Isisekelo Esingokomlando Samalungelo Okulingana Komthetho - sisekelo

Isimiso sokuthi bonke abantu bafanelwe ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo ngaphambi kokuba umthetho ungaveli ngokugcwele. Saqala phakathi namakhulu eminyaka ukulwa nezikhulu eziqinile − ubugqila, ubufanda, ukubusa kwekoloni, nemithetho ebekwe ngokucacile abantu ababebekwa isigaba sokuzalwa, uhlanga, noma ubulili. E-United States, imibhalo yokusungulwa kwekhulu le-18 leminyaka yamemezela ukuthi “bonke abantu badalwe belingana,” kodwa wona loMthetho-sisekelo ofanayo wasekela ubugqila bengxoxo. Lokho kuphikisana kwamisa isigaba sokuncintisana okude kakhulu nokubuhlungu ukuze kuguqulele ukulingana okungaqondakaliyo ekuqinisekini umthetho we-sisekelo.

Amalungelo okulingana njengoba siwazi namuhla abangelwa kakhulu izinhlangano ezinkulu zenkululeko yekhulu lekhulu le-19 nelama-20. Ukuqedwa kobugqila eMbusweni waseBrithani (1863), i-United States (1865), kanye nakwezinye izindawo kwachithwa, kodwa ukuncitshiswa okungokomthetho kuphela akuzange kugcine ukuma okulinganayo. IziNguqulo zenkululeko ze-U.S._iMithetho-Constantitution [iMithetho-P] yeshumi namashumi ayishumi nanhlanu, neshumi elinesihlanu (i-15) ne-i-i-isiqinisekiso sokuvikelwa okulinganayo kanye namalungelo okuvota, nakuba isithembiso saso sakhashelwa ngokushesha imithetho ye-Crow nemithetho ehlukanisayo namalungelo engokomthetho phakathi komkhaya, kodwa saqhubeka sezeze zezeluleko, izemfundo yomthetho eqinile, kodwa i-192066, futhi i-ekhohlose ngokomthetho womthetho omthetho owenziwayo.[FL:].[FL:].[FL:1][FL:1][F1] [FL:1

Izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi zaletha ukuphuthuma okusha okungokomthetho nokungokokuziphatha phakathi kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka. E-United States, Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (11954] yagumbuqela imfundiso “ehlukene kodwa elingana”, kuyilapho i-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 kanye ne-Voting Rights Act ka-1965 Act ka-1965 egunyaziwe yezimiso zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho. Ize ihlanganise: emhlabeni wonke, ukuhlaziywa kwamalungelo abantu nokuphakama kwezizwe nge-onke i-oversal Declaract of Human Rights Declation of Human Rights (1988).[8]

  • Ukumukelwa kwe - Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982), engxenyeni yayo 15 iqinisekisa ukulingana ngaphandle kokucwaswa.
  • UMthetho - sisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika (1996) owenqabela ngokuqondile ukubandlululwa ngezizathu eziningi futhi uvumela ukuvuma.
  • Ukwanda kwemithetho elinganayo eNkantolo YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 14 se - European Convention.

Amalungiselelo Omthetho - sisekelo Okulingana

Imithetho-mthetho yanamuhla ivame ukuhlanganisa izivumelwano ezimbili ezithi: ukulingana kwemisho kanye nokukhipha okungahlukanisi. Isigaba esivamile sisebenzisa ulimi olufana “bonke abantu bayalingana phambi komthetho futhi banelungelo lokuvikelwa ngokulinganayo komthetho.” Izinhlu zezigaba ezingaguquguquki ezivinjelwe, ngokuvamile ezihlanganisa uhlanga, ubulili, ubuzwe, ukukhubazeka, ukubheka ubulili, kanye nobudala. Eminye imiyalo ihlanganisa nesimiso somthetho noma isibopho sombuso sokuthuthukisa ukulingana ngezindlela eziqondile.

