Izisekelo Zamalungelo Nenkululeko ERepublic

Kunoma yiliphi irepublic, isivikelo samalungelo nenkululeko asiyona nje icebo elicatshangelwayo kodwa itshe eliyikhombayo elibusayo. Lokhu kugunyazwa − kusuka ekukhulumeni ngokukhululekile kuya enqubweni efanele", veza izimo zezakhamuzi ukuba ziphile ngesizotha, zihlanganyele ekuphileni komphakathi, futhi zigcine abaholi bazo benecala. Ngaphandle kwesimiso esiqinile samalungelo, igepu elizibeka engozini ekwakheni ubushiqela noma ezindaweni ezifanele. Kubafundisi, abenzi bezimiso, nezakhamuzi ezivamile, baqonda ukuthi kungani lezi sivikelo zibalulekile ekulondolozeni izizukulwane ezizayo.

Umqondo werepublic usekelwe embonweni wokuthi uhulumeni uthola igunya lakhe ngokuvunyelwa yilabo ababuswayo. Nokho, lemvume ibaluleke kuphela uma abantu benenkululeko yokukhuluma, yokuhlangana, nesicelo sokuguqula. Amalungelo nenkululeko yiziqinisekiso ezingokomthetho nezingokokuziphatha eziqinisekisa ukuthi lemvume ayiphoqelelwanga noma ayisungulwa. Basebenza njengokuphikisana nokubekwa amandla ezwe, ukuvimbela iningi noma abambalwa abanamandla ekucindezeleni idlanzana. Ngalendlela, amalungelo awanikezwanga uhulumeni kodwa azalwa umuntu ngamunye; umsebenzi weRiphabliki umelwe ukuba uwaqaphele futhi uwavikele.

Ukuchaza Amalungelo Nenkululeko: Umsebenzi Wesisekelo Wenkululeko

Amalungelo nenkululeko zingaqondwa njengengqungquthela yenkululeko nenkululeko enikezwa yibo bonke abantu, okumelwe umbuso uyihloniphe, uyivikele futhi uyifeze. Lezi zihlanganisa inkululeko yomphakathi njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, yenkolo, yokunyathelisa, yokuhlangana, neyenkululeko yomuntu siqu; amalungelo ezombangazwe anjengokuvota nokusebenzela isikhundla; namalungelo ezenhlalo nezomnotho, aqashelwa kakhulu kumaRiphabliki anamuhla, ahlanganisa ukufinyelela imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nesimiso sokwahlulela esilungile. ERepublic esebenzayo, lamalungelo abekwe emthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho noma esemthethweni wamalungelo abantu, anikeza kokubili isivikelo sikahulumeni ngokumelene nokucukuthwa kwamacala nenkemba ukuze afune isahlulelo.

Umehluko phakathi kwamalungelo amabi nawakhayo ubalulekile ukuqaphela. Amalungelo angafanele afuna ukuba umbuso ugweme ukuphazamisa , ngokwesibonelo, ukungahloli inkulumo noma ukusesha amakhaya ngaphandle kwemvume. Amalungelo alungileyo abophela umbuso ukuba uthathe isinyathelo, njengokunikeza iseluleko esingokomthetho komangalelwe noma ukuqinisekisa ukuvunyelwa okulinganayo kwebhokisi le-colot. Zombili lezi zinhlobo zibalulekile. Irepublic evikela amalungelo angemahle kuphela ingabekezelela ukungalingani okukhulu; eyokubeka amalungelo aqondile ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele kungaba nobuthaka. Ukulinganisela kudinga ubuhlakani obungaguquguqukiyo futhi kudinga ukuxokozelelwa njalo ngenqubo yedemokrasi.

Indima Yamalungelo ERepublic: Izinsika Zempilo Yentando Yeningi

Amalungelo nenkululeko kudlala imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi egcina irepublic iqinile futhi iqinile.

