Ukwakhiwa Kobulungisa: Ukuqonda Izinqubo Zomthetho Wesigebengu

Izinqubo zomthetho wobugebengu zakha umgogodla wesimiso sobulungisa nohlelo lobulungisa. Baqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu bagcinwa ngokungaguquki, ukuthi amalungelo abo avikelekile, futhi imiphumela isekelwe ebufakazini kunokuzenzela izinqumo ngokungenazimiso. Kubafundi abangokomthetho, othisha, nanoma ubani osebenzelana nesimiso sobulungisa, ukuqonda okuningi kwalezi zinyathelo zomthetho kubalulekile. Lokhu kuhlola kuqhubekela phambili isigaba ngasinye esikhulu kusukela embikweni wokuqala wobugebengu kuya ekudlulisweni kokugcina kwesicelo so-$(ukukhanyisa okuphezulu kwenjongo, izindinganiso zomthetho, namaqiniso asebenzayo kuzo zonke izigaba.

Okuwumthetho Wesigebengu Nezizathu Zokwenza Okuthile

Umthetho wesigebengu uchaza ukuziphatha okunqatshelwe futhi ugunyaza izijeziso, kodwa umthetho wezeluleko odlulisela ukuphila kulezozincazelo. Umthetho wobugebengu ongaphansi usitshela ukuthi iziphi izinqubo zokweba, ukuhlasela, noma ukubulala; umthetho wezesivumelwano ulawula indlela amaphoyisa aphenya ngayo, indlela abamangaleli abamangalela ngayo, indlela izinkantolo ezizama ngayo amacala, nendlela isigwebo esikhishwa ngayo. ngaphandle kwezinqubo eziqinile, amalungelo angaphansi kwezezezethulo. [[FLT]] Izembekthensi yecala] ivikela izikhali ezingokomthetho, njengelungelo lokunikeza ofakazi iseluleko, nemingcele emelene ngayo nezingozi eziphindwe kabili. U. Umthetho-Eyesine, isi-Esahluthu, isi-Ethth, nesi-Ethththth. Basebenzisa ukukhomba isigwebo sezelele.

Izinhlelo zifeza futhi imigomo ewusizo: zilungisa izimo ezibuthakathaka ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, zikhuthaza ukuqoqwa kobufakazi obubonisayo, futhi zenze irekhodi lokuhlola. Ukuqonda lezinyathelo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole ukuziphatha kwamaphoyisa, izinqumo zomshushisi, nobulungisa bokwahlulela. Ukuze zingene ngokujule kakhulu ezisekelweni zomthetho-sisekelo, bheka ukucaciswa kwenqubo yobugebengu [[FLT:] i-Cornell Legal Information Institute .

I - Phase 1: Ukuhlola

Inqubo yomthetho iqala lapho umthetho uthola ukuthi isisulu sinecala elingenzeka, ngombiko wobufakazi, ukuqapha kwesikhulu, noma ukuqapha. Phakathi nokuphenya, izikhulu ziqoqa ubufakazi, zibuza ofakazi, zithola abangabalelwa. Lesi sigameko silawulwa yimingcele eqinile yomthetho ngokomthetho, ikakhulukazi iSichibiyelo sesine esinqabela ukuphenywa nokuquleka okungacabangeli. I-Stestigator kumelwe ithole imvume esekelwe entweni engenzeka ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe (umz., izimo ezingekho mthethweni, imvume, umbono ocacile).

Ubufakazi Obuhlukahlukene

  • [[Ubufakazi obuphathekayo:0] ubufakazi obubonakalayo – iminwe, iDNA, izikhali, izingubo, imilaliso, iziphawuli zamathuluzi.
  • [ izinkulumo zoFakazi[ – izingxoxo ezingokomthetho, izinkulumo eziqoshiwe, ubufakazi obukhulu bamajaji.
  • Ubufakazi obuyimfihlo[ – ama-imeyili, imiyalezo, izingcingo zezokuxhumana, imininingwane yendawo yocingo, amalogi e-computer.
  • I-inface face - amakhamera ekhamera asobala nawabantu, ividiyo yekhamera yomzimba, amakhamera e-shackboard.
  • Ukuhlola kweFensic – i-bollatics, ulwembu, imfucumfucu yomlilo, umbhalo, ne-fomics.

Bonke ubufakazi kumelwe buqoqwe ngendlela egcina ubuqotho bayo nochungechunge lokuyigcina. Uma izinqubo zingekho semthethweni noma zingekho kahle, kungathatha isikhathi ukuvikela ukuze kuncishiswe ubufakazi, obungakhubaza icala lomshushisi. Isigaba sokuhlola silapho amacala azuzwa khona noma alahleke khona [, ngokuvamile ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Izinkantolo zivame ukuguqula izinkolelo lapho amaphoyisa ephula imithetho yeze-parry phakathi nesigaba sombubhisi.

