Uhulumeni kahulumeni we-United States uyisimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sezinhlangano nemibuso ehlela zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika. Emkhathini uphefumula ukuphepha kokudla okudlayo, kusukela enanini le-dollar ephaketheni lakho kuya esivinini se-internet oyisebenzisayo, igunya likahulumeni lithinta cishe yonke into. Nokho izakhamuzi eziningi zikuthola kunzima ukuchaza kahle ukuthi uhulumeni ugunyazwe ukuba wenzeni. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza ipulani, kodwa iqiniso liminyani kakhulu, limi ngencazelo yamakhulu eminyaka, inkantolo, izikhulu zenkantolo, futhi lihlehla. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okuphelele, okusheshayo kwesihluthulelo sikahulumeni, okuhlelwe yigatsha, nomongo owengeziwe ukuthi lawo magunya aguquke kanjani futhi kungani enzile.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Samandla Kahulumeni

Umthetho-sisekelo we-United States ungumthetho ophakeme wezwe, futhi uthumela amandla akhethekile kuhulumeni kahulumeni wezwe kuyilapho ugcina amanye ezindaweni noma kubantu. Umnyombo wegunya likahulumeni utholakala ku Article I, Ingxenye 8, ebala amandla ahlukene angu-18 eSishaya-mthetho. Lezi zihlanganisa amandla entela, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula imali, ukusekela imali, ukumemezela impi, ukuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho, futhi yenza yonke imithetho “efaneleke” yokuphatha amandla akhankanyiweyo. Le nombolo yokugcina [1] [i-inzuzo ne-""i-"i-"i-factory shond show greareverse, ivumela uksmest Congressstings ukuba enze imithetho ehlobene nemithetho yayo.

ISichibiyelo se- se-Tenth sisebenza njengomthetho-sisekelo ochazayo: “Imibuso engaphathi i-United States ngoMthetho-sisekelo, futhi enganqatshelwa yiyo e-United States, igcinelwa i-United States ngokulandelana, noma abantu.” Lenguquko imisa isimiso sobuzwe, okusho ukuthi uhulumeni ungasebenzisa amandla asemthethweni kuphela noma awunike wona. Amazwe aphethe “amandla” okulawula impilo, ukulondeka, inhlalakahle, nokuziphatha. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukanisa kwesisekelo kubalulekile ngaphambi kokuhlola imisebenzi yegatsha ngalinye eliqondile.

Amandla Angokomthetho: Ingqungquthela Njengendikimba Yokwenza Imithetho

Igatsha lemithetho-mthetho `I-Corer, elikhiwa yiNdlu yabameleli neSigele() linamandla okudala umthetho kahulumeni.

Amandla Anamandla Omhlangano

ISiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 8 idweba iziphathimandla eziqondile zoMkhandlu.

  • amandla okukhokha intela nokusebenzisa [ ngenxa yenhlalakahle evamile. Lemali yamandla i-other communment i-aunt with shond arces i-compostars ihlela izinto eziza kuqala zesizwe ngohlelo lokuhlela.
  • amandla okulawula ezentengiselwano zamazwe angaphandle kanye nezohwebo . Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, incazelo ebanzi yeNkantolo ePhakeme yeCommerce Claus yenze ukuba iSivumelwano silawule yonke into kusukela emalungelweni omphakathi kuya ekungcoleni kwendawo ezungezile kuya ekuthengisweni kwe-inthanethi ye-inthanethi.
  • amandla okwenza imali nokulawula inani layo, inikeza uKhala-mthetho ukulawula isimiso semali sezwe.
  • amandla okumemezela impi [. ISishaya-mthetho kuphela esingamemezela impi ngokusemthethweni, nakuba umongameli engathumela amabutho ezimweni eziningi ngaphandle kwesaziso.
  • amandla okuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho nokulungiselela nokugcina ibutho lempi.
  • amandla okumisa amahhovisi eposi nemigwaqo yeposi , eye yaphenduka yaba yigunya likahulumeni kucingo.
  • [ amandla okumisa umthetho ofanayo wokuzenza imvelo [ nemithetho yamacala emali.
  • amandla okukhipha imvume nemvume yamalungelo omgunyathi ukuthuthukisa intuthuko yezesayensi nezobuciko.
  • amandla okuchaza nokujezisa ama-pirac kanye nama-fensi olwandle oluphezulu , nokwenza imithetho ebusa ibutho lezempi.
  • amandla okubusa i-Priestal of Columbia kanye nezinye izifunda zikahulumeni.
  • [ U-Claus odingekile noMfaneleyo, ovumela uMkhandlu ukwenza noma yimuphi umthetho “odingekile nofanele” wokwenza amandla awo ahlelwayo.

Uma kusetshenziswa inqubo, iSishaya - mthetho siqondisa igatsha eliphethe, siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli (Senate), sigunyaza izivumelwano (Senate), futhi singakhipha izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nomongameli. Igumbi ngalinye linemithetho ehlukile: i House iqala izikweleti zemali futhi ingazikhokhi; iSigele sizama ukugunyaza futhi siqinisekise abameleli.

Indlela Amandla Obumbano Aye Akhula Ngayo

I-Choomments Act kahulumeni ka-1964 isekelwe ngaphansi kwe-Chwebo Claus, ivumela uhulumeni wamazwe ukuba unqande ukucwaswa kwezindawo zomphakathi. INkantolo ePhakeme i-Commerce Claus yachaza i-Cexpressocle ukuba ivumele i-Commerce ilawule umsebenzi wezentengiselwano wezentengiselwano wezwekazi othinta kakhulu intengiselwano yesifunda sezwe. Kamuva, i-Civil Rights Rights ka-1969 yasekela ngaphansi kwe-Chwebom Claus, ivumela uhulumeni ukuba unqande ukucwaswa ezindlweni zomphakathi. INkanto ephakeme yasekela i-Afford - Carecure Act njengegunya elisemthethweni lentela intela intela ye-Congress Congress Act. Lezi zibonisa ukuthi imibuso ehlelwe yimibuso ehleliwe; zivumelana ngencazelo yomthetho neyomthetho yezombangazwe.

Amandla Abaqondisi: UMongameli Esebenza

Umongameli uyinhloko yegatsha eliphethe futhi unomthwalo wemfanelo wokubona ukuthi imithetho ikhishwa ngokwethembeka. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo [uMthetho-sisekelo] unikeza umongameli i-Article II igunya elibalulekile, izinga lamandla aphethe liye lancintiswa kwasekuqaleni.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yomongameli

  • Umthetho kahulumeni . Umongameli uqondisa izikhulu zikahulumeni ezinkulu ze-propatial @actives ezinjengoMnyango Wezobulungisa, uMnyango Wezokuvikela Imvelo, i-Evironmental Protection Agency, kanye namakhulu ezinye (ukusebenzisa nokuphoqelela imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-Mkhandlu.)
  • Lawula amabutho ahlomile njengomphathi-nhloko. Umongameli angagunyaza ukulwa, ukuthumela amabutho, kanye necebo lokuzivikela eliqondile, nakuba iSishaya-mthetho kuphela esingamemezela impi.
  • Inkambiso esemthethweni yangaphandle. Umongameli uxoxa ngezivumelwano (nokwakhelwa kweSigele), ukumisa amanxusa, nokuphatha ubuhlobo obuhlangene nezinye izizwe.
  • Izikhulu zikahulumeni , kuhlanganise namalungu eKhabhinethi, amajaji kahulumeni, amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme (nesiqinisekiso seSishayamthetho), kanye nezinkulungwane zezisebenzi zegatsha eziphethe.
  • Iziyalo eziphethe iziphathi-mandla nezimemezelo eziphethe amandla omthetho, uma nje zisebukhulwini obungokomthetho noma bomthetho-sisekelo. Iziqondiso eziphetheyo azinakungabi namkhawulo; zingagumbuqelwa ngeSishaya-mthetho (ngemithetho) noma zishaywe izinkantolo.
  • [ Intethelelo ekhululekile kanye nokubuyisela izono zikahulumeni, ngaphandle kwalapho kungenziwa khona. Lamandla aphelele futhi awabonwa amanye amagatsha.
  • Nikeza iZwe lekheli le-Union futhi utusa izinyathelo zomthetho eziya eSishaya-mthetho.
  • [[UMTH:0] Ingqungquthela noma i-aspecton Congress[[UMQONDO:1] ngaphansi kwezimo ezingavamile.

Igatsha eliphethe liye lakhula kakhulu kusukela enkathini yokusungulwa. Omongameli banamuhla manje bengamele umbuso omkhulu wokuphatha owenza imithetho ngegunya lomthetho. Imishini efana ne-Secturations and Exchange Commission, iFederal Commissions, neSimiso sobuProfethi Bezidakamizwa sokusebenzisa i-Pood and Drug Administration siquasi-legisitive kunye namandla ombuso. Lokhu kuye kwaphakamisa izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngemfundiso yobukhomanisi [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]]

Ukuhleleka Okuphethe Ngokuhambisana

Iziqondiso zabaqondisi zingenye yamathuluzi abonakalayo kakhulu amandla obumongameli. Nakuba zingashiwonga kuMthetho-sisekelo, ziye zasetshenziswa yiwo wonke umongameli kusukela kuGeorge Washington. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yabambelela ngokungaguquki ekutheni iziyalezo eziphethe ziyasebenza kuphela uma zisekelwe emandleni anikwe umongameli nguMthetho-sisekelo noma ngesenzo soMkhandlu. Izibonelo zezwe zihlanganisa ukuhlukanisa kwamabutho (I-Professive Corrance 9981) noMongameli Roosevelt’s internation of Japanese of America (Exectutive Order 906)).

Amandla Okwahlulela: Izinkantolo Ezingabalandeli Nabagadi

Ijaji likahulumeni elibekwa iNkantolo Ephakeme, elinezinkantolo eziphansi ezamiswa yiSishaya-mthetho, lichaza umthetho futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izenzo zikahulumeni zivumelana noMthetho-sisekelo. Article III imisa amandla okwahlulela e-United States.

Indima Yezinkantolo Ezizimele

  • [ imithetho ye-Interpret. Izinkantolo zeFederal zinquma ukuthi usho ukuthini umthetho nokuthi usebenza kanjani emacaleni athile.
  • Ukubukeza kokwahlulela . Endabeni yesibonakaliso Marbury v. Madison (1803), iNkantolo Ephakeme yamisa amandla ayo okumemezela izenzo zeSishaya-mthetho. Lamandla adlulela nasemisebenzini yezikhulu zegatsha nasemithethoni yombuso ngokufanayo.
  • [ lungisa izimpikiswano[ phakathi kwezimo, phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene (isimiso sokulawula), naphakathi kwabantu ngabanye nohulumeni wombuso.
  • vikela amalungelo abantu. Izinkantolo zeFederal ziqinisa iBhili yamaLungelo nezinye isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo kuhulumeni ngokuphamba.
  • Amacala aphakeme ahilela umthetho kahulumeni , kuhlanganise nobugebengu, ukugunyaza, ukuwinwa kwamalungelo esizwe, ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu.
  • Ibeka isibonelo [. Izinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme zibopha kuzo zonke izinkantolo eziphansi futhi zithwala ubunzima obukhulu ekulolongeni umthetho nenkambiso yaseMelika.

Ijaji likahulumeni lizimele. Amajaji azimele amiswa ukuze aphile, angaphansi kokuziphatha okuhle, okuwavikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Nokho, inqubo yokumisa ingokombangazwe kakhulu, nomongameli bekhetha ozakwabo abavumelana nefilosofi yabo yokwahlulela.

Indima Ekhethekile YeNkantolo Ephakeme

INkantolo Ephakeme izwa ingxenyana encane yamacala adluliswa kuyo cishe engu-80 kwezingu-7000 izicelo. Ikhetha amacala aphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile yomthetho-sisekelo noma lapho izinkantolo eziphansi zihlukene khona ngendaba engokomthetho. Idokisi layo lihlanganisa izimpikiswano ngamandla kahulumeni, njengalapho uhulumeni ugunyaza ukuqashwa kwezempilo, ukuthi ukuvala imvume ekungenisweni emakolishi, noma ukulawulwa kwegesi eshisayo. Isinqumo ngasinye sixazulula ngokuphumelelayo incazelo yegunya likahulumeni kulendaba kuze kushintshwe ingqondo noma ukudluliswa komthetho-mthetho.

Amazwe Engeziwe Asezikhundleni Zokubusa: Angaphezu Kwamagatsha Amathathu

Nakuba lamagatsha amathathu ephethe imibuso eyinhloko yomthetho - sisekelo, uhulumeni kahulumeni unegunya nakwezinye izici eziningana ezibalulekile ekubuseni kwesizwe.

Izindaba Zakwamanye Amazwe Nokulondeka Kwezwe

UMthetho-sisekelo uhlukanisa izivumelwano zezindaba zakwamanye amazwe phakathi kukamongameli noMkhandlu. Umongameli uxoxa ngezivumelwano kodwa udinga ukuvunyelwa yisigele (izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu). Umongameli futhi umisa amanxusa nokuziphatha ukuphathana. UKhongolo-mthetho unamandla kwezentengiselwano zakwamanye amazwe futhi uyakwazi ukumemezela impi. Uma kunjalo, umongameli ulawula inqubo yakwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi esikhathini sokusongela okusheshayo nokuncintisana kwembulunga yonke. Uhulumeni ubuye ulawule izinhlangano zokuhlakanipha (CIA, NSA), uvikele ukuvikelwa kwe-i - Internet, futhi ungene ezivumelwaneni zomhlaba wonke ezingasenzi imvume.

Ukhuseleko lwesizwe luhlanganisa amandla okuvikela i-United States ekuhlaseleni. Umongameli njengomphathi-nhloko angayala ukuhlasela kwempi, kodwa iSigqi soMkhosi wamandla weMpi ka 1973 ufuna umongameli ukuba azise iSishaya-Mkhandlu phakathi namahora angu-48 okuphoqa amabutho nemithetho elinganiselwe ezinsukwini ezingu-60 ngaphandle kwemvume yokumiswa kwenhlangano. Uhulumeni ulawula futhi ukuthunyelwa kwezikhali ngaphandle kwemvume yokulwa, uphoqelela imithetho yezomnotho, futhi uphoqesha imithetho yokufuduka nokuphepha emngceleni.

Amandla Emali Nawomnotho

Imibuso yezezimali emikhulu futhi ithinta ngokuqondile isikhwama semali ngasinye. UKhomishane unamandla okukhokha intela (imali ehlawulwayo, inkampani, imboni, indawo, kanye ne-aprijistars), ukuboleka imali (ukukhipha izibopho zezimali), nokukhokha imali nokulawula inani layo. I-Féderal Reserves System [ ... [1] inqubo yemali ezimele ngokumisa inzalo yenzalo nokulawula ukuthengwa kwemali. Ingqungquthela ihlela futhi izimali zikahulumeni zisebenzisa izinhlelo ze-apply Relity ku-Social Security and Medicatedisms ekuvikeleni kanye nasekwenzweni kwezindawo.

Uhulumeni kahulumeni ungasakaza futhi inzuzo emazweni nasezindaweni ngezipho zemali, ngokuvamile ezinama-aid axhunyiwe. Lokhu kuvumela uhulumeni kahulumeni ukuba uthonye izimiso zikahulumeni ezindaweni ezinjengemfundo, ezokuthutha, ezokunakekela impilo, kanye nokuphepha komphakathi, ngisho nasezigabeni ezigcinelwe izifunda.

Amandla Okuhlola Nokubona Ngalé Kwalokho

UMkhandlu unamandla asikiselayo okuhlola imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe kanye nokuziphatha komuntu siqu okuhlobene nomthetho. Amakomiti e-Congregational angakhipha ubufakazi obungaphansi, aphoqelele abantu ukuba banikeze ubufakazi, futhi athathe indele. Lamandla obungamele abalulekile ekwenzeni izinhlangano zibone ukuthi ziyalandisa futhi zazisa umphakathi. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela igunya lophenya njengeliyisisekelo somsebenzi womthetho, nakuba lingaphansi kwemingcele engokomthetho (isiHlawu, iSiphendulo Sesihlanu isivikelo ekuzivikeleni ekuzibekeleni ngokwayo).