Isivikelo Esilinganayo Nenzuzo Elinganayo

I-Umeal Protection Clause yeSichibiyelo se-U.S. 14th yisibonelo esinethonya elikhulu kakhulu ekuvimbeleni umthetho kahulumeni wonke. Iyala ukuthi akukho mbuso “ozodela noma ubani ongaphansi kwegunya lawo ukuvikelwa okufanayo kwemithetho.” Izinkantolo ziye zasebenzisa lesi sigqebhezana zisebenzisa i-universethiss ngokucubungula: ukucubungula ngokuqinile izimpawu ezifana nohlanga, ukucubungula phakathi nobude bemithetho engokomnotho nezenhlalo. ECanada, isigaba se-15 se-Chareter sivikela isilinganiso “phambi nangaphansi komthetho” kanye nenzuzo elinganayo yomthetho, ukulingana nokulinganiswa komthetho, "ukuhlola okubonisa ukuthi kokubili ukulingana nokulingana.

Ingxenye 9 ye-South Africa iphakathi kwe-odad enkulu kakhulu, inqabela ubandlululo olungalungile ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile futhi ivumela ngokusobala izenzo zokuvuma. INkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo iye yathi ukulingana kuhlanganisa kokubili ilungelo lokungahlukaniswa nelungelo lokuthatha izinyathelo zokufinyelela ukulingana okuphelele. Le miphetho emibili ibonisa ukushintshwa kwendlela yokulingana [ [ukusetshenziswa njengamacala] ukulingana [[FLT]]] okungalinganiyo (uqaphela ukuthi ukwenziwa kwezenzo ezifanayo kungabangela ukungalingani).

Ukuqedwa Kobandlululo

Uhlelo olucacile lwezisekelo ezenqatshelwe lunzima ngoba lubonisa ukuthi amaqembu aye abhekana nokuncishiswa kwemingcele ngokomlando futhi lubonisa isibopho sikahulumeni sokulungisa lowomlando. Imithetho-mthetho eminingi ihlanganisa isigaba esiphinde sisetshenziswe njenga “noma yisiphi esinye isizathu” sokuvumela ukuqonda okungaqondakali kobandlululo. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo wase-India (u-Article 15) uvimbela ukucwaswa ngenxa yezizathu zenkolo, uhlanga, ubulili, noma indawo yokuzalelwa, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yafunda ngazo isivikelo esisekelwe ekubukelweni kobulili. Ngokufanayo, imfundiso ye-Canadian Chater’s ivikela ezigabeni ezintsha esikhathini eside.

Isenzo Esiqinile Nezibopho Eziqondile

Amalungelo okulingana awawona nje amaphutha kuphela, kodwa avame ukubeka imisebenzi engcono kumbuso. Amalungiselelo okuqinisekisa avumela noma afuna ukuba uhulumeni athathe izinyathelo ezingcono kumaqembu ahluphekayo ngokomlando. UMthetho-sisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika ucacile: “Ukuthuthukisa ukufezwa kokulingana, ukumiswa kwemithetho nezinye izinyathelo eziklanyelwe ukuvikela noma ukuqhubekisa phambili abantu, noma izigaba zabantu, abacwaswa ngokungakhethi zingathathwa.” Amalungiselelo anjalo aqaphela ukuthi ukulingana kudinga ukulinganisela okudinga ukulinganisela inkundla, hhayi nje ukuqeda imithetho yokudlala.

Ukuchaza Ukwahlulela Nezindinganiso Zokubukeza

Izinkantolo zivikela amalungelo alinganayo. Izici zazo ezichazayo zihlela indlela izithembiso zomthetho-sisekelo eziguqula ngayo izivikelo zezwe langempela. Abahluleli kumelwe balinganisele isidingo sokulungisa ukucwaswa kwangesikhathi esidlule ezimisweni ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni, njengokuphepha komphakathi noma ukulondeka kwesizwe.

