Ukuqashelwa Kwezigwegwe

Ukulingwa kwezigebengu kuyisisekelo sesimiso somthetho wokwahlulela e-United States. Kuyikho ukuhlelwa kwesimiso sokuqulwa kwecala ukuze kufakazelwe icala futhi kuvinjelwe ukuphikisa icala likahulumeni, konke ngaphansi kokuqondisa komahluleli ongakhethi. Izindlela ezilawula lezi zimo ziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amacala alungile, ukuvikela amalungelo omangalelwa, nokugcina ukuthembela komphakathi enkantolo. Isigaba ngasinye ("ukusukela ekukhetheni ijaji ukuya esinqumweni sokugcina isigwebo) kusekwengamele isisekelo somthetho, imithetho yobufakazi, nomthetho we-procedro. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo akuyona nje into ebalulekile kubafundi bezomthetho nabafundisi, kodwa futhi nakunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi ukwahlulela kunikezwa kanjani emacala ebugebenguni.

Izimiso ezilandelanayo eziqondisa izinqubo zokuhlola zihlanganisa umbono wokungasoleki, umthwalo womshushisi wokubonisa icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo, nelungelo lommangalelwa lokuqulwa kwecala elilungile nelisobala. Lezizimiso zifakwe eMthethweni weSichibiyelo kanye namanye amalungiselelo omthetho. Nakuba icala ngalinye lihlukile, isimo esiyisisekelo sokuqulwa kwecala sihlala siqinile, sinikeza inqubo eqinisekile elinganisela inzuzo yombuso namalungelo omuntu.

Ukucabangela Kwangaphambi Kokuqala

Ngaphambi kokuba icala liqale, kuvele izinyathelo ezimbalwa ezibucayi ezilawulayo. Ngemva kokuba ummangalelwa ebekwe icala, kubekwe icala lapho kufundwa khona amacala futhi kungene isikhalo. Uma ummangalelwa encenga engenacala, icala liqhubekela ekuqulweni. Ukuthatha izinyathelo zecala. Ukuthatha amaza okuhlola, ukuthatha isinyathelo sokucindezela ubufakazi, ukuthatha isinyathelo e-limine, noma ukuthatha isinyathelo sokushintsha indawo, kubekwe futhi kunqunywe umahluleli. Ukuhlolwa kuvumela ukuba zombili izinhlangothi zishintshane nohlu lofakazi. Lezigaba zangaphambi kwe-prefraum zibalulekile ekuqualeni komthetho futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqukwa kwecala ngokwako kugxile emaqinisweni nasemthethwenisweni. Nakuba kungezona ingxenye yokuqulwa kwecala, kuthinta ngokuqondile lokho abahluleli abazo okuzokubona futhi bakuzwe.

Izigcawu Zokuqulwa Kwecala Lesigebengu

Icala lobugebengu liqhubeka ngochungechunge oluchazwe kahle. isigaba ngasinye sinenjongo ehlukile futhi silawulwa imithetho ethile. Izingxenye ezilandelayo zichaza lezi zigaba ngokuningiliziwe.

Ukukhetha I - Jury (I - voir Dire)

