumelwano ezisekelwe ekuxhumaneni kwabantu, noma ukusebenzisa isikhundla somphakathi ukuze kuzuze inzuzo yangasese, umthetho uba yithuluzi elinamandla kunokuba ube isihlangu sabasengozini. Ukungalungi kuqeda ukwethenjwa komphakathi, kuguqula izisusa zezomnotho, futhi kuqhubekisela phambili ukungalingani.
  • [ ukungenela kwezezimali eHlawulweni. Itshe likamajaji elizimele liyisisekelo somthetho. Kodwa emazweni amaningi, iziphathi noma izishayamthetho zicindezela abahluleli ngezinqubo zokumiswa, ulawulo lwemali, noma ukwesatshiswa okuqondile. Uma izinkantolo ziba ukunwetshwa kwamandla ezombangazwe, ziyayeka ukusebenza njengabaphikisi abangakhethi bobulungisa.
  • Ukungaqondi okungokomthetho phakathi kwezakhamuzi. Umthetho awunakusebenza ngokuphumelelayo uma abantu bengawaqondi amalungelo abo noma indlela yokuwaqinisa. Amazinga aphansi omthetho okufunda nokubhala, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabantu basemaphandleni nabakwelenye imingcele, kusho ukuthi abantu abaningi abakwazi ukufinyelela isivikelo okuthiwa umthetho uyasinikeza. Igebe phakathi kwemfundiso engokomthetho neqiniso elingokoqobo lilulaza sonke isimiso.
  • Ukungavumelani ekuqikelweni komthetho. Ngisho nalapho imithetho ilungile ephepheni, ukugcinwa komthetho okunobandlululo kungaqeda ukufaneleka kwabo. Lapho ukugcinwa komthetho kuhlasela amaqembu athile ohlanga, esizwe, noma ezenhlalo, isimiso sokulingana ngaphambi kokuba umthetho weqedwe. Lokhu kuqeda ukwethembana esimisweni sobulungisa futhi kungabangela izinxushunxushu zezenhlalo.
  • Ukugcinwa kwemithetho. Imithetho ekhona ephepheni kuphela ayinanzuzo. Imithombo eyanele, izisebenzi ezingaqeqeshiwe kahle, izimiso zenkantolo ezingasebenzi kahle, nokungabi nalusizo kwezombangazwe konke kunganezela ekubekeni umthetho shí. Uma ukuphulwa kwemithetho kungajeziswanga, umphumela wokuvinjelwa komthetho uyalahleka, futhi isiko lokungajeziswa libambeka.

Lezi zinselele zivamile ukuhlanganiswa. Ukonakala kungenza ukuba ukungenela kwezombangazwe enkantolo kunciphise ukugcinwa kwemithetho. Ukucwaswa kwamaphoyisa kunciphisa ukuqashelwa nokuthenjwa kwemithetho. Ukusingatha umthetho kudinga indlela ebanzi yokuxazulula lezi zinkinga zesimiso ndawonye.

Izinselele Ezingokoqobo Zokubusa KoMthetho

Imiphumela yokulawula umthetho okubuthakathaka ayiyona into engabonakali. Ibonakala ngezindlela ezibonakalayo ezithinta ukuphila kwabantu kwansuku zonke. Emazweni lapho umthetho ulula, amabhizinisi abhekene nezindawo ezibuswa ngokungalindelekile, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlela nokutshala imali. Izakhamuzi zingagwema ukubika amacala ngoba zingawethembi amaphoyisa noma izinkantolo. Izindawo ziba nezingalondekile, zidumaza abaninimzi kanye nokutshala imali isikhathi eside.

Ukubusa okubuthakathaka komthetho kudala izimo zobugebengu obuhleliwe nobudlova. Uma izinhlangano ezingokomthetho zonakele noma zingaphumeleli, amaqembu ezigebengu agcwalisa indawo engenalutho, enikeza izinhlobo zawo ‘ zokuvikela nezobulungisa." Lomjikelezo wokungabi namthetho ungabamba imiphakathi ngobumpofu nokwesaba. IWorld Bank iye yaphawula ukubusa komthetho okuqinisayo njengesici esibucayi sezihlongozo zayo zokuthuthukisa, iqaphela ukuthi intuthuko ehlala njalo ayinakwenzeka ngaphandle kokulandisa ngokomthetho.

Amasu Okuqinisa Ukubusa KoMthetho

Ukuqinisa umthetho kuwumzamo wobuningi odinga ukuzimisela kuhulumeni, emphakathini, nakumphakathi wezizwe zonke. Azikho izinqubo ezisheshayo, kodwa amasu athile asebenze kahle phakathi kwe-mongo ehlukene.

Amasu Aphumelelayo

Lamasu asebenza kangcono uma esetshenziswa njengengxenye yezinhlelo zenguquko ezihlangene. Izindlela zomthetho zivame ukuhluleka ngoba ubuthakathaka kwenye indawo bululaza intuthuko kwenye. Ngokwesibonelo, ukudlulisa imithetho yokubona kuncane uma ijaji lingazimele ngokwanele ukuba liphoqelele.

Indima Yezinhlangano Zezizwe Zonke Nokubambisana

Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke zifeza indima ebalulekile ekubuseni komthetho oqinisayo. IZizwe Ezihlangene zinikeza usizo lobuchwepheshe, iziqondiso ezivumelana nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke, futhi zinikeza iziteshi zolwazi ukuze zihlanganyele. I-World Justice Project iveza uMthetho woMthetho waminyaka yonke, othatha imingcele yokugcinwa kwezimiso zomthetho emazweni onke futhi unikeze izimemezelo eziwusizo kubashisekeli bezinguquko. I-International Commission of Jurists isekela inkululeko yokwahlulela nesivikelo samalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke.

Izinhlangano zezentuthuko zangaphakathi neziningi zifaka futhi izimali ezinkulu ekuqondiseni izimiso zomthetho. Lezi zinyathelo zingahlanganisa ukuqeqesha abahluleli nabameli, ukusekela izinkonzo zokusiza ezingokomthetho, ukuguqula izimiso zomthetho womthetho, nokusiza amazwe ukuba athuthukise izimiso zomthetho-mthetho. Nakuba ukusekela kwezizwe ngezizwe kungenakuthatha indawo yentando yezwe, kunganikeza ubuchwepheshe, ingcebo, kanye nokulandisa okuvela ngokuhlola kwangaphandle.

Isiphetho

Ukubusa komthetho akuwona nje umqondo ongokomthetho; isisekelo lapho kwakhiwa khona imiphakathi eqinile, eqinile, nechumayo. Iqinisekisa ukuthi amandla asetshenziswa ngokufanele, amalungelo avikelwe, futhi abantu baphathwa ngesithunzi nangokungakhethi ngaphansi kwesimiso esingokomthetho esihlanganyelwe. Ngaphandle kwawo, ukubusa kuba okungenamthetho, ukungazifuni, nenkululeko yabantu isengozini.

Ukuqinisa umthetho kuwumzabalazo oqhubekayo odinga ukuqapha nokuzinikela kuzo zonke izingxenye zomphakathi. Ohulumeni kumelwe bakhe futhi balondoloze izinhlangano ezizimele. Umphakathi wangaphakathi kumelwe ubeke isibopho sokwenza izikhulu. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zazi futhi ziqinise amalungelo azo. Umphakathi wezizwe zonke kumelwe unikeze ukusekela nokulondoloza ukucindezela lapho ukwephulwa kwemithetho kwenzeka khona.

Indlela eya ekubuseni umthetho oqinile akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa indawo ehambisana nomthetho ayiwona umzamo. Amanhlangano asekela ukubusa komthetho anokuthula, achuma kakhulu, futhi akhululekile kakhulu. Enkathini yokudlondlobala kwempoqo nokungaqiniseki kwembulunga yonke, ukuvikela lesi simiso akukaze kube okubaluleke kakhulu. Ngokuqonda ukubaluleka kwayo, ukuqonda izinselele ebhekene nazo, futhi sithathe isinyathelo sokuzimisela sokuyiqinisa, singakha izimiso zokubusa ezikhonza abantu ngempela.