E-United States, ukuhlola okunemigqa kuye kwaphumela erekhodini eliqinile kodwa elingalingani. Ukuhlola okuqinile kuye kwasetshenziselwa ukuqeda izimiso zokuhlukanisa ngokohlanga kanye nokuthungatha abantu abafudukayo, kodwa kuye kwasetshenziswa ngokungaguquguquki ekuvumeni izigigaba. Icala lengqoko yesifunda ] i-Regents zeYunivesithi yaseCalifornia v. Bakke[[FLT] [1988] [778] luye luvumele uhlanga lube isici ekuvumeleni kodwa luvimbeleni imingcele, futhi kamuva izinqumo ziye zanciphisa imingcele evunyelwe. Izenzakalo zokucwaswa kwecala zithola ukuhlolwa okuphakathi, njengoba kusungulwe [[FLT:]. [FLT] v[FLT] [FLT]] [FLT]] [3] [3]], okudinga uhulumeni ukuba ubonise “imithetho egunyazayo” ngenxa yemithetho ethonyayo.

Ezinye izifundazwe zisebenzisa ukuhlolwa okungokwe-authorial. Ingxenye 15 yaseCanada ihlanganisa izinyathelo ezimbili: okokuqala, ukuthi umthetho udala umehluko othwesa umthwalo noma ugodla inzuzo esekelwe esabelweni esibaliwe noma esine-athomo; okwesibili, ukuthi umehluko uhlukanisa phakathi komqondo ophansi. `````''' ukhuthaza ubandlululo noma izilinganiso ezibanzi.' INkantolo Ephakeme yaseCanada' iveza isinqumo se-. R.[[FLT: 1]] (2008]) icacisa ukuthi umehluko awuwe-kulingani; ukugxila ukuthi umehluko usholo lunemiphumela yokungahleleki.

INkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo yaseNingizimu Afrika isebenzisa ukuhlolwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kobandlululo olungenabulungisa. Ngaphansi kwe-9 Ingxenye, ukucwaswa kucatshangelwa njengokungalungile uma kusendaweni esohlwini, futhi umphikisi kumelwe abonise ukuthi kulungile. Inkantolo icabangela isikhundla sonogaxa-mthetho emphakathini, injongo yobandlululo, futhi ukuthi kukhubaza isithunzi sabo sobuntu. Lokhu kuthatha isinyathelo, esisungulwe Harksen v. Lane [1997], ibeka umthwalo onzima esisobala esifundayo esifundayo.

Izimiso zokwahlulela eziyinhloko eziye zavela ngalé kwemingcele zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuhlola [ kokuhlela okusekelwe ngokohlanga, ubuzwe, noma umsuka wezwe, kudinga isithakazelo sikahulumeni esiphoqelelayo nokulungisa okuncane.
  • Ukuhlola okuphakathi [ ukuhlelwa kwezindlela ezisekelwe ebulilini, kudinga isithakazelo sikahulumeni esibalulekile kanye nobuhlobo obuqinile emgomweni.
  • Isisekelo sesisekelo se- ukubukeza kwezinye izigaba, lapho umthetho kumele umane uhlobane ngokunengqondo nenjongo kahulumeni esemthethweni.
  • Ukuqaphela ukuthi ubandlululo olungaqondile (ithonya elingaqondile) kungaphula amalungelo okulingana ngisho noma umthetho ungathathi hlangothi ebusweni.
  • Ukugwenywa kobandlululo okusekelwe emibonweni evamile nakulokho okucatshangelwayo ngamaqembu, okuphambene nokungafani kwangempela.

Izinselele Zangaphambili Kumalungelo Okulingana

Naphezu kwesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo, igebe phakathi kwezimiso zomthetho nokuhlangenwe nakho okuphilayo liselikhulu.ubandlululo lwesimiso sokuziphatha, ubulili, nokumelana ne - LGBTQ kuyaqhubeka ngisho nasemiphakathini ethuthuka kakhulu.