Ukuboshwa 2:

Ukuboshwa kwenzeka lapho amaphoyisa eboshela umuntu osolwayo ngenhloso yokubamangalela ngecala elithile. Isikhulu sokubopha kumelwe sibe nesizathu sokuthi umsoli wenza icala. Imbangela engenzeka ingavela ngokuqashelwa ngokuqondile, amacebiso athembekile, ubufakazi obungokomzimba, noma incwadi ekhishwa imantshi engathathi hlangothi.

Phakathi nokuboshwa, izikhulu kumelwe zilandele imithetho eqondile ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi amalungelo omsoleki avikelwe. Kumelwe zifunde izixwayiso ze-Miranda uma ukuphenywa kwelungelo lokuthola umntwana kuhleliwe (ilungelo lokuthula nokunikeza iseluleko). Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kumelwe kube nokulinganisela futhi kulinganise. Izinqubo zokubhala zilandela ukuboshwa (ukukhishwa kweminwe), ukuthwetshulwa, ukuhlelwa kwezinto zomuntu siqu, kanye nokuhlolelwa kodokotela okufushane. Uma ukuboshwa kungekho emthethweni, noma yibuphi ubufakazi obutholakalayo njengomphumela oqondile, ukuvuma izono noma izinto ezingokoqobo.

Ukuze uthole incazelo ebanzi yezinqubo zokubopha, i-American Bar Association’s produces per servement inikeza i-Primeter engcono kakhulu.

Upho 3: Ukukloloda

Lapho umshushisi eseboshiwe, uveza ubufakazi futhi unquma ukuthi kufanele abhalise yini amacala angokomthetho. Lesi isinyathelo sokugcina amasango esibucayi. Umshushisi uyahlola:

  • Ukuthi ubufakazi obungaphikwa bukhona obunganikeza ubufakazi obungenakuphikiswa obungafakazela umuzwa wecala ngokunengqondo.
  • Ukuthi isithakazelo somphakathi sinikezwa ukuquliswa (ngokwesibonelo, ukuqina kobugebengu, ukulimala kwezisulu, umlando wobugebengu wosolwayo).
  • Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izindleko ezincane noma izinhlelo zokuzilibazisa zifaneleka kangcono.

Amadokhumende okunikeza amafaktheli ayahlukahluka ngokwemithetho: ulwazi (luyishiywe umshushisi) noma ukulahlwa [ [iyalahlwa yijaji elikhulu]. Isinqumo se-pronisi noma isifundazwe esingathi sína, iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sidinga inkantolo enkulu. Ijaji elikhulu lizwa kuphela ukumangalelwa futhi linqume uma kungenzeka ukuthi kunesizathu sokuqhubeka. Uma ijaji elikhulu lezenqabela, icala lingase liphele ngezikhathi ezithile liphinde lihlangane nobufakazi obusha.

Iphase 4: Ukubonakala Kokuqala

Ukuvela kokuqala kwenzeka ngokushesha ngemva kokuboshwa (ngokuvamile phakathi namahora angu-48, noma ngokushesha ezifundeni eziningi). Phakathi nalokhu kuqulwa kwecala:

  • Umsolwa (manje obizwa ngokuthi ummangalelwa) utshelwa amacala.
  • Ummangalelwa waziwa ngamalungelo awo omthetho - sisekelo.
  • Amakheli enkantolo [[QUT:0] ubail ```''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''ikhelibobobobobobo enkantolo ingakhululwa ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala futhi ngaphansi kwangaphansi kwamaphi izimo.

I-Bail ingaba imali, isibopho esiqinisekile, noma ukukhululwa ngokuziqaphela komuntu siqu. Inkantolo icabangela ingozi yokuhamba ngendiza, ingozi emphakathini, nohlobo lwecala. Ibheyili eshibhile yecala yenqatshelwe yiSichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili. Uma ummangalelwa engenamali yommeli, inkantolo imisa umlweli womphakathi, ngokuvamile ummeli womphakathi noma ummeli. Lokhu kuvame ukuba ngokokuqala ngqá ummangalelwa amukele iseluleko esingokomthetho.

