Ubuhlobo phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho nezindawo abasebenzela kuzo budala isisekelo sokuphepha komphakathi nokuhleleka komphakathi. Uma lokhu kuhlangana kuqinile, kuphephile, ukwethembana kuphakeme, futhi ukubambisana kusuka ngokwemvelo. Uma kuphuka, kuphakama, ukungezwani, ubugebengu abubikwa, futhi isimiso sobulungisa sinzima ukusebenza. Ukuqonda isisekelo esigcwele sale nkundla yemigwaqo − , umlando wayo wamanje, izinselele zayo, kanye namasu obufakazi angayithuthukisa, kuyadingeka kubaholi, abaqondisi bezimiso, kanye nabalweli bomphakathi ngokufanayo.

Umlando

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kumi kuphi namuhla, kumelwe siqale sihlole amandla angokomlando awabumba. Amaphoyisa anamuhla e-United States avela maphakathi nekhulu le-19 leminyaka, lapho kumiswa iminyango yamaphoyisa yokuqala esemthethweni emadolobheni anjenge Boston, New York, nePhiladelphia. La mabutho okuqala ayegxile kakhulu ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka nasekulawuleni iziphazamiso, ngokuvamile ezisezikhungweni zesigaba nezohlanga.

Ikhulu lama-20 leminyaka laletha izinguquko zokuzamazama komhlaba. Umzabalazo wamalungelo omphakathi wonyaka ka-1950 nawo 1960 wadalula izimpikiswano ezijulile zesimiso somhlaba: unya lwamaphoyisa, ukuphoqelelwa kwezezenzo zobushiqela, nobandlululo lwezinhlangano. Izenzakalo ze-palmark njengonyaka ka-1965 wokumasha nonyaka ka-1967 wokubhikisha zaphoqelela isizwe ukuba sibhekane negebe phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho kanye nemiphakathi eyayikhonza i-Clack kanye neminye imiphakathi enciphene. IKerner Commission ka-1968 yaphawula ngokucacile imikhuba yamaphoyisa njengengxenye enkulu yesiyaluyaluyaluyalu sasedolobheni.

Muva nje, izenzakalo eziphezulu zamaphoyisa asebenzisa izikhali − zibekwe kumakhamera e-video kanye nomzimba abukayo − zibangele igagasi elisha lenkulumo yeningi. Ukufa kukaMichael Brown e-Froguson (2014, u-Eric Garner eNew York City, uGeorge Floyd eMinneapolis (2020), kanye nezinye eziningi eziye zahlaselwa futhi zafunwa yinguquko yezimiso. Lezizenzakalo azizange zenzeke zingasebenzi; ziyizahluko zamuva emlandweni ode wokuvivalwa komthetho nemiphakathi okuye kwabonwa ngokuphamba, ukugcinwa, ukugcinwa komthetho, nokulwa kobudlova.

Umlando uhlanganisa nentuthuko: ukusungulwa kwamaphoyisa omphakathi ngawo - 1980, ukwanda kwamabhodi aqondisa izakhamuzi, nemithetho kahulumeni ehloselwe ukulungisa iminyango enezinkathazo.

Izinselele Zamanje Ebuhlotsheni Bomphakathi

Naphezu kwamashumi eminyaka emizamo yenguquko, imingcele ephawulekayo iyaqhubeka iphazamisa ubuhlobo phakathi kwamaphoyisa nomphakathi.

Iphutha Lokuthembela KuNkulunkulu

Ukuthembana kuyimali yamaphoyisa aphumelelayo. Uma imiphakathi ingawethembi amaphoyisa, cishe ayikwazi ukubika ubugebengu, ukubambisana nophengululo, noma ukukhonza njengofakazi. Lokhu kungabi nakwethembana kukhulu kakhulu emiphakathini yemibala. Ngokwenhlolo yeGallup, amaphesenti angu-26 kuphela ama-Black America abonisa ukuthembela emaphoyiseni, uma kuqhathaniswa namaphesenti angu- 56 amhlophe baseMelika. Leligebe lisuka kokuhlangenwe nakho okungalawuleki komlando nokuqhubekayo kokwelashwa okungalingani, kuhlanganise nokumiswa okukhulu, ukusetshenziswa kaningi kwezikhali, kanye nemiphumelo enzima.