Icala liqala ngokukhethwa kwabahluleli, okwaziwa ngokuthi i-voir black. Phakathi nosizi, umahluleli nabameli babuza abangase babe abahluleli ukuba banqume ukungakhethi kwabo nekhono lokunquma icala ngokusekelwe ebufakazini. Umgomo ukubeka i-monila ye-panel i-proconstal elungile futhi engagwegwesi. Ama-athone angamelana nenselele yezimo (umz., ukucwasa, ulwazi lwangaphambi kolwazi lwamajaji) futhi futhi angasebenzisa inani elilinganiselwe lezinselele zokuzifihla, elibavumela ukuba balahle ijaji ngaphandle kokusho isizathu. Nokho, izinselele zokuzifihla ngeke zisetshenziswe ekusebenziseni indlela yokulawula, njengoba kwasungulwa [FL:0] BBson.[FFopvo] futhi ngokulandelana kwezelele inqubo ebucayi yokulawula inqubo yokuqunga.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Ngemva kokuba abahluleli befungele, abamangaleli nabalweli banikeza izitatimende zokuvula. Abashushisi baqala ngokunikeza ukucathula kobufakazi obuhloselwe ukubuletha kanye nenkolelo - mbono yecala. Ukuvikela kungase kuveze amazwi okuvula ngokushesha ngemva kokuqulwa noma ukugcinwa kwayo kuze kube ngemva kwecala lomshushisi uHinēristhoppap. Izinkulumo zokuvula akuzona izimpikiswano; ziwukubonakaliswa kwalokho uhlangothi ngalunye olulindele ukububonisa. Ama-Attorney awavunyelwe ukuphikisa noma ukudlulisa imizwelo lapho kuvulwa. Izinkulumo zokuvula zisiza abahluleli ukuba baqonde umongo wobufakazi futhi bagxile ezindabeni eziyinhloko.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Ingxenye eyinhloko yalelicala ukunikeza ubufakazi. Umshushisi uthwele umthwalo wobufakazi futhi uveza icala lakhe kuqala. Ubufakazi bungaba ubufakazi (ofakazi), ukwaziswa okubhaliwe (izikhali, amarekhodi), noma okungokoqobo (izikhali, iminwe). Umshushisi ubiza ofakazi nokuhlolwa okuqondile, okuthi ngemva kwalokho ulwelo lwecala lube nethuba lokuwela ngaphandle kwe-presexutamine. Ngemva kokubekwa kwecala, isivikelo singanikeza ubufakazi balo siqu, kuhlanganise nokubiza ofakazi nokuveza imibukiso. Isivikelo singase sikhethe ukunikeza ubufakazi ngaphandle kokukholelwa ukuthi ukumangalelwa kuhlulekile ukuhlangabezana nomthwalo walo. Ngokuphuma kobufakazi, abameli bangaveza imibuzo noma ukubuveza, futhi bahlulele imithetho. Ubufakazi ikakhulukazi, ubufakazi be-Federal Aultstions, buye buye babusa iziqondiso ezika kakhulu. Izehlulelweni ezika umthetho ezika kakhulu.

Ukuhlola Okuqondile Nokuhlukanisa

Ukuhlola ngokuqondile kuvumela omunye ukuba abuze ofakazi bakhe siqu ukuba bathole ubufakazi obuhle. Ukuhola imibuzo ngokuvamile kwenqatshelwe phakathi nokuhlola okuqondile ukuze kugwenywe ukuqondisa. Ukuhlola komphikisi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuvumela lowo ophikisayo ukuba ahlole ukwethenjelwa kofakazi, adalule ukungavumelani, futhi avume. I-cross à reaximiners ingasebenzisa imibuzo eholela. Ukuhlola kokuhlola kobufakazi kungalandela ukucacisa noma ukuguqula ubufakazi ngemva kwesiphambano. Ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, isiqinisekiso seSiphemende seSikhathi, iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuzivikela kunethuba elibalulekile lokunqamleza i-Prexaminessaine egcons.

Izinhlobo Zobufakazi

Ubufakazi bubekwa njengengxenye eqondile noma eqondile. Ubufakazi obuqondile, njengobufakazi bokuzibonela ukuthi ummangalelwa uye wenza ubugebengu, bufakazela ngokuqondile iqiniso. Ubufakazi obuyikho kudinga isiqinisekiso sokubuhlanganisa neqiniso, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthola iminwe yommangalelwa esithombeni esisobala. Zombili lezi zinhlobo zingaba ezanele ukusekela ukuqiniseka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ofakazi abangochwepheshe bangafakazela uma ulwazi lwabo olukhethekile luzosiza ijaji. Ukungaqondisi kobufakazi obungochwepheshe kulawulwa ngezindinganiso ezinjenge noma [FLT:] [FLT] [FLT] [f]

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Ngemva kokuba bonke ubufakazi bunikezelwe, abameli banikeza izimpikiswano zokuphetha. Izimpikiswano zokuvala ziyithuba lokugcina lohlangothi ngalunye lokunxenxa ijaji. Ukushushisa kuphikisa ukuthi kungani ubufakazi bubonisa icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo, kuyilapho ukuzivikela kuqokomisa ubuthakathaka, ukungavumelani, noma ukungabi nabufakazi. Ama-Attorney angasho ubufakazi futhi enze incazelo enengqondo, kodwa angakwazi ukuwulahla umthetho noma ahileleke ekunxuseni okungafanele. Ukumangalela kunikeza impikiswano yokuqala yokuphetha, elandelwa yisivikelo, futhi ingxebe ingase inikeze ukuvalela okuphumelelayo.