Ubandlululo Lobuhlanga Nobudlova Bamaphoyisa

Ukulingana komthetho-mthetho akukuqedanga ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga ekwahluleleni komthetho wobugebengu, izindlu, umsebenzi, nempilo. E-United States, umzabalazo onjengo-Black LiveMatter uye waqokomisa indlela ukuhlukanisa ngokohlanga, ukusebenzisa amandla ngokweqile, nokuthumba ngobuningi okuthinta ngayo imiphakathi yabamnyama nababhishobhi. Izinkantolo ngezinye izikhathi bezimadolonzima ukuthola ukuphulwa komthetho-mthetho ezindleleni zezimiso, okudinga ubufakazi bokucwaswa kwenhloso “injongo” ebekwe ku- indinganiso ye-Shyhington v. [186]. Lokhu kuphikisana nemithetho enjenge-Canada ne-South Africa, lapho izinkantolo zizimisele kakhulu ukucabangela imiphumela ehlukanisa.

Ukungalingani Kohlanga Emsebenzini

Ukulingana komthetho-mthetho akusivali igebe leholo lobulili, elikhona emazweni amaningi. Ukunqoba okungokomthetho njengokukhokha umthetho olinganayo nemithetho emelene nokungavumelani komthetho-mthetho kuye kwenza umehluko, kodwa ukuhlukanisa emsebenzini, ubandlululo olungekho, nokungakhathalelwa kwabantwana okungafikeleleki kuyaqhubeka kuvimbela abesifazane. Eminye imithetho eqinisekisa ngokucacile ukuthi ikhokha imali elinganayo ngomsebenzi olinganayo, kodwa izimiso zokuqinisekisa ngokuvamile zibuthakathaka. Umzabalazo # MeToo uye wadalula indlela ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili (ukucwaswa kobulili) okuwuhlobo olusakaze ngayo naphezu kwesivikelo somthetho-mthetho.

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo Nokukhululwa Kwenkolo

Ukulingana kwamalungelo e-LGBTQ+ abantu kuye kwakhula ngokuphawulekayo emashumini eminyaka amuva, njengoba imithetho-mthetho eminingi manje isivikela ukukhula obulili kanye nokubunjwa kwabantu. Isinqumo seNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. ku obergefell v. Hodges [2011] [2011] saqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-mgaqo-mganiso kumshado ofanayo. Nokho, izingxabano ziye zavela phakathi kwamalungelo alinganayo kanye nemibono yenkululeko engokwenkolo. Icala elinjenge Amakhekheshi e-kethi embala. [ivolovolovel Commorado Rights Comment Commissiontion [[FLT]] (2011]) ku-U.S. kanye nezenzakalo ezifanayo eCanada futhi zibonisa ubunzima obuphakathi kwenkululeko ephakathi kwekhulu ne-LGgen.

Ukungalingani Kwezomnotho Nokuthola Ubulungisa

Amalungelo oMthetho womthetho olinganayo ngokuyinhloko asingatha ukucwasana, hhayi ukuhluka kwezomnotho. Nakuba eminye imithetho-mthetho ihlanganisa amalungelo ezenhlalo nawezomnotho (umz., ilungelo le-Afrika eNingizimu ye-Afrikha lokuthola izindlu, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nemfundo), eminingi ayinjalo. Umphumela uwukuthi umuntu ocebile angathola izimpawu eziphezulu ezingokomthetho zokuqinisekisa amalungelo akhe okulingana, kuyilapho umuntu ompofu engakwazi. Ukuhlukanisa, izimali zenkantolo, nezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zidala isimiso esinezekele isithembiso sokuvikela okulinganayo. Amanye amaqembu esizwe ayizigebekele inselele ekubekeleni imibandela efuna ukulingana, njengalokhu kunciphisa usizo lwezenhlalakahle noma intela eqenjini.

Indima Yomphakathi Wasebuthweni Nezembutho

Izinhlangano zezephula - mthetho zibalulekile ekuhumusheni amalungelo okulingana angokomthetho aguquke kakhulu.