Izithiyo Zokuxhumana

Ukungaxhumani kungandisa ukusebenzelana okuvamile kube okuphikisanayo. Imingcele yolimi, ukuhlukahluka kwamasiko, nokungaqeqeshwa kokungaqini kahle konke kunegalelo. Ngisho nezikhulu ezikwaziyo ukubhekana namaphutha zingalwa nokufunda izinsolo zomphakathi noma ziphendule ngokufanelekile uma zingaqeqeshwanga ngezindlela ezisekelwe engxoxweni. Ukuwohloka kokuxhumana kwenzeka futhi ezingeni lokuhlela: iminyango yamaphoyisa ngokuvamile iyahluleka ukuchaza ngokucacile izimiso zayo, imininingwane, noma ukuxoxa nomphakathi, ukusola nokungaqondi kahle.

Ukutholakala Kwemithombo Yezinto Nokungalingani Okuphawulekayo

Ukungalingani endleleni imithombo yamaphoyisa esakazwa ngayo kungadala imibono yokungalawuleki kakhulu kwezinye izindawo kanye nokungalawuleki kwezinye. Izindawo ezicebile zingaba nezikhulu eziningi ngokomphakathi, izikhathi zokusabela ngokushesha, kanye nokungalawuleki komphakathi. Ukungahlangani komphakathi nokungahlangani kwenani eliphansi nezindawo eziphakathi, ngokuphambene, ngokuvamile kuvame ukubhekana nokuphoqelelwa konya okunonya ngenxa yamacala amancane, okubizwa ngokuthi “amafasitela aphukile” amaphoyisa (xa ubugebengu obunobudlova bungaxazululeki.) Lokhu kunciphisa ukufaneleka futhi kuqinisa umqondo wokuthi amaphoyisa asebenza ngaphandle kwenkonzo.

Inkinga Yempilo Engokwengqondo

Izikhulu eziqapha imithetho zicelwa ngokwandayo ukuba zisabele ezimweni eziphuthumayo zempilo engokwengqondo, ezisebenzisa izinto ezisemzimbeni, futhi zingenamakhaya. Nokho iminyango eminingi ayizange ithole ukuqeqeshwa okwanele noma imithombo yokusingatha lezizimo ngokuphumelelayo. Umphumela kungaba mubi: abantu abasenkingeni ngokuvamile baboshwa noma balinyazwa kunokuba balinyazwe ekunakekeleni. Ukuntula ezinye izithombe zokusabela kuyinselele ekhulayo ebangela kokubili ubudlelwane bamaphoyisa namanxusa ezempilo omphakathi.

Izinyathelo Zokuthuthukisa

Ukusingatha lezinselele kudinga indlela ebanzi, esekelwe kubufakazi. Akukho nqubo eyodwa noma uhlelo oluyokwanela, kodwa inhlanganisela yalamacebo alandelayo ibonise isithembiso ngezindlela eziningi.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokuzilungiselela Ukuphepha

Ukuya ngalé kwamahholo avamile amadolobha, iminyango yamaphoyisa ingathatha i- cooctive-project yenhlekezo yokuphepha komphakathi, lapho amalungu omphakathi nezikhulu ziveza khona izinkinga futhi zithuthukise izixazululo. Lokhu kuhilela izingxoxo ezivamile, ezihlelwe kahle emphakathini, njengebhodi lomphakathi, ukuhambelana komphakathi, nokuhlela uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali ekuvikeleni. Izinhlelo ezifana ne [U.S.U.U.U.U.U.U.U.U.U.U.U.U. umnyango weHlayuwe-Clulo lweNkonzo ye-Calcision (CCM) iHAMBI yezoM (CLPS) [[FLT]] iHAMBIli:3] inikeza usizo lobuchwepheshe nokusekela izivumelwano.

Ukuqeqeshwa Okuthuthukisiwe Nentuthuko Yobuchwepheshe

Ukuqeqesha kumelwe kudlulele ngalé kokufundisa okuyisisekelo kwesikole ukuze kuhlanganise ukuqhubekeka, ukufunda okusekelwe ezibonelweni. Izindawo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa umncintiswano we-cultry, ukuqaphela ngokuphelele ubandlululo, amasu okuhlukanisa, nokuxhumana okukhubazekayo. Eminye iminyango iye yasebenzisa indlela engoko ye-Procture Justice [, egcizelela ukulunga, ukuba mhlophe, iphicophelela, izwi, nokungakhethi kuyo yonke imicimbiso. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi ngisho nokuqeqeshwa okufushane ngobulungisa obungokwezimo ye-octivetura kungathuthukisa ukuqonda nokunciphisa izikhalo.