Iziqondiso Zokuxoxa

Ngaphambi kokuba abahluleli baqale ukuqagela, ijaji lifunda iziyalezo zejaji (zibizwa nangokuthi icala). Lezi ziyalezo zichaza umthetho ofanele, izici zecala, umthwalo wobufakazi, nezimfuneko zokufinyelela isinqumo. Ijaji lingase futhi linikeze iziyalezo emacaleni angaphansi kwamacala ahlanganisiwe uma esekelwa ubufakazi. Bobameli ngokuvamile baveza iziyalezo, futhi ijaji linquma ukuthi yisiphi isiyalezo. Ijaji kumelwe lisebenzise umthetho njengoba liyaliwe, futhi akumelwe licabangele isijeziso esingenzeka. Iziqondiso zingaqondisa icebo lejaji futhi zigxeke isinqumo esingokomthetho.

Ukuzimela

Ijaji libe selithatha umhlala - phansi lifake icala lesinqumo ukuze lidingidane ngasese. Phakathi nengxoxo eyimfihlo, abahluleli babukeza ubufakazi, baxoxe ngethemba lofakazi, futhi basebenzise iziyalezo zomahluleli. Umgomo ukufinyelela isinqumo esihlangene emacaleni obugebengu (enkantolo kahulumeni nasezinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni). Uma ijaji lingakwazi ukufinyelela isinqumo esihlangene ngemva kwesikhathi esifanelekile, ijaji lingase likhiphe icala elingafanele ngenxa yejaji elilengisiwe. Kuleso senzakalo, ukuqulwa kwecala kungalingalingalingaza lelicala.

Isithethi somyalo

Icala liphetha ngesinqumo sabahluleli. Umphathi umemezela isinqumo enkantolo evulekile, futhi umahluleli angahlola abahluleli ngabanye ukuze aqinisekise isivumelwano ngasinye sejaji ngalinye. Isinqumo “ongenacala” sikhulula ummangalelwa futhi siqule izigwebo ngaphansi kwecala le-Doble Jeopardy Clause. Isinqumo se-“gastial” siholela eqenjini elihlukile lesigwebo, elingase lenzeke ngokushesha noma ngemva kokuphenya. Emacaleni amakhulu, icala livame ukubekwa icala ekwahluleleni futhi libekwe ezindisweni. Uma ijaji liboshwe ngokungeyiphutha, uma ijaji lisho ukuthi icala liyiphutha, futhi icala lingaphinde libuyiselwe. Ngemva kwesinqumo, iposi yombhishoshelidi, njengenkalo yokuqulwa kwecala noma ukuqulwa kwecala.

Izindima Zabahlanganyeli Ekuqulweni Kwecala Lesigebengu

Ukuxhumana kwabo kwakha inqubo eshukumisayo yokuqulisa icala lomshushisi evivinya icala lakhe.

Umahluleli

Ijaji lengamela icala, liqinisekisa ukuthi icala liqulwa kahle futhi ngokuvumelana nomthetho. Umahluleli ushaya umthetho ngokuphikisa okusobala, unquma imibuzo engokomthetho, uphatha isimiso sokuqulwa kwecala, futhi unikeza iziyalezo zejaji. Umahluleli futhi wengamela ukuziphatha okuhle kwenkantolo futhi unegunya lokuvumela ukuziphatha okubi. Okubalulekile, umahluleli uhlala engathathi hlangothi. Ebhentshi ukuqulwa kwecala (ngaphandle kwejaji), umahluleli unquma futhi isinqumo.

Ummangaleli

Umshushisi umelela uhulumeni (‘ nokuba uhulumeni, umbuso, noma indawo, futhi unomthwalo wokuqinisekisa icala lommangalelwa ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Umshushisi kumelwe anikeze ubufakazi obuthembekile, ahlole ofakazi, futhi anikeze izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho. Abashushisi futhi banemisebenzi engokomthetho yokufuna ubulungisa, hhayi nje ukuwina. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukunikeza ubufakazi bokuvikela (i- Brady) umthetho. Indima yomshushisi ibalulekile ngoba ingundabhhathisi ngenxa yokuthi ukumangalela nokuqulwa kwecala nokuziphatha kommangalelwa kungathinta kakhulu amalungelo ommangalelwa.