  • [ vikela ukuzibusa komuntu siqu nesithunzi. ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso sokuthi incazelo yomuntu, izinkolelo zakhe, nokhetho lwakhe kuyahlonishwa, izakhamuzi azinakuthuthukisa amandla azo agcwele noma zinikele emphakathini. I-Autonomy ispring sespy nentsha.
  • [ Imvume kahulumeni yokuvuna nokubona. Amalungelo anjengenkululeko yokwaziswa nokunyathelisa enza izintatheli nezinja eziqaphile zidalule ukonakala, udoti, nokuxhashazwa. Uma izakhamuzi zingahlola abaholi bazo ngokukhululekile, ingozi yokuthumba impoqo iyehla kakhulu.
  • [[QURT:0] Isivumelwano sokulunga komphakathi nokulingana. Amalungelo anikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho sokubekela inselele ubandlululo olusekelwe ohlazweni, ebulilini, enkolweni, ebuhlotsheni bobulili, noma ekukhubazekeni. Akha izindlela zamaqembu ancishiselwe emaqeleni ukuze afune indawo yawo emphakathini.
  • [ Ukuhlanganisa izivumelwano zomphakathi nokuhlanganyela. Ukufuna isikhundla, ukuhlela amaqembu omphakathi, nokunxusa uhulumeni konke kuyilungelo eliguqula intando yezakhamuzi zingene ezimisweni. Ukuhlanganyela okukhulu kuqinisa ukufaneleka kweriphabliki.

Ukuvikela Umuntu Ngamunye Ozitikayo

Inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye igxile ekujuleni kwefilosofi yezemfundo. Uma umuntu ekwazi ukukhuluma izingqondo zakhe, ukukhulekela ngokuvumelana nonembeza wakhe, noma ukuhlangana ngokukhululekile nabanye, basebenzisa isisekelo esiyinhloko sokuzilawula. iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-United States, ezimweni ezinjenge iWest Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette [1943], yaziwayo ukuthi “akukho mphathi, kukhulu noma okuncane, okungatusa lokho okumelwe kube okusemthethweni kwezombangazwe, ubuzwe, inkolo, noma ezinye izindaba zombono.” Lesimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi umbuso awunakuvumela ukuvumelana nokungavumelani.

Uma kuzibusa kusho ukuthi isakhamuzi singagxeka uhulumeni ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela, siqale iphephandaba noma i-log ukuze silwele imbangela ethile, noma sihlanganyele ekuvukeleni umthetho esiwuthola ungenabulungisa. Lezizenzo zingabonakala zivamile, kodwa ziwumoya - mpilo womphakathi okhululekile. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi uma ukuzibusa kuvinjelwa (hhayie) Jalimane lobuNazi noma eSoviet Union (iRiphabliki) iba yigobolondo, kanti izakhamuzi zincishiswa izihloko.

Ukulandisa Kukahulumeni

Amalungelo nenkululeko kunikeza amathuluzi abalulekile okwenza izikhulu zikahulumeni zibone ukuthi zinecala kubantu. Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo lokucela ukulungiselwa izikhalo, livumela abantu namaqembu ukuba bafune ukuba kuzwakala futhi kukhulunywe ngakho. Inkululeko yezindaba iqinisekisa ukuthi izintatheli eziphenyisisayo zingasivumbulula isono ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa. Futhi ilungelo lokuvota liyindlela yokugcina yokuziphendulela: abaholi abakhaphela ukwethenjwa komphakathi bangasuswa ngokuthula ebhokisini le-colot.

Lokhu kulandisa akuzenzakaleli; kudinga izinhlangano ezisebenzayo zezakhamuzi nezizimele. International Commission of Jultics ifaka imibiko eminingi lapho ukukhukhuleka kwalamalungelo kuvumela ohulumeni ukuba bathathe isinyathelo ngaphandle kokujeziswa. Ngokuphambene, amarepublic alondoloza ukuhlola nokulinganisela okuqinile − njengokuyiNkantolo yeSizwe yaseJalimane yoMthetho-mthetho noma i-South Africa ezimele yamajajijiji [“i-dididiary", agcina amalungelo ekwazi ukulondoloza ngokuphumelelayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Umlando Ophathelene Namalungelo ERepublics: Ukusuka EMagna Carta Kuya ESimemezelweni Somhlaba Wonke

Ukuziphendukela kwamalungelo nenkululeko kumarepublic kuyindaba yokulwa, intuthuko, nokubuya kwemithetho ngezikhathi ezithile. Izincwadi eziyinhloko nezinhlangano ziye zandisa izinga lomuntu onelungelo lamalungelo nokuthi ahlanganisani. Ngezansi kufezwe impumelelo ephawulekayo:

