Ukuchaza Umthetho Wangaphakathi

Umthetho wesizwe wakha iqoqo elihleliwe lemithetho ebusa amalungelo abantu ngabanye nezibopho phakathi kwezinhlangano. Lihlukile kumthetho wobugebengu, obeka icala elimelene nombuso, kanye nomthetho womphakathi, olawula ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni nezakhamuzi. Ezimisweni zomthetho wesizwe. ("itholakala kulo lonke elaseYurophu, eLatin America, eMpumalanga Asia, nezinye izindawo ezithonywe amasiko asemthethweni amaRoma,) ufakwa ezimisweni ezibanzi ezisetshenziswa abahluleli ekuxazululeni izingxabano. Izindawo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa umthetho ohlanganisa izivumelwano, ofaka umthetho owesivumelwano; owenziwe ngemithetho ehlangene, ekhuluma ngokukhohlakaza nokwehliswa kwempahla; umthetho wempahla, ochaza ubunikazi bawo nokudluliselwa kwezindawo; nomthetho womkhaya, olawula ukushada, isehlukaniso, nesigaba sezingane.

Umthetho wanamuhla wesizwe ulandela umsuka wawo ku-century yesithupha u-Corpus Julviris Jultian kaMbusi uJustinian, kamuva wavuselelwa emayunivesithi enkathi ephakathi futhi washintshelwa ezimisweni zesizwe ezinjengezimiso zomthetho ezinjengezesiFulentshi [ Covin[[FLT]] [1804]] [ingxenye engu-(04] ne-Germann [[FLT]]] Bürgerisches Gesetuch[[[FLT] [1900]]). Ngokungafani nezimiso zomthetho ezivamile, lapho imithetho elawulayo, imithetho yesizwe iphatha izinqumo zenkantolo njengemithombo ephezulu echaza imibhalo ephezulu. Lo mehluko omkhulu wemithetho ehleliwe-mthetho, umahlulelwa ngokuqondile, isebenza kahle inqubo yomthetho yomthetho eyisisekelo yomthetho womphakathi, isebenza ngokuvumelana nale.

Ukuqonda Umthetho Womphakathi

Isimiso somphakathi sibhekisela ezimisweni, iziqondiso, nezenzo ezithathwa yizinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuze zixazulule izinkinga ezihlangene futhi zifeze izinhloso ezingokwenhlalo. Sibonisa izindinganiso nezinto eziza kuqala ze-politiki, ngokuvamile zilinganisa izithakazelo ezincintisanayo njengempumelelo yezomnotho, ukulingana kwezenhlalo, nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Isimiso somphakathi asitholakali; sivela ngenqubo ehlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo, ukuhlelwa, ukumiswa, ukumiswa, ukumiswa, ukuhlelwa, ukuhlelwa, ukuhlelwa, ukuhlelwa, nokubukezwa. Izikhulu ezihlangene zihlanganisa izikhulu ezikhethiwe, izinhlangano zezenhlalakahle, amaqembu ezenhlalo, izinhlelo zemidlalo, nethonya lezehlulekiary .

Izindawo ezimisiwe zihlanganisa ukunakekelwa kwempilo (umz., ukugunyazwa kwezezimali okungabizi), imfundo (umz., izindinganiso zezifundo, izindlela zokuxhasa izimali), isivikelo sendawo ezungezile (umz., imingcele yokukhipha izikhali, imingcele yokulondoloza izindawo ezithile), inhlalakahle yezenhlalo (umz., ukungasebenzi, usizo lwezindawo zokuhlala), nemithetho yezomnotho (umz., ukuvimbela ukugcinwa kwabathengi, isivikelo). Isici esiyinhloko sokubusa kwesimanje siwukuthi isimiso somphakathi sincike kakhulu ezimishini yomphakathi ukuze sifeze izinjongo zaso. Imithetho ayimane nje ibeke imingcele ekhona engokwezenzweni; iphinde isebenzise izisusa izisusa ezimpoqondweni zezentengo zezentengo, iziyalezo, iziyalezo zezekhono zegunya. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi noma inqubo ephambili idinga ukulungisa umthetho womphakathi, noma izivumelwano zemisebenzi yemithetho yemithetho yezomthetho.