Ubudlelwane nezinhlangano Ezisekelwe Emphakathini

Amaphoyisa awanakulungisa ukuswela kwethemba kuphela. Izinhlangano zobudlelwane nabaqondisi bezenzuzo bendawo, izikole, nezikhungo zezempilo yengqondo zingavala amagebe. Ngokwesibonelo, amaqembu okungenela kwezinhlekelele (CIT) athi amaqembu amabili asebenza ngezisebenzi zomphakathi anciphisa ukuboshwa kwabantu ngesifo sengqondo nangemiphumela engcono. Ngokufanayo, izinhlelo zobulungisa ezivuselelayo ezihilela izisulu, izaphula-mthetho, namalungu omphakathi axoxa ngezingxoxo ezingalibali lingaxazulula ukulimala ngaphandle kokuthuthukisa ubuhlobo obuphakathi kwabantu.

Ukuphatha Nokulandisa Okungokwabantu

Izindikimba zobubonisi zizimele − njengamaphoyisa asebenza, abahloli-kakhulu, noma abahloli-kakhulu . kungabukeza izenzakalo, izikhalo, nezimiso. Uma kwenziwa ngokucace kakhulu, ukuqondisa kwandisa ukuqiniseka komphakathi ukuthi amaphoyisa akhona. Amadolobha anjengeDenver ne Seattle aye aqala ukuqondisa umphakathi ngokuthuthukisa ngokuthembana. Imininingwane evela ku- Inhlangano yesizwe yoMasipala[[ isikisela ukuthi ukulandisa okuqinile kuhlangene nokuncitshiswa kokungaphathiseki kuziphatha okubi.

Ukugada Imithombo Yamajele

Umsebenzi wamaphoyisa ucindezela ngokwemvelo, futhi izikhulu ezishayo, ezihlukumezekile azikwazi ukusebenzelana kahle nomphakathi. Imithombo yezempilo yengqondo kufanele iqongelele ukusekela izikhulu zezisebenzi, izinhlelo zokusekela ontanga, kanye nokuthatha izinyathelo ezingcono. Izisebenzi ezinempilo zibekezela kakhulu, zinokuziphatha okuhle futhi zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukwakha ubuhlobo.

Indima Yobuchwepheshe

Ubuchwepheshe buye baba yinkemba ebambene kabili eqenjini lomthetho-ne-community . Bunikeza amathuluzi okubona nokuphumelela, kodwa futhi bukhulisa ukukhathazeka mayelana nokufihla imfihlo, ubandlululo, nokuqapha.

Isithwebuli esisemzimbeni-Worn

Amakhamera omzimba aye asetshenziswa kabanzi njengendlela yokwanda yokulandisa nokunikeza ubufakazi obuqondile. Ukuhlola kubonisa imiphumela exubeneyo ekuncipheni kwemishini, kodwa avame ukuthuthukisa imiphumela yokukhononda futhi akhuthaze ukuziphatha okungcono nhlangothi zombili. Impumelelo yawo ixhomeke ezimisweni ezicacile eziphathelene nokuthi i-meta-analysi igcinwa nini, futhi ikwazi kanjani ukufinyelela kuyo.

Imithombo Yezindaba Yokuxhumana Njengethuluzi Lokukhulumisana

Iminyango yamaphoyisa isebenzisa kakhulu amasiteji ezokuxhumana ukuze ihlanganyele ukwaziswa, umagazini, futhi ihlanganyele nomphakathi. Ukwenza kahle, izokuxhumana kunganikeza izikhulu izikhulu ezingabantu, zinikeze izinguquko zangempela ngesikhathi esiphuthumayo, futhi zifune icebo. Kodwa ingathuthukisa noma isetshenziswe ekuhloleni amalungu omphakathi. Iziqondiso zezesayensi yezenhlalakahle zisetshenziswa [1] ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene neSimemezelo Sokuqala-nesivikelo somsebenzi.

Inqubo Yokubikezela Nemininingwane

Imininingwane isiza iminyango ukuba yabe imithombo yemali ngokunempumelelo, ibikezele izindlela zobugebengu, futhi ihlole imiphumela yokungenela. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi imithetho ebikezelayo ingaqinisa ukuthatheka komlando, iholele ekubekeni imingcele engaphezulu kwezindawo ezithile. INhlangano yokucwaninga nezinye izindikimba ziye zabiza ukuhlolwa okuqinile nokubonakala okunganqamukiyo emamathuluzini emithetho-algorith. Noma iliphi icebo lokwaziswa-athomu elisebenza ngokulandelana kwezimiso zomthetho-athomu kumelwe lihlanganiswe nokwengamele umphakathi ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuhlasela okungenabulungisa.