  • [ I-Litigation - - Iletha amacala okuhlola ukuze kucaciswe futhi kwandiswe izivikelo ezilinganayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) ibilokhu iphambili ezinselele kuya emithethweni yokulahla, kusukela ekuhlukaniseni kuya ekulinganiseni umshado.
  • [ Imfundo yezentengiselwano - - Imikhankaso yokugijima ukuze kwazise abantu ngamalungelo abo nokuguqula umbono womphakathi ngezindaba ezilinganayo. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Human Rights Campainsence ne-Ukulingana Manje zisebenzisa imithombo yezokuxhumana, imibiko, nezenzakalo ukuze ziphakamise ukuqapha.
  • I-protholic i-accompany - Izishaya-mthetho ezibophayo zokudlulisa imithetho eqinile nokuxhasa izinhlangano zokugcinwa kwemithetho. Amaqembu amaningi aye aqhubela phambili imithetho emisha yokuzonda ubugebengu, ukukhokha izimfuneko zokubona ngalé, nezimiso zokuvota ezifinyelelekayo.
  • Isakhiwo sokuhlanganisa - - ukuhlanganisa imiphakathi ehlukene ukuze ifuna ukulingana. Izinqubo ezihlukene ezikhuluma ngezenzakalo ezilandelanayo zobandlululo, ubulili, ne homophobia ziqashelwa kakhulu njengokubalulekile.

Izibonelo eziphumelelayo zobuthakathi obuholela ekushintsheni komthetho-sisekelo zihlanganisa umkhankaso wokufakwa kokuthambekela kobulili njengesizathu esinqatshelwe e-Chater yaseCanada (ebekwe ngencazelo yokwahlulela ku-] Egan v. Canada[, 1995]) kanye nomzabalazo eNingizimu Afrika wokuhlanganisa amalungelo ezomnotho ezenhlalo nezomnotho eqenjini lemithetho-sisekelo.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Namalungelo Abantu Ezizwe Zonke

Amalungelo okulingana e-Constitution akakho entweni ekhona. Ayathonywa kakhulu umthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe zonke. Izivumelwano ezinjenge-International Partive on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) ne-Convention yokususwa kwazo zonke Izinhlobo zobandlululo kubesifazane (CEDAW) zimise izindinganiso ezivame ukushiwo izinkantolo. I-African Charter on Human and People’s Convention on Human Rights nayo iveza ukulingana kwezimiso zobuntu ezifundazweni zazo.

Amanye amazwe aye afaka umthetho wezizwe ezimisweni zawo zomthetho zasekhaya ngokuqondile. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika ufuna ukuba izinkantolo zicabangele umthetho wezizwe zonke lapho zichaza iBhili yamalunge. INkantolo ePhakamileyo yaseCanada iye yabhekisela ngokungaguquki emacicimbini alwela amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke ekuchazeni i-Curt 15. Transnational meechague memotion memorial membrations aycinements antificing thisss antificiement promss prom prom thificial prom prom prom prom promsssm provivivivivial arder.

Isiphetho: Umsebenzi Ongancishisiwe Wokulingana

Amalungelo okulingana eMithetho-siseko aphakathi kwamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu umphakathi ongawasebenzisa ngokumelene nokungabi nabulungisa. Baveza isibopho esihlangene sokuhlonipheka kobuntu futhi banikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho sokubekela inselele ubandlululo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zalo. Nokho imithetho-mthetho ayikona ukuzibulala. Igebe phakathi kwesithembiso sokuvikela okulinganayo namaqiniso okungalingani kwezimiso lidinga ukuqapha njalo, ukuqapha, nokugcinwa.

Ukuqonda imvelaphi engokomlando, amalungiselelo ayinhloko, izinhlelo eziyisisekelo, kanye nezinselele eziqhubekayo zamalungelo okulingana komthetho-sisekelo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohileleke ekulweleni umphakathi onobulungisa. Intuthuko iye yaba ngokoqobo futhi ibalulekile, kodwa ayinakugwenywa. Njengoba izinhlobo ezintsha zobandlululo zivela − ngobandlululo olusekelwe kumthetho wemithetho, ukungalungisi, noma ukuwohloka kwezimiso zentando yeningi, [1] isimiso somthetho-sisekelo sokuthi wonke umuntu unelungelo lokukhathalela nokuhloniphana. Umsebenzi wokulingana uhlala njalo, futhi lomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo uyaqhubeka uyisisekelo sawo.

[[I]0] ngokuphindaphinde ufunde:[[[QUL:1]