Ukuvikela I - Attorney

Ummeli ongummeli wommangalelwa ungummeli osekela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Ummeli uphikisa ubufakazi bomshushisi, ufakazi we-crospream, unikeza ubufakazi bokuvikela, futhi umangalela ukulahlwa noma ukumangalelwa ngecala elincane. Ummeli kumelwe agcine imfihlo yamakhasimende futhi anikeze usizo oluphumelelayo lweseluleko. Uma ummangalelwa engakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli, inkantolo imisa omunye (ngokuvamile umlweli womphakathi). Ummeli ubuye axwayise ummangalelwa ngesicelo esinikezwayo, isinqumo sokufakazela, nezinye izinqumo ezingokomthetho.

Umvikeli

Ummangalelwa ungumuntu omangalelwe ngecala. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuthola ukuthi akanacala phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala futhi unelungelo lokuhlala ekhona kuzo zonke izigaba ezibucayi. Ummangalelwa angase akhethe ukufakazela ekuziphenduleleni kwakhe, kodwa lokho kunezingozi, kuhlanganise nokuphenya. Ummangalelwa akanakuphoqelelwa ukuba anikeze ubufakazi, futhi abahluleli bayalwa ukuba bangafaki isici esiphambene esiwukuthula kommangalelwa. Ummangalelwa angase futhi alahle ilungelo lokuqulwa kwejaji futhi akhethe ukuqulwa kwecala, avume inkantolo.

Jury

Abahluleli bangamajaji bayiqiniso cishe i-"%s" i-infinder ecaleni lobugebengu. Abameleli bakhethwa emphakathini futhi kumelwe bangakhethi. Balalela ubufakazi, balandela iziyalezo zomahluleli, futhi ngamabomu bafinyelele isinqumo. Abasizi abamelwe baqhubele phambili ukucwaninga okuzimele noma baxoxe ngecala nabantu bangaphandle. Isinqumo sabo kumelwe sisekelwe kuphela ebufakazini obuvunyiwe enkantolo. Indima yamajaji ibalulekile ekuqulweni kwecala, ivikelwe yijaji leSihlalo Sesithupha.

OFakazi

OFakazi banikeza ubufakazi ngamaqiniso ahlobene naleli cala. Ofakazi abayiqiniso banikeza imibono ekhethekile. OFakazi kudingeka baphendule imibuzo eyiqiniso ngaphansi kwesifungo. Inkantolo ingase iphoqelele ofakazi ukuba banikeze ubufakazi. Kwezinye izimo, ofakazi bangase baphoqelelwe (bavinjelwe ngaphandle kwenkantolo) ngakho ababuzwa ubufakazi bomunye nomunye. Ukwethembeka kofakazi kuyimpikiswano eyinhloko yamajaji ukuba bahlole.

Ezinye Izisebenzi Zasenkantolo

Izisebenzi ezengeziwe ziyawusekela umsebenzi wecala. Intatheli yenkantolo iqopha umlando oqinile walokhu kuqulwa kwecala. Umabhalane wenkantolo uyaqhubeka enikeza futhi afunga kofakazi. I-beifaf igcina ukuhleleka nokulondeka.

Amalungelo Abamangalelwa

UMthetho - sisekelo weUnited States nemithetho - sisekelo kahulumeni kunikeza iqoqo eliqinile lamalungelo abantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu. Lamalungelo agunyazwa kuyo yonke inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala futhi aklanyelwe ukuvimbela izinkolelo ezingalungile nokuqinisekisa ukulunga okuyisisekelo.

Ilungelo Leseluleko

ISichibiyelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokumelelwa ngokomthetho kuzo zonke izigebengu. Gideon v. Wainwright, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi izikhulumo kumelwe zinikeze iseluleko kubamangalelwa abanecala elingenacala. Lelilungelo lidlulela ezingeni elibucayi lokuqulwa kwecala, kuhlanganise nokukhokhwa kwecala, ukunxusa, nokugwetshwa. Ilungelo lokululeka lihlanganisa futhi ilungelo lokusiza; uma ukuthatha iseluleko kungaphansi kwendinganiso ewufanelekeleyo nobandlululo, ukuvikela kungagumbuqelwa. Abameleli bangamelana neseluleko sokulunga, kodwa uma nje okwaziyo nokuzinikelayo kulungile.

Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okungenagwegwesi

Icala elilungile lihlanganisa amajaji namajaji amaningana angakhethi: ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo (ukugwema ukuboshwa okunganqunywanga nokukhunjulwa), ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi (ukuqinisekisa ukubonakala nokuvimbela ukuziphatha okubi komshushisi), nelungelo lokuqulwa phambi kwamajaji nabahluleli abangakhethi. I-Piegy Trial Act ibekela abamangali imingcele eqondile yesikhathi. Icala lomphakathi livulelwe umphakathi futhi licinezelwe, nakuba ukuvalwa okulinganiselwe kungavunyelwa ngezizathu eziphoqelelekile. Inkantolo ingashintsha futhi indawo uma ukudluliswa kwe-geversea kungasongela ukungakhethi.

Ukufanelekela Ukuthula

IsiHluzi sesihlanu sivikela abamangalelwa ekuphoqelelweni ukuba bafakazele. Lelilungelo elimelene nokuziphikisa liyasebenza phakathi nokuphenywa kwamaphoyisa nasecaleni. Ummangalelwa unelungelo eliphelele lokungabuthameli ubufakazi, futhi umshushisi akanakukhuluma ngalokho kuthula. Uma ummangalelwa efakaza, ululaza ilungelo ezindabeni ezihlobene nobufakazi babo ngokunengqondo. Ilungelo lokuthula liqinisa umthwalo wokumangalelwa wobufakazi futhi livimbela izinkolelo ezisekelwe ekuvumeleni okuphoqelelwe noma ebufakazi obuphoqelelwe.

Ilungelo Lokubhekana NoFakazi

ISiphakamiso sika-Claus weSixth Isichibiyeli siqinisekisa ilungelo lommangalelwa “lokubhekana nofakazi bakhe.” Leli lungelo lihlanganisa ithuba lokuhamba phakathi kofakazi . INkantolo Ephakeme itolika ukuthi inqabe ukusetshenziswa kwenzwabethi uma ummangalelwa engatholakali futhi ummangalelwa ube nethuba lokuwela i-“arexamine. ” Lo mthetho uqinisekisa ukuthi amajaji angabona impatho yofakazi futhi athole isiqinisekiso. Ilungelo livumela ummangalelwa ukuba abhekane nommangaleli, okuyisici esiyinhloko secala elilungile.

Ukufaneleka KobuJuda Obungakhethi

Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwejaji litholakala naseSichibiyelweni Sesithupha. Amajaji kumelwe akhethwe eqenjini elibonisa ububanzi lomphakathi, futhi amalungu awo angabi nabandlululo. UVoir adinga ukuhlukanisa futhi asuse abahluleli abandlulayo. Uma ummangalelwa engabonisa ukuthi ijaji lingcoliswe ubandlululo, inkantolo ingakhipha ijaji futhi ikhethe elisha, noma ngisho ivumele ukuba lithathe icala elingafanele. Ilungelo lejaji elingakhethi libalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuthembela komphakathi esinqumweni.

Isiphetho

Izinqubo zokuqulwa kwecala ezicabeni zobugebengu zibonisa isimiso sokuthi kungcono ukuba abantu abayishumi abanecala baphume kunokuba umuntu oyedwa ahlupheke. Zonke izinyathelo ezithatha inqubo (kusukela kubaphathi bejaji) kuya ekunikezeni iziyalezo ($is) eklanyelwe ukuvivinya ubufakazi bamangalelwa nokuvikela amalungelo ommangalelwa. Amajaji, abameli, abahluleli, abahluleli, nokhokhothazo lwenkantolo ngamunye ufeza indima ebalulekile kulesimiso sokwahlulela. Nakuba kungekho simiso esiphelele, lezi zinqubo ziklanyelwe ukwazisa indlela yomthetho yokulinganisela nenkululeko. Abafundi nabafundisi, ukujwayelana nezinqubo zokuqulwa komthetho akusona nje imfundo; kuyisisekelo sokwazi ukwabela abantu izakhamuzi nesomthetho.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola i-Melikan Bar Association’s kumacala obugebengu noma uhlole U.S. incazelo yezephulamthetho ze-guvernet[. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i- INhlangano yolwazi (iSikole soMthetho we-Cornell) inikeza imithombo ebanzi yezenqubo yobugebengu.