Izikhungo Zobugebengu Zangempela Nezikhungo Zanamuhla

Amadolobha amaningi akha izikhungo zobugebengu ezihlangene ngesikhathi sangempela ezihlanganisa ukwaziswa okuvela kumakhamera, ukudutshulwa kwezikhali, abafundi bezincwadi zelayisense, namarekhodi amaphoyisa. Nakuba lokhu kungasheshisa izikhathi zokusabela, futhi kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka kwenkululeko yomphakathi. Isihluthulelo siwukulinganisa izinzuzo zokuphepha komphakathi ngokusekela ukuthunyelwa kwemiyalo yokwaziswa nokugcinwa kokwaziswa.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Zezinhlangano Eziphumelelayo Zomphakathi

Indlela engcono kakhulu yokubona ukuthi yimiphi imisebenzi ukuhlola izibonelo zezwe langempela lapho amaphoyisa nemiphakathi kuye kwenza khona intuthuko engenakulungiseka.

Newark, New Jersey: Ukwakha kabusha Ukwethemba Ngokuhlaziywa

Ngo-2013, uMnyango wamaphoyisa iNewark wafaka umthetho wokuvuma noMnyango wokwahlulela wase-U.S. ulandela indlela yokwephulwa komthetho-mthetho. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, lomnyango uye wamukela ubupolisa bomphakathi, kuhlanganise “nohambo oluvamile” ngumqondisi wamaphoyisa, ibhodi lokuhlola isikhalo sezakhamuzi, nokuqeqeshwa ekwahluleleni komthetho womphakathi. Ukuhlola [2022] kwe- iNhlangano yesizwe yoMahluleli yezobulungisa[[[ yathola ukwehla okuphawulekayo ekukhonondekeni nasekusebenziseni izenzakalo zemali, kanye nokukhonzwa okuthuthukisiwe komphakathi ezindaweni lapho iProbithi imatasa kakhulu khona.

ILos Angeles, eCalifornia: I - LAPD’s Community Safety interneship

I-LAPD yamisa i-Community Safety Pantership (CSP) ngo-2011, izikhulu ezihlela ukuphila nokusebenza emisebenzini ephezulu yezindlu zomphakathi. Izikhulu zabelwa isikhathi eside (iminyaka emithathu kuya kwemihlanu) zigxile ekwakheni ubuhlobo, hhayi nje ukuphoqelelwa. Izikhulu ze-CSP zikhona ezenza izenzakalo zomphakathi, uthisha wentsha, futhi zixhumanisa izakhamuzi ezinkonzweni zomphakathi. Ukucwaninga kokuzisebenzela kubonisa ukuthi i-CSP ihlangene nokuboshwa okumbalwa ngenxa yobugebengu obuphansi, ukungasetshenziswa kakhulu kwezisebenzi, nokwaneliseka okukhulu kwezakhamuzi. Uhlelo luye lwanwetyelwe emikhankanjeni yemisebenzi eminingi yezindlu kulo lonke idolobha.

ISeattle, eWashington: Inhlekelele Engenelayo Nezimo Eziphambili Zokuhlobisa

Seattle ubengumholi ekuchezuleni impilo yengqondo nezidakamizwa ekusebenziseni izingcingo ezikude kumthetho wokwahlulela. Iqembu lezenhlalakahle (CIT) ledolobha isikhulu sezokuqondisa izitimela eziseceleni nasekuqondiseni izinkonzo. Muva nje, uMnyango wamaphoyisa eSeattle usebenzelane neDown Emergency Service Center ukuze usungule iqembu lomphakathi: isisebenzi somphakathi nesikhulu sisabela ndawonye ekuthintaneni okuhilela ukucindezeleka kwengqondo. Ukuhlolwa kweYunivesithi yaseWashington kuthole ukuthi i-coneaftice inter kwanciphisa ukuboshwa nokuhambela komnyango wesimo esiphuthumayo, kanye nokuhambela okuphakeme kokwaneliseka.

Iziyalezo Zesikhathi Esizayo

Indlela ephambili yokugcinwa komthetho nokusebenzelana komphakathi ayiyona indlela elandelanayo, kodwa kuvela izimo eziningana nezinto eziza kuqala ezinikeza ibalazwe lomgwaqo ukuze kuthuthuke ngokuqhubekayo.