  • IMagna Carta (1215) - ngokuvamile ekhonjwe njengenyathelo lokuqala kuhulumeni olinganiselwe, uMagna Carta wasungula ukuthi ngisho nenkosi yayingaphansi komthetho. Yasungula umqondo wenqubo efanele nokuqulwa icala yijaji, izimiso kamuva zabunjwa ngamaRepublic communshic.
  • Isimemezelo senkululeko (1776] - Samemezela ukuthi bonke abantu “banikwe uMdali wabo amalungelo athile angaphucuzeki, phakathi kwalawa ukuphila, iNkululeko nokuphishekela iNhlanndla.” Lencwadi yenguquko esekelwe ekubuseni kwababuswayo futhi yanikeza icebo lokugumbuqela umashiqela.
  • ISigqi Samalungelo (1791) - Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi e-U.S. uMthetho-sisekelo uvikela ngokuqondile inkululeko yokukhuluma, yenkolo, yezindaba, yesifunda, yesifunda, yesifunda, nesicelo, kanye nesivikelo ekufuneni okungacabangeliyo nasekuzifuneni. Yaba isibonelo kumaRiphabliki amaningi alandelayo.
  • ISimemezelo somhlaba Wonke samalungelo abantu (1948) - - I-General Commission, lencwadi yaqaphela uhlelo olubanzi lwamalungelo ($_civil, ezombangazwe, ezenhlalo, nezomnotho), ngokunokwenzeka njengefa labo bonke abantu. Yabeka isibopho sokuthuthukisa “inhlonipho yomhlaba wonke nokugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu nenkululeko eyisisekelo.”

Ngayinye yalezizingqopha - mlando yandisa isigaba salabo abanamalungelo aqashelwayo. Nokho loluhambo alupheleli. Abesifazane, abantu abanemibala, abantu bomdabu, ne-LGBTQ+ abantu kuye kwadingeka balwe − futhi baqhubeke belwa (kusukela kuvikelwa okufanayo) kwasekuqaleni okugcinelwe amadoda amhlophe aqinisiweyo. i-International Paractal on Civil and Political Rights[ [19666] kanye nezivumelwano ezilandelayo zimelela imizamo eqhubekayo yokwenza amalungelo aphelele ngempela.

Izinselele Zamalungelo Nenkululeko ERepublic Yanamuhla

Naphezu kwamakhulu eminyaka entuthuko, amalungelo nenkululeko kumarepublic ibhekene nezinsongo eziphikelelayo nezisheshayo. Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze uzivikele. Okubaluleke kakhulu kuhlanganisa:

  • [[FLT: 0] izikhulu zokubusa nokuphambuka kwentando yeningi. Emazweni amaningi, abaholi abakhethiwe baye benza buthaka ngokuhlelekile, besabisa abezindaba, futhi bacindezela ukuphikiswa. IHungary, iPoland, neTurkey ziyizibonelo zamanje lapho izinhlangano zamaRiphabliki ziye zaphucwa khona lapho zilondoloza imbonakalo ephambili yokhetho.
  • Imvume elinganisela inkululeko yomphakathi egameni lokulondeka. Ngemva kuka-9/11, uMthetho we-USA PATRIOT wandisa amandla okuhlola futhi wanciphisa ukuqondisa kokwahlulela. Amandla afanayo aye enziwa ngemva kokuhlasela kwamaphekula eFrance, e-United Kingdom, naseNdiya. Nakuba ukulondeka kuyindaba engokomthetho, ukususwa kwamalungelo kwamalungelo kwesikhashana ngokuvamile kuba okuhlala njalo.
  • [[[QT:0] Ukuqapha noqoqo lwemininingwane. Ohulumeni nezinkampani manje banamandla okulawula ukuxhumana, izinhlangano, kanye nezinxulumani. Ngaphandle kwezivikelo eziqinile zomuntu siqu, izakhamuzi zingazivikela, zesaba ukuthi imibono engathandeki ingasetshenziswa kuzo.
  • I-Discope nokuguguleka kokwaziswa okuthenjwayo. Ukusakazeka kokulandisa okungamanga kungalulaza isakhamuzi esinolwazi esincike kuso amarepublic. Uma izakhamuzi zingavumelani ngamaqiniso ayisisekelo, isisekelo esihlanganyelwe ekuhleleni ukuwohloka kwesimiso sombuso wentando yeningi.
  • Ukuhlukanisa nokuhlukanisa kwezombangazwe. ukuhlukana okukhulu kungaholela ekubekeleni imingcele yamalungelo abaphikisi. Ukuzonda inkulumo, ukuhlukumeza, nobudlova ngokumelene neqembu elincane kusongela ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo okulinganayo kubo bonke.