I - Phase 5: Ukuzwa Kwangaphambili

Ukuzwa kokwandulela (noma okungase kubangele ukuzwa) inkantolo encane phambi komahluleli. Umshushisi kumelwe anikeze ubufakazi obanele ukuze abonise ukuthi kungenzeka ubugebengu buvele nokuthi ummangalelwa uyenze. Indinganiso kungenzeka ibangele ukuthi (iphansi kakhulu kungaphezulu kokungabaza okunengqondo kodwa kuphakeme kunendinganiso yokuboshwa. Isivikelo singaba ofakazi abanqamule-antimine futhi siphikise ubufakazi. Uma uma ijaji lithola imbangela enganele, amacala ayasuswa (asemathunyeni angase aphinde abekwe phansi uma ubufakazi buvela kamuva). Uma kungenzeka ukuthi kutholakale isizathu, icala liyaqhubekela phambili.

Akubona bonke abantu abaphethe icala lokuqala; abanye bancika kuphela emacaleni amakhulu abahluleli.

Ukwenziwa isithunzi 6:

Lapho ebekwa icala, ummangalelwa ufunda ngokusemthethweni amacala asenkantolo esobala futhi acelwa ukuba angene esicelweni. Okukhethwayo yilokhu:

  • ukuluthwa - Ummangalelwa uvuma icala futhi ululaza ilungelo lokuqulwa. Inkantolo iyaqhubeka igweba.
  • ungabi necala [ - Ummangalelwa umbango, futhi icala lihlelelwe ukuthatha isinyathelo sangaphambi kwenkantolo, ukuthola, futhi ekugcineni ukuqulwa kwecala.
  • [ Akukho mncintiswano (nolo imantinere) - Ummangalelwa akavumi icala kodwa wamukela isijeziso njengokungathi unecala. Lesisicelo asinakusetshenziswa ngokumelene nommangalelwa enkantolo yomphakathi.
  • Yima umlomo - Kwezinye izizwe, ukuhlala buthule kuphumela ekufakeni isikhala esingafanele.

Ngemva kwesicelo, umahluleli ubeka isikhathi esinqunyiwe ukuze athathe isikhathi sokuququlwa kwecala (umzk., ithatha uhambo ukuze acindezele ubufakazi, ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuthola noma ukuthatha isinyathelo sokulahla). Usuku lokuqulwa kwecala noma ukunxusa kubekwa isikhathi esimisiwe. Kubamangalelwa abaningi, ukudluliswa kwezicelo kuyiphuzu lapho ukunxusa kuqala khona ngokungathi sína.

I - Phase 7: Ukutholakala Kwama - dollar Nezinyathelo

Phakathi kokuqulwa kwecala nokuqulwa kwecala, zombili izinhlangothi zishintshana ngokwaziswa ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi ukutholakala. Ukuquliswa kwecala kumelwe kuphendule ubufakazi obuyingcacayo (izinto ezisacatshangelwe) nezinhlu zofakazi, imibiko ekhokhelwayo, nezinkulumo. Isivikelo singadingeka futhi ukuze kuqashelwe ukuthi isivikelo se-alibi noma sesifo sobuhlanya nemibiko yofakazi abangochwepheshe.

Isihluthulelo semkqubo sihlanganisiwe:

  • Motion ukuze inqande – Ukususa ubufakazi obutholakele ngokungemthetho (umz., ukusesha okungekho emthethweni, ukuvuma izono okuphoqelelwe).
  • Umjovo wokuxosha -Ngokuntuleka kwesizathu, ukulibala, noma ukwephulwa komthetho-sisekelo.
  • [[UMTL:0]Motion in limine – Ukuvimbela ukudluliswa kobufakazi bokucwasa lapho kuqulwa icala.
  • Ukuguqula indawo [ – Uma ukusakazwa kwangaphambi kwezindaba kwenza ukuqulwa komthetho kungabi nakwenzeka endaweni yokuqala.

Le ngxenye ingathatha amasonto noma izinyanga, ikakhulukazi ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinobufakazi obuningi noma abamangalelwa abaningi. i-pareal jajiary yecala emacala obugebengu [[[FLT: 1] ichaza isikhathi sangaphambi kwenkantolo ngokuningi.

Umthetho Wecala 8:

Icala liyikhoshazana lenqubo yobugebengu, (icala elingokomthetho lokuqulwa kwecala lapho kunqunywa khona icala. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili:

  • [[UMTH:0] Icala le-Bench - Umahluleli yedwa unquma isinqumo.
  • Icala le-jury - Ijaji lontanga linquma icala noma ubumsulwa, kuyilapho ijaji lishaya umthetho ezindabeni zomthetho futhi liyala abasizi.

Ukukhetha iJury (i-voir eshaqisayo) kubucayi. Zombili izinhlangothi ziyabuza ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba abasizi bejaji baphawule ubandlululo. Izinselele zivumela uhlangothi ngalunye ukuba lukhiphe inani elilinganiselwe labaphathi bejaji ngaphandle kwesizathu, nakuba lungenakusetshenziswa ukuhlukanisa ngokusekelwe ohlangeni noma ebulilini (inselele ye-Batson). Ukuqulwa kwecala kuqhubekela phambili ngokwezigaba:

  1. [[[UMTL:0] Izinkulumo ezivulayo[[[QL:1] - uhlangothi ngalunye lunikeza ubufakazi.
  2. Ukucuthwa kwendaba ye-prosease-mon - - ngoFakazi bayahlolwa futhi bethulwe imibukiso. I-exros aximines.
  3. [ Icala le-Defense [ - Isivikelo singabiza ofakazi nobufakazi obukhona. Ummangalelwa angafakaza kodwa akudingekile ukuba enze kanjalo (ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sivikela ilungelo lokungazifaki yena ngokwakhe).
  4. Izimpikiswano ezivezayo - Inhlangothi ngayinye ifingqa ubufakazi futhi iphikise isinqumo.
  5. [ Iziqondiso ze-JURT - Umahluleli uchaza umthetho okufanele ufakwe yijaji.
  6. [[QURT:0] Ukucubungula nokwahlulela [ - Ijaji kumele lithole icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Uma lingafinyeleli isinqumo esihlangene (ekuqulweni okungahleleki), inkantolo ingakhishwa ngokungeyikho.

Imithetho Esobala Equlwa

Ukulingwa kulawulwa imithetho ecacile eqinile (umz., umthetho wenzwabethi, imithetho elawula ukusebenza, ukuqinisekisa). Lemithetho ikhona ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ubufakazi obungathembekile noma obunemibono abuwuthinti umphumela. Umahluleli usebenza njengomgcinisango, olawula izimpikiswano eziphakanyiswe abameli. Ukuyiqonda ngokuqinile lemithetho kubalulekile kunoma yimuphi udokotela; iMithetho Yegolide yobufakazi[[ iyindinganiso yegolide yenkantolo yezwe nethonya elikhulu likahulumeni.

9: Ukugwetshwa

Uma ummangalelwa etholakala enecala (noma evuma icala), inkantolo iyaqhubeka igweba. Isigwebo siyisijeziso esingokomthetho sikahulumeni ngenxa yobugebengu. Izinqumo zokugweba zisekelwe emithethweni ebeka izijeziso ezincane nezinkulu, futhi:

  • Ubukhulu bobubi
  • Umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa
  • Izici ezikhathazayo (isimo, ukuzisola, ukubambisana, izinkinga zempilo yengqondo)
  • Izici ezibhebhezelayo (isib., ukuchayeka esisulwini, ukusebenzisa isikhali, ukuhileleka kwamaqembu)

Izinhlobo zemisho zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuhlanganisa – Jail (ngokuvamile ngaphansi konyaka) noma ijele (ngaphezu konyaka). Imibuso eminingi ibeka imigwebo ebophelele eboshiwe emacalani athile (umz., ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa, izibhamu).
  • Isivumelwano [ - - Ikhulu likhulu ukukhululwa emphakathini okunezimo (umzk., imishini yokuhlola njalo, ukuhlolwa kwemilaliso, izimfuneko zomsebenzi).
  • [[IMIFU] Imali kanye nokuhlenga [[[QL:1] – izijeziso zemali nezinxephezelo ezisulwini.
  • Inkonzo ye-community - Umsebenzi ongakhokhelwanga kahulumeni noma inhlangano engakhiphi.
  • Isigwebo esi-Alternal[ – inkantolo yezidakamizwa, inkantolo yezempilo yengqondo, izinhlelo zokuzilibazisa, ukubopha indlu.

Izindlebe zokugwema azifani novivinyo futhi zivumela ukudluliselwa kwezinkulumo ezithinta izisulu nezikhombo zobuntu. Abahluleli kumelwe bacacise indlela abacabanga ngayo ukuze bagweme imisho engafanele noma eyeqile. ISichibiyelo se - Eighth senqabela isijeziso esinonya nesingavamile, esingabekelwa inselele ekudluliseleni isigwebo uma isigwebo singalingani neze nobugebengu.

IPhase 10: Ukukhanga

Ngemva kokugweba, ummangalelwa angase adlulisele icala enkantolo ephakeme. Ukudlulisa amacala akuyona inkantolo ephinde yaqulwa; babukeza amaphutha angokomthetho okungenzeka ayenzeka phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala noma izigaba ezivamile zokudluliswa kwecala.

  • Iziyalezo ezingalungile zabasizi bejaji
  • Ukuvuma noma ukulahla ubufakazi okungafanele
  • Ukuziphatha Okubi Kwamacala
  • Usizo olungenanzuzo lweseluleko
  • Ubufakazi obunganele bokusekela lesi sinqumo
  • Amaphutha okujezisa (isib., ukufakwa kweziqondiso okunganembile, isijeziso esingavumelani nemithetho)

Uhulumeni akanakudlulisa isinqumo sokungangeni necala ngenxa yokuvikelwa ngokuphindwe kabili. Nokho, abamangali bangase badlulisele izinqumo ezithile zangaphambi kwenkantolo (umzk., ukucindezelwa kobufakazi) kwezinye izifundazwe. Inkantolo ye-appellate ingaqinisekisa, ibuye iguqule, noma ilungise isiqinisekiso. Uma iphenduliwe, icala lingase libuyiselwe ekuqulweni okusha noma izikhala zingalahlwa. Ukunxusa okwengeziwe enkantolo ephakeme noma eU.S.

Amalungelo Abamangalelwa Kuyo Yonke Lenqubo

Zonke izingxenye zenqubo yobugebengu ziklanyelwe ukuvikela amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo ommangalelwa:

  • [[UMTL:0] Isichibiyeli sesine [ – Isivikelo ekufuneni okungacabangeki kanye nokuquleka.
  • Isichibiyeli se-F5th - Ilungelo lokuthula, isivikelo ekuzichayeni, izingozi eziphindwe kabili, inqubo efanele.
  • Isichibiyeli se-xxte - - Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelinomphakathi, amajaji angakhethi, ukuphikisana kofakazi, usizo lweseluleko.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isichibiyeli sobubanzi – Isivikelo ekusebenziseni ibheyili ephakeme nesijeziso esinesihluku.
  • Isichibiyeli seshumi nane - Isivikelo esilinganayo nenqubo efanele isetshenziswa emicimbini kahulumeni.

Uma elinye lalamalungelo ephulwa ngendlela eqinile, isivikelo singafuna amakhambi − njengokucindezelwa kobufakazi, ukuxoshwa kwamacala, noma ukuqulwa kwecala okusha. U.S. uMnyango wokwahlulela ngamalungelo abamangalelwa [ unikeza ukufushaniswa okucacile.

Indima Yokudla Izinhlamvu Zokudla Emkhubeni Wanamuhla

Icala lobugebengu eliningi alilokothi liqulwe. Cishe 90-95% yezinkolelo zibangelwa ukunxusa okunecala, ngokuvamile kudluliswa ngokunxusa. Ekuvumeni, ummangalelwa uyavuma ukumangalela icala elinecala (kakhulukazi emacaleni amancane) noma ngesithembiso sesigwebo esincishisiwe (ukuncishiselana isigwebo sokugwema ukuqulwa kwecala). Injabulo ifeza ukusebenza kahle kokwahlulela futhi inciphise ukungaqiniseki nhlangothi zombili. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi bacindezela abamangalelwa abangenacala ukuba banxuse ukuncenga imilalelo enzima. Ngenxa yokuthi ukunxusa kuyenzeka ngaphandle kweso lomphakathi, kuphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile ngokukhanya nokulunga. Abaningi abathi abakhohliwe ngecala bayakwazi ukumelana nokukhokhwazwa.

Isiphetho

Izinqubo zomthetho wobugebengu azilona nje uhlu olulandelanayo: zibonisa amakhulu eminyaka enguquko engokomthetho eklanyelwe ukulinganisela amandla ezwe nenkululeko yabantu. Kusukela esikhathini lapho ukuphenya kuqala kuze kube sekupheleni ukudluliswa kwesicelo sokugcina, isinyathelo ngasinye sibeka imingcele nezimfuneko ezilondoloza ubuqotho bemiphumela. Kubafundi, abafundisi, nochwepheshe, ukuqondisa lezi zinqubo kusho ukuqonda hhayi nje imithetho kodwa izindinganiso eziyisisekelo ezikhonza ngazo ($_ubuphonsi, ukunemba, ukulandisa, nokuhlonipha isithunzi somuntu. Uma ufunda lesimiso njengesihloko semfundo noma uhlangabezana naso mathuphane naso, ulwazi oluphelele lwalezi zindima kukuhlomisela ukuba uhlole ngokuhluzeka kobulungisa nokusekela ngokuphumelelayo kwezindinganiso zaso.