Ukushintsha Kwesimiso Nesenzo Sokushaya Indiva

Umthetho ophethe nombuso uyashintsha . njengokuvinjelwa kwemigoqo, ukunciphisa imithetho yokungangeni--imposiso, idinga ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane ebekwayo ukuthatha i-'panet', nokuqoqa ukumiswa kwemininingwane emeyini nokusetshenziswa kwe-amandla(-) kungakha isisekelo sobuhlobo obungcono. UGeorge Floyd Justice in Policing Act, nakuba ingekho ngokwemithetho esemthethweni, iye yasebenza njengesilinganisi sezinguquko ezisemgangathweni zikahulumeni. Abaphathi-makheli-mthetho kumele bamise ubufakazi obusekelwe ekuqondiseni imithombo ebaluleke kakhulu yokungathemba.

Ubulungisa Obuyindida Nezimo Ezihlukile Zokusabela

Ikusasa lamaphoyisa lingase lihlanganise izikhulu ezimbalwa ezihlomile ezisabela ezimweni ezingenabudlova. AmaDolobha anjengo-Eugene, u-Oregon (onohlelo lwe-CAHOOTS) no-Denver (nohlelo lwe-STAR) aye abonisa ukuthi ukuthumela izisebenzi ezisosizini ezihlomile empilweni engokwengqondo futhi ezingenamakhaya kuveza imiphumela engcono ngezindleko eziphansi. Ukunwebela lezizimo emadolobheni amaningi kunganciphisa ukuxhumana kwamaphoyisa futhi kuthuthukise ubuhlobo bomphakathi.

Ukuqeqeshwa Nemfundo Okuqhubekayo

Ukuqeqesha akunakuba isenzakalo esisodwa ngesikhathi. Ukuhambisana nokushintsha kwezimiso zomphakathi, izikole zamaphoyisa nezinhlelo zokusebenza kumelwe zigcizelele ukufunda okuqhubekayo ezindaweni ezinjengezimiso zobuchwepheshe, ukuxoxisana nokukhubazeka komphakathi, nomlando womphakathi. Imishini esebenzelanayo namayunivesithi ingaletha izifundo zokucwaninga kubaphathi kuzo zonke izikhundla.

Ukuthutha Ngezimali Nemithombo Yengcebo

Izimpikiswano eziphathelene “nokuthumba amaphoyisa” ziye zashintsha zaba yizingxoxo ezicacile mayelana nemithombo engokoqobo engekho emapolitikini. Abacwaningi base Urban Institute nakwezinye izindawo baphikisa ngokuthi ukushintsha kwezimali ezisekela impilo yengqondo, izindlu, nezinhlelo zentsha kunganciphisa isidingo samaphoyisa kuyilapho kugcinwa ukuphepha komphakathi. Ukuthunyelwa kwangempela okunjalo kumelwe kwenziwe ngokuhlela ngokucophelela nangokufaka ukwaziswa komphakathi ukuze kugwenywe imiphumela engalindelekile.

Ukwamukela Ubulungisa Bemvelo Kuzo Zonke Izinga

Ubulungisa bezenqubo bungesona nje imoduli yokuqeqesha, kodwa kuyifilosofi okufanele iqondise abaholi bamaphoyisa, ukuqondisa, nokusebenzelana kwansuku zonke. Uma izikhulu zichaza izenzo zazo, zilalela amalungu omphakathi, ziphatha wonke umuntu ngesithunzi, futhi zenze izinqumo ezifanele, zakha ngokomthetho owenza ukuba kutholwe ngokuzithandela. Ucwaningo lwango-2024 eYunivesithi yaseCambridge lwathola ukuthi ukuqeqeshwa kokulawula amaphoyisa, ukuqondisa, ukuqondisa, nokusebenzelana kwawo nobugebengu kunciphise isilinganiso esincane, ngisho nasezindaweni ezihlala abantu abanecala kakhulu.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlangana komthetho womthetho nokuhlanganisa umphakathi kuyinkimbinkimbi, kushintshashintsha indawo. Umlando uye washiya izibazi ezijulile, futhi izinselele zamuva . kusukela ekuthembekeni kuya ezinkingeni zokuxhumana kuya ezinkingeni zempilo yengqondo (nesikhathi esikhona) kodwa ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthi intuthuko engokoqobo ikhona. Ngokuhlanganisa izivumelwano zomphakathi, ukusekela ukuqeqesha nokuziphendulela, ubuchwepheshe obungaqondi, nokufunda ezingeni eliphezulu, iminyango yamaphoyisa nemiphakathi kungakha indlela entsha. Umgomo awukona ukuphelela, kodwa intuthuko: ubuhlobo obakhelwe ngenhlonipho, ukuphepha okuhlanganyelwa, nokuqiniseka kokuthi wonke umuntu ufanelwe ukuphathwa ngokulunga nesithunzi.