Ubuhlobo Phakathi Komthetho Womphakathi Nomthetho Womphakathi

Ukuhlanganiswa komthetho womphakathi nesimiso somphakathi akunacala elilodwa eliqondiswe kunoma linye. Izazi ezingokomthetho nabahlaziyi bezimiso bayichaza njengenqubo engokwezigaba: indawo ngayinye iqhubeke imisa futhi inqande enye. Ngezinga elikhulu, umthetho womphakathi unikeza isisekelo sokwakha lapho umthetho womphakathi ufaka khona amalungelo empahla, amathemba avunyelweyo, nezindinganiso zokuthatha izivumelwano zokungenela kwenqubo okumelwe zihlonishwe. Ngokuphambene, isimiso somphakathi siqhubela izinqubo zomthetho nomthetho ohlela kabusha ubuhlobo obungokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, isinqumo sokuthuthukisa amandla amasha okuthengwa kwemithetho amasha okuthenga amandla asemhlabeni, kanjalo kushintshe isivumelwano esikhona nempahla.

Lobubuhlobo bungabonakala ngezilinganiso eziningi: ukuhlelwa kwemithetho, ukuchazwa kokwahlulela, ukubusa, nokuziphendukela kwezimfundiso ezingokomthetho.

Ithonya Lesimiso Somphakathi Somthetho Womphakathi

Isimiso somphakathi sivame ukubangela ushintsho lomthetho wezakhamuzi.

  • [[NTL:0] Isivumelwano esisemthethweni: IPhalamende lidlulisela imithetho ukuze kufezwe imigomo, njengezenzo zokuvikela abathengi ezandisa amalungelo esiqinisekiso, noma imithetho elwa nokungavumelani nesivumelwano nemithetho yemisebenzi. Lemithetho ikhipha izinhlelo zangaphambi komthetho wezwe ukuze kuhlelwe izinhlelo zomthetho wasese ngokuhlela ngokomthetho wezentengiselwano nomphakathi.
  • I-deregiary Regatoring: Izinhlangano eziphethe, ezigunyazwe umthetho, zikhipha iziqondiso ezikhomba umthetho wesizwe. Izibonelo zihlanganisa i-Evironmental Protection Agency emisa izindinganiso zokukhipha ezimisa imisebenzi emisha yabangcolisi namalungelo ahambelanayo emicimbi elimele.
  • Ukuchaza kwe-judicial: Izinkantolo zivame ukubiza umthetho womphakathi njengesiqondiso lapho kuxazululwa ama-prigaties emithethweni yomphakathi noma ukusungula izimiso zomthetho ezivamile. Ngokwesibonelo, abahluleli bangase benqabe ukuphoqelela isivumelwano esibhekwa njengesiphambene nesimiso somphakathi jngesivumelwano sokusenza ku-rt."ukuguqula imfundiso engekho emthethweni.
  • I-Constitutional Review:[ izinkantolo zomthetho-mthetho zingashaya imithetho yomphakathi ephikisana namalungelo omphakathi ayisisekelo noma izinhloso zezimiso ezifakwe kumthetho-sisekelo, iphoqelele izishaya-mthetho ukuba zihlele ezinye izindlela ezisiza umphakathi kangcono.

Umfanekiso oqinile ukuziphendukela komthetho olawula umnini-mhlaba ezifundeni eziningi. Isimiso somphakathi sikhathalela ukuhleleka kwezindlu nokulunga siye saholela ekusikiseleni izimvume zokuhlala, imingcele yokuxoshwa ngaphandle kwesizathu, kanye nezikhonkwane ezigcinwe ezindaweni zokuphