Ukubusa umthetho kuyisimiso esiyisisekelo esisekela izinhlangano zentando yeningi futhi esisebenza njengesisekelo sokubusa kwanamuhla. Iqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu, kusukela kwisikhulu sikahulumeni esiphakeme kakhulu kuya kusazi sezakhamuzi esingaphansi kakhulu, unomthwalo olinganayo womthetho. Lomqondo ubalulekile ekulondolozeni ubulungisa, ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, nokuthuthukisa ukuhleleka komphakathi. Ngaphandle komthetho, imiphakathi isengozini yehlela emandleni angenamthetho, ukonakala, nokuxabana. Njengoba iWorld Justice Project iphawula, umthetho awuyona nje imfundiso engokomthetho kodwa uhlaka olusebenzayo oluthinta ukuphila kwabantu abayizigidi eziyinkulungwane emhlabeni wonke.

Uyini uMthetho?

Ukubusa komthetho kubhekisela esimisweni sokuthi imithetho isebenza ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abantu nokuthi akekho ongaphezulu komthetho. Iyisisekelo sesimiso sokubusa sentando yeningi futhi inikeza uhlelo lokubusa olulungile, olulindelekileyo, nolulungile. Umqondo unezimpande zasendulo, usukela embonweni ka-Aristotle ukuthi "ukubusa komthetho kungcono kunomthetho wanoma ubani." Eminyakeni engamakhulu amaningi, kwavela ngeMagna Carta ngo-1215, imibhalo yokukhanyiselwa kaJohn Locke noMontesquie, kanye nemithetho yangemva kweMpi yeZwe II yabantu emhlabeni wonke. Namuhla, umthetho uqasheka kabanzi njengesimiso esingcono, esibhalwe ezincwadini ezinjengeSimemezelo Sezibo se-Onke Sesizwe se-Hulumentelo ne-United Nations Development.

Izimiso Eziwumthetho

Ukubusa komthetho kuhlanganisa izici eziningana eziyinhloko ezihlangene ezakha isimiso sokubusa okunesibopho sokulandisa nokuqiniseka okungokomthetho.

Ukulingana Ngaphambi KoMthetho

Ukulingana phambi komthetho kusho ukuthi wonke umuntu, kungakhathaliseki ingcebo, isikhundla sezenhlalo, ubuzwe, noma amandla ezombangazwe, ungaphansi kwezindinganiso ezifanayo ezingokomthetho. Akekho okhululwayo ekulandiseni icala elingokomthetho, futhi akekho othola amalungelo akhethekile noma ukugonyelwa. Lesi simiso sibalulekile ekukhuthazeni ukwethenjwa komphakathi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa abuboni. Nokho, ukufinyelela ukulingana kweqiniso kudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo ngokumelene nobandlululo lwezimiso ezingabonakala eqeqeshiweni lomthetho, enkantolo, nasemthetho.

Ukulandisa Kukahulumeni Nezinhlangano

Isici esiyinhloko somthetho siwukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni nezinhlangano zigcinwa ezindinganisweni ezingokomthetho ezifanayo nezakhamuzi ezivamile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa umphathi ophethe, isishaya-mthetho, nomphathi wejaji. Ngaphandle kwalokho, labo abanegunya bangalisebenzisa kabi igunya labo ngaphandle kokujeziswa. Ama-mechaniism anjengezindikimba ezizimele zobuphathi, ukubukeza kokwahlulela, kanye nezimiso zokuphatha ezibonisayo zisiza ekubopheni lokhu kulandisa. Umthetho we-World Justice Project we-Andex uqokomisa ukulandisa njengengxenye eyinhloko ekulinganiseleni umthetho wempilo emazweni onke.

Ukucaca Nobulula Bemithetho

Imithetho kumelwe icace, ifinyeleleke obala futhi iqine. Izakhamuzi namabhizinisi kudingeka zazi amalungelo nezibopho zazo kusengaphambili ukuze zihlele izindaba zazo ngokuhambelana. Imithetho eyimfihlo idala ukungaqiniseki futhi ivule umnyango wokuphoqelela. Ukubona izinto ngokugqamile kudinga ukuba izinqubo ezingokomthetho zivuleke ukuze zihlolwe umphakathi, zivumele izakhamuzi ukuba zibone ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa kanjani futhi zibeke iziphathimandla icala.

Ukufinyelela Ekulungeni

Ukufinyelela ekwahluleleni kusho ukuthi abantu ngabanye kumelwe bakwazi ukufuna nokuthola ikhambi ngezinqubo zomthetho ezilungile nezingakhethi. Lokhu akudingi nje kuphela izinkantolo ezisebenzayo kodwa futhi ukukhokha izimali, izikhathi zokudlulisa amacala ezinengqondo, nezindlela zokudlulisa icala. Izithiyo ezinjengemali engokomthetho ephakeme, ibanga lomhlaba, izithiyo zolimi, kanye nokucwasa abantu abaningi zivimbela abantu ukuba basebenzise isimiso somthetho ngokuphumelelayo. Izinhlelo zokusiza esingokomthetho nemfundo yomphakathi ibalulekile ekumiseni leligebe.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Somthetho

Ukubusa komthetho akuzange kuvele ngesikhashana; kwaqala emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka empikiswano yezombangazwe nenkulumo - mpikiswano yefilosofi. Enye yezingqophamlando zokuqala kwakuyiMagna Carta ka-1215, eyasungula ukuthi inkosi yayingawudluli umthetho futhi abantu abakhululekile babenamalungelo athile. UNkosi Bingham, owayeyisakhamuzi esiphambili eUnited Kingdom, wabhala kabanzi ngencazelo yanamuhla yokubusa komthetho, echaza ukuziphendukela kwayo ngeSifunda sesiNgisi iMilli of Rights (1689), iSimemezelo senkululeko saseMelika neSimemezelo samalungelo abantu esivamile saseFrance samaLungelo Lomuntu neseSihlalo. Ekhulwini lama-20, izenzo zonya zeMpi Yezwe II zaholela ekugcizeleleni kabusha ekubusweni kokubusa komthetho njengesivikelo, ekuvikeleleni iNuremberg, ekwamuseni amalungelo empi yezizwe zonke.

Namuhla, umthetho uyinsika eyinhloko yesimiso seZizwe Ezihlangene. I-UN iyichaza ngokuthi "isimiso sokubusa lapho bonke abantu, izinhlangano nezinhlangano, umphakathi nangasese, kuhlanganise noHulumeni ngokwawo, belandisa ngemithetho emiswa obala, egcizelelwa ngokufanayo futhi elawulwa yibo bonke abantu." Lencazelo igcizelela ukuthi umthetho awukhona nje ngokuba nemithetho, kodwa ngokuba nemithetho esemthethweni esemthethweni esemthethweni, ephoqelelwe, futhi ebukezwa ngokuzimele.

Indima Yokubusa KoMthetho Emphakathini

Ukubusa komthetho kunendima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni umphakathi ozinzile, ochumayo nonobulungisa.

Ukuvikelwa Kwamalungelo

Ukubusa komthetho kuvikela amalungelo nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngokumisa imingcele ecacile yokuthi uhulumeni noma abadlali bomuntu siqu abangenqamule. Kuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingasebenzisa inkululeko yazo, inkulumo, inkolo, nempahla ngaphandle kokwesaba ukugxambukela kokuzilawula. Uma amalungelo ephulwa, isimiso somthetho sinikeza izinqubo zokulungisa. Emazweni anezinqumo eziqinile zomthetho, izinkantolo ezizimele zingaphula imithetho ephula amalungelo ayisisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile zihlola umthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uvumelana nesivikelo samalungelo abantu. Ngaphandle komthetho, amalungelo aba yizithembiso eziyize ezichayeke ezinkolelweni zalabo abasemandleni.

Ukuvimbela Ukusetshenziswa Kabi Kwamandla

Ngokubheka bonke abantu nezinhlangano ukuba babhekane nesibopho sokubusa, umthetho uvimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya. Kusebenza njengokuhlola amandla okulawula, kudinga ukuba izenzo zikahulumeni zisekelwe egunyeni elingokomthetho futhi zibukezwe. Lesi simiso sibaluleke kakhulu ezimisweni zentando yeningi lapho ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kusakaza igunya phakathi kwesikhulu, i-producemental, negatsha lomthetho. Uma ukubusa komthetho kubuthakathaka, inkohlakalo iyanda, futhi izikhulu zingasebenza ngokungajeziswa. Izibonelo ezingokomlando ezivela emazweni aye abhekana nokuthathelwa idemo elasebukhosini zibonisa indlela ukuwohloka kokubusa komthetho okuholela ngayo ekubusweni kwamandla nasekucindezekeleni ukuhlubuka.

Isinqumo esiphikisanayo

Isimiso somthetho sinikeza izinqubo ezinokuthula zokuxazulula izingxabano, kungaba phakathi kwabantu, amabhizinisi, noma umbuso nezakhamuzi zawo. Izinkantolo, izishaya - mthetho, nezinkantolo zokulawula zinikeza izinqubo ezihleliwe zokukhipha izikhalo nokuthola amakhambi. Lokhu kunciphisa amathuba obudlova, ukuqapha, nokungalawuleki kwezenhlalo. Ebuhlotsheni bomhlaba wonke, umthetho usekela ukuzwana nokugcinwa kwezivumelwano, usiza ekuvimbeleni izimpi. INkantolo yezizwe zonke yeJaji nezinye izinkantolo zifeza indima ekuxazululeni izingxabano phakathi kwezizwe, nakuba ukuphumelela kwazo kuxhomeke ekuthotyelweni.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezomnotho

Umthetho oqinile uthuthukisa indawo engcono yebhizinisi nokutshala imali ngoba unikeza ukuqiniseka okungokomthetho, uvikela amalungelo empahla, futhi uphoqelela izivumelwano. Abakhokhi bamasheya bazimisele kakhulu ukunikezela inhloko- dolobha uma bazi ukuthi impahla yabo izovikelwa futhi bangafuna ukukhonelwa ngokomthetho uma izivumelwano zephulwa. Umbiko weBhange Lomhlaba Lokuhweba ngebhizinisi uveza njalo ukuthi amazwe anegunya eliqinile lomthetho anezinga eliphakeme le-GDP ngesilinganiso somnyaka nangezinga eliphansi lokonakala. Ngokuphambene, umthetho obuthakathaka uvimbela ukuthengwa kwemali kwamanye amazwe futhi uvimbele ukuhweba, uvimbele izizwe ezimpofu.

Izithobo zangempela kanye nezifundo ze-Case

Ukubusa komthetho akuwona umgomo ongenakuchazwa; kunemiphumela eqinisekile yendlela izinhlangano ezisebenza ngayo. Cabangela ikomiti ezimele emazweni anjengeJalimane, iCanada, neJapane, lapho izinkantolo zihlola khona ngokuqhubekayo izenzo zikahulumeni futhi zivikela amalungelo amancane. Ngokuphambene, amazwe lapho isikhulu samazwe siye samisa khona ikomiti yamajaji — njengeHungary nePoland eminyakeni yamuva — siye sabona ukuphambuka kwentando yeningi nokugxekwa kwezizwe ngezindawo. I-Europe Union iye yathatha izinyathelo zokuvimbela izimali ezilulaza iziqu zamalungu ezilulaza inkululeko yokwahlulela, iqaphela ukuthi umthetho ubalulekile ekusekeleni ubuqotho benhlangano yonke.

Esinye isibonelo yindima yezindikimba ezimelene nokonakala emazweni anjengeBotswana ne-Singapore, eziye zanciphisa ukuxhumene ngempumelelo ngokuququlisa izikhulu eziphezulu nangokuqinisekisa ukuba sobala ekutholeni umphakathi. Le mpumelelo ibonisa ukuthi ukubusa komthetho kungaqiniswa ngentando yezombangazwe nangendlela yokuhlela. IHhovisi leZizwe Ezihlangene lezidakamizwa ne-Crime linikeza usizo lwezobuchwepheshe emazweni afuna ukulungisa izimiso zawo zomthetho nokulwa nenkohlakalo.

Izinselele Ebuthweni LoMthetho

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwawo, umthetho ubhekene nezinselele eziningi ezingase zibangele ukuba ungasebenzi futhi uqede ukuzethemba komphakathi.

Ukonakala

Inkohlakalo ezinhlanganweni ezingokomthetho nezezombangazwe ingezinye zezinsongo ezingathi sína kakhulu ekubuseni umthetho. Lapho abahluleli, abashushisi, noma amaphoyisa amukela ukufumbathiswa noma ukwenza ngenxa yezithakazelo ezinamandla, isimiso sokulingana ngaphambi kokwehla komthetho. Ukonakala futhi kusonta isimiso somphakathi, kuphambukisa imithombo yengcebo, futhi kululaza ukufaneleka kwaso sonke isimiso. Inkohlakalo ayidingi ukugcinwa okuqinile kuphela kodwa futhi futhi idinga ukuba sobala, ukuvikelwa kwempepho, nokukhomba ngemilo, kanye nempucuko yobuqotho.

Ukungenela Kwezombangazwe

Lapho izinqumo zezombangazwe zithonya ukugcinwa kwemithetho yezenkantolo noma yomthetho, inkululeko edingekayo ukuze kubekwe umthetho olungile iyahlehliswa. Lokhu kungathatha uhlobo lokumisa abalandeli abaqotho ezikhundleni zokwahlulela, ukucindezela amajaji ukuba abuse uhulumeni, noma ukusebenzisa umthetho ukuze adonse abaphikisi bezombangazwe. Ukuphazamisa okunjalo kuqeda ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso futhi kungaholela ekubuseni kwempoqo. Izindikimba zomhlaba zonke njengeVenice Commission of the Council ziye zaphawula ukungenela kwezombangazwe okwandayo emazweni amaningana.

Ukuntuleka Kokuthola Ubulungisa

Izithiyo zokuthola imithombo engokomthetho zivimbela abantu abaningi ukuba bafune ubulungisa, ikakhulukazi imiphakathi encishisiwe enjengemiphakathi ehhadla inzuzo, imiphakathi ephansi yezinhlanga, nabantu abakhubazekile. Izindleko eziphezulu zenkantolo, usizo olulinganiselwe olungokomthetho, izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi, kanye nezithiyo zolimi zilulalulalula ukuvimbela abantu abaningi ukuba babe nelungelo lokuqulwa. INhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene Yentuthuko (UNDP) ilinganisela ukuthi abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu abanakho ukufinyelela ekulungeni eliqondile kobulungisa emhlabeni wonke.

Ubandlululo Nezimiso Zokuhwebelana

Ubandlululo lwezimiso lungaholela ekuphathweni ngokungafani ngaphansi komthetho, ukuqhubekisela phambili ukungalungi kwezenhlalo. Ngokwesibonelo, ubandlululo lobuhlanga ekubuthweni kwamaphoyisa nasekwenzeni isigwebo luye lwafakazelwa emazweni amaningi, lunciphisa ukuthembela esimisweni somthetho. Uma imithetho ngokwayo ikhipha ubandlululo — ngokwesibonelo, isekelwe ebulilini, enkolweni, noma ebulilini — iphula isimiso esiyisisekelo sokulingana. Ukuguqula imithetho enjalo nokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kokungabekezenziswa kwenkululeko yabantu kuwumzabalazo oqhubekayo kwabameleli bamalungelo abantu.