Uhulumeni Onegunya

I-athoritarianism ayifiki njalo ngokuhlasela kwamathangi nokuhlasela phakathi kwamabili. Ngokuvamile, ingena ngezinguquko ezihamba kancane, ezingokomthetho: imithetho emisha evimbela ukungezwani kobugebengu, izinkantolo ezinqwabelaniswe abaqotho, izimiso zokukhetha eziye zavunyelwa abantu abazimele, futhi imithombo yezindaba yathenga noma yathuliswa. IRepublic yaseVenezuela, eyake yaba yidemokrati, yabona amalungelo ayo encishiswa njengoMongameli uHugo Cávez nomlandeli wakhe uNicolás Maduro owenziwe isikhungo sobusekeli sobunyelele, futhi iqeda ukuphikiswa. Umphumela ube yinhlekelele yezigidi zabantu ababaleka kulelizwe.

Ukuze amelane nokuphambuka okunjalo, ama - republic awadingi nje isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo kodwa futhi adinga imfundo eqaphile yezakhamuzi, ukukhishwa kwamaphephandaba okuzimele, nezinhlangano zomphakathi eziqinile yisimiso sokuzivikela komzimba esingasibona futhi silwe nezifo ezithathelwanayo eziwubushiqela.

Ukubekwa Kwemithetho Nenkululeko Yangaphakathi: Inkinga Yokulondeka

Ezikhathini zenhlekelele − impi, ubuphekula, ubhadane, uhulumeni uvame ukumisa izinyathelo eziphuthumayo ezinciphisa amalungelo, ezithi zidinga ukuzuzisa umphakathi. Inkinga iwukuthi lapho inikezwa, lemibuso ayivamile ukunyamalala. I-United Kingdom’s Terrorism Act 2000, ekuqaleni yayihloselwe ukumiswa kwesikhashana, ihlala isebenza ngokulungisa izinto eziningi. Ngokufanayo, isifundazwe saseFrance esiphuthumayo ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-2005 sesaholela ezinguquko ezihlala njalo emaphoyiseni, kuhlanganise nekhono lokubeka abantu ababoshweni ngaphandle kokubukezwa kwenkantolo.

Lemithetho ingaba nomphumela oshaqisayo ekuphikisaneni. Ngokwesibonelo, abashisekeli bendawo ezungezile nezintatheli ezihlanganisa ukubhikisha bangase bazithole behloselwe “izimiso” ezingacacile. Izimiso zeRepublic zifuna ukuba noma ikuphi ukulinganisela kwamalungelo kudingeke ngokuphelele, kulinganiswe, futhi kuhlolwe njalo. inelungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga [, kuhlanganise nokuthola incazelo engokomthetho kanye nokukholelwa ekutheni umsulwa, akumelwe kuhlawulwe ngegama lokuthethelela okulungile.

Indima Yemfundo Ekuthuthukiseni Amalungelo Nenkululeko

Imfundo injini esekela ukuzinikela kweriphabliki emalungelweni. Uma izakhamuzi ziwaqonda amalungelo azo, zithambekele kakhulu ekuwasebenziseni, ekuwavikeleni, nasekufuneni ukulandisa lapho ephulwa.