Imingcele Emandla Kahulumeni: Amasheke, Ukulinganisela, Nesimo Sokusebenzela Uhulumeni

Amagunya kahulumeni kahulumeni akaphelele. Isimiso se semithetho kanye nama-ascers siqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha ngalinye lingahlola amanye. Umongameli angawugunyaza umthetho; uKhongolo lungawudlulisa u-Veto nenani eliphindwe kathathu. INkantolo Ephakeme ingagawula imithetho njengengagunyazi umthetho, kodwa iSishaya umthetho noma inqume ukunqanda umthetho. Umongameli angawugunyaza futhi asuswe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhulumeni kahulumeni ulinganiselwe yi-Bill of Rights ne-andrection. Ukuvikela okuvikela inkululeko ekhululekileyo, ukuvivinya inqubo yenkolo, inqubo elinganayo, nengaphezulu.

I-FEDALIS futhi ivimbela amandla kahulumeni. Umthetho-sisekelo ugcina imisebenzi eminingi ezizweni, njengokuqhuba ukhetho, ukuqondisa ukugcinwa komthetho wendawo, ukuqondisa intengiselwano ye-intrastate, nokunikeza imfundo yomphakathi. Amazwe angazama ngezimiso (ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi “izinhlangano zentando yeningi”) kuyilapho uhulumeni ubeka izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zesizwe. INkantolo Ephakeme ibeke imingcele ebekwe futhi emandleni ombuso kahulumeni, njengase-[FLT] United States. Lopez [19595]), eyahlasela izibhamu ezikoleni ezivikelwa umthetho womthetho ezingekho emthethweni ezisezweni ezikhona ngokomthetho ezikhona ngokomthetho ezikhona cishe ngenxa yokudlula kwe-Creaste Claus.

Okwenza Ukuqonda La Magunya Kubaluleke

Uhulumeni uthinta zonke izici zokuphila kwanamuhla: ukuphepha kwezidakamizwa nemishini yezokwelapha, izinga lomoya namanzi, ukuqina kwesimiso sokubhange, ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi, ukunakekelwa kwemigwaqo emikhulu nezikhumulo zezindiza, nelungiselelo lemali yomhlalaphansi. Izakhamuzi eziqonda imibuso kahulumeni zingahamba kangcono lapho kuthunyelwa izinkonzo zikahulumeni, zisekele izinguquko zemithetho, zifune izikhulu ukuba zikhululwe, futhi zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo ekulawuleni umbuso wentando yeningi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imingcele yamandla kahulumeni ivivinywa njalo. Ubuchwepheshe obusha (ukuhlakanipha okuwenziwe, imithombo yezindaba, ama-drones), izinselele zembulunga yonke (inguquko yesimo sezulu, ubuphekula), kanye nemifelandawo yezombangazwe eshintshayo kugcina lempikiswano iphila. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza isisekelo, kodwa ukuhlanganiswa okuqhubekayo komthetho, kwezombangazwe, nomphakathi okuyonquma ukuthi uhulumeni usebenza kanjani ngempela.

Isiphetho

Imibuso eyinhloko kahulumeni ichazwa nguMthetho-sisekelo futhi ikhishwa ngamagatsha omthetho, abaphathi, nahlulelo. UKhongolo lwenza imithetho, umongameli uyayimisa, futhi izinkantolo ziyichaza. Imibuso eyengeziwe ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe, ezomnotho, kanye nokwengamela ivumela uhulumeni ukuba abhekane nezinselele zezwe nembulunga yonke. Lemibuso ilinganiswa ngokuhlola nangokulinganisela, ngemithetho, nangamalungelo omthetho avikela abantu ngabanye namazwe ngokufanayo. Ukuqonda lesi sakhiwo akusona nje inqubo yemfundo yezemfundo yezemfundo. Ukuqonda ukuthi lesi sakhiwo sisehlakanisiwe nje ekutholeni izakhamuzi eziyinkimbinkimbi.