Ukuqinisa Ukubusa KoMthetho

Ukuze kuqiniswe umthetho, kudingeka inqubo engokomthetho, engokwemfundo, neyokuhlela. le mizamo kumelwe ihlanganise zonke izigaba zomphakathi, kusukela kuhulumeni nakuhulumeni kuya emphakathini wezakhamuzi nezakhamuzi ezivamile.

Imfundo Yasemthethweni Nokuqaphela

Izakhamuzi ezifundisa ngamalungelo azo nendlela isimiso somthetho esisebenza ngayo zizenza zikwazi ukufuna ubulungisa futhi zigcine iziphathimandla zinecala. Izikole, izikhungo zomphakathi, nemithombo yezindaba zingafeza indima ekusakazeni ukufunda okusemthethweni. Izinhlelo ezifundisa abantu indlela yokubhala izikhalo, yokuthola usizo olungokomthetho, nokuhlanganyela ezinkantolo kungandisa kakhulu ukufinyelela kobulungisa.

Ukuzimela Kokwahlulela Nemithombo Yengcebo

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amajaji nochwepheshe bezomthetho basebenza ngaphandle kwethonya lezombangazwe kuyagxeka ngenxa yokungakhethi. Lokhu kudinga ukulondeka, amaholo anele, izinqubo zokumisa ezibonisayo, kanye nesivikelo ekwesatshiswa. Izinkantolo zidinga nemithombo eyanele, kuhlanganise ezobuchwepheshe nezisebenzi, ukuze kusingathwe ukuthweswa kwecala ngokuphumelelayo futhi kuncishiswe izigwebo.

Izinyathelo Ezilwa Nokusetshenziswa Kwawo

Ukusebenzisa izimiso eziqinile zokulwa nokonakala ezimisweni zomthetho kungabuyisela ukwethenjwa komphakathi. Lezi zinyathelo zihlanganisa izimemezelo zemali zezikhulu, izinhlangano ezizimele ezilwa nokukhohlakala, izivikelo zokufutha impepho, nokusebenza kwemithetho eqinile yokulwa nokonakala. Ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke, njengokuhlanganisa iNhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene neSivumelwano sokonakala, kusiza amazwe ukuba ahlanganyele imikhuba emihle kakhulu futhi aphishekele amacala anqamleza imingcele.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokuqondisa Umphakathi

Izinhlangano zomphakathi zingaqondisa ukuqulwa kwenkantolo, zibike ukuxhashazwa, futhi zisekele izinguquko. Izindikimba zamaphoyisa, njengezikhungo zokulandisa nabezomthetho, zinikeza amathuba okuhlanganyela komphakathi nokuhlola umbuso.

Isiphetho

Ukubusa komthetho kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukulandisa nobulungisa emphakathini. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngokulinganayo nangokungakhethi, singavikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, sivimbele ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, futhi sithuthukise ukuzwana kwezenhlalo. Kubalulekile ngezakhamuzi, ohulumeni, nezinhlangano ukuba zisebenze ndawonye ukuze zisekele ukubusa komthetho nokusingatha izinselele ezibhekene nazo. Enkathini yokukhula kwempoqo, ukukhucululwa kwenkululeko, ukuhlelwa komthetho kuhlala kuyisici esinokwethenjelwa kakhulu sokuvikela inkululeko nesithunzi. Njengoba iZizwe Ezihlangene zishilo, umthetho awuyona indlela yokuqeda kodwa ukuphela kwayo ngokwayo — isimo esiyisisekelo sokuthula, ukuthuthuka, nenkululeko, kanye namalungelo abantu.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola i-World Justice Project Around of Law Index ekuhlolweni kwezwe ngezwe, Umthetho weZizwe Ezihlangene wekhasi loMthetho [, kanye noMkhandlu we-Europe's [[FLT:]] i-Venice Commission [ yezindinganiso zokuzibusa ngokwenkululeko yokwahlulela.