Imfundo ebanzi ngamalungelo kufanele ihlanganise izici eziningana:

  • [ ulwazi lwezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo nomthetho. Abafundi kufanele bafunde izivikelo ezithile kumthetho-mthetho wezwe labo, indlela izinkantolo ezizichaza ngayo, nendlela abantu abavamile abangafinyelela ngayo kulezozivikelo.
  • [ Amakhono okucabanga. Ikhono lokuhlola imithombo, ukuqapha inkulumo - ze, nokuhlukanisa phakathi kweqiniso nombono kubalulekile ekwakheni izakhamuzi ezinolwazi. Izinhlelo zokufunda nokubhala ziya ngokuqhubekayo esikhathini sokungatholi ulwazi.
  • Ukuqaphela okungokobuzwe. Ukuqonda ukulwela amalungelo(inhlangano yokuqeda, imikhankaso yabesifazane yokulwela amalungelo omphakathi, ukulwela ubukhosi bendawo] kunikeza abafundi umbono wokuthi lempumelelo ingantekenteke kangakanani nokuthi umsebenzi ungakanani.
  • Ingxenye esebenzayo. Imfundo ye-Civic akumelwe ibe yiyo ecatshangelwayo. Imfaniso yemihlangano yehholo ledolobha, ukuvivinywa komgconwa, nokhetho lwesikole kusiza abafundi ukuba basebenzise isithembiso sokuthembisana. Imisebenzi yokufundisa inkonzo ihlanganisa ulwazi lwekilasi nezwe langempela lokufunda.
  • Ukuqaphela ukwahlukahluka. Irepublic evikela amalungelo abo bonke kumelwe ihlakulele uzwela nenhlonipho phakathi kwemigqa yomehluko. Imfundo eqokomisa iminikelo nokuhlangenwe nakho kwamaqembu ahlukene ilahla ubandlululo oluqeda amalungelo.

Amazwe afaka imali emfundweni esekelwe kumalungelo avuna imivuzo emide. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlelo zokufundisa ngamalungelo abantu ezisungulwe uMkhandlu waseYurophu usungulwe yizifunda eziningi ezingamalungu, usiza abafundi ukuba babe izakhamuzi ezikhuthele nezinomthwalo wemfanelo. Ngokufanayo, uhlelo lwezifundo lwangemva kwe-aparted lugcizelela izindinganiso zomthetho-mthetho kanye nokulungiswa kobulungisa.

Isiphetho: Ukuvikela Amalungelo Njengomthwalo Wemfanelo Oqhubekayo

Ukubaluleka kwamalungelo nenkululeko eriphabliki akunakuchazwa ngokungaphezulu. Ziyimicikilisho ehlanganisa isithunzi somuntu ngamunye, ukulandisa kukahulumeni, nobulungisa bezenhlalo. Ngaphandle kwazo, irepublic imane iyigama elisemthethweni elingokomthetho lalokho okukhona, okusebenza, ubushiqela beningi noma ubushiqela obukhethiweyo. Ukulwa okungokomlando kwenkululeko ye-Precillation . Ukusukela kuMagna Carta ukuya kuSimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke (*) kubonisa ukuthi amalungelo anganweba anda, kodwa futhi angavumelana. Ikhulu lama-21 kakade liye labona ukuncipha kwenkululeko yentando yeningi noma ukulawulwa kwentando yeningi, ezinye izizwe ezibuyela emuva ekubushicini kobushiqela kuyilapho ezinye zizama ukulinganisela ukulondeka nokuzikhulula.

Kuzakhamuzi nabafundisi, umsebenzi ucacile: kumelwe siwaqonde ngokujulile amalungelo, siwavikele ngamandla, futhi siwafundise ngokwethembeka. Lokhu kusho ukungathathi qhinga inkululeko. Kusho ukukhuluma lapho isazi sezombangazwe sisongela abezindaba, ukuthatha izikhalo lapho ilungelo lokuhlangana livinjelwe, nokuvota abaholi abasekela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Kusho futhi ukuvuma ukuthi amalungelo ahambisana nemithwalo yemfanelo, ukuhlonipha amalungelo abanye, ukuhlanganyela ekuphileni komphakathi, nokubambelela thina nezinhlangano zethu ezisekelwe ezindinganisweni eziphakeme zobulungisa.

Ingadi edinga ukunakekelwa njalo, amalungelo nenkululeko yinhlabathi, amanzi, nokukhanya kwelanga okukuvumela ukuba kuchume. Masizihlakulele ngokunakekela ezikufanele, siqinisekise ukuthi izizukulwane ezizayo zidla ifa lomphakathi lapho inkululeko nokulingana kungelona nje amazwi kodwa kuyinto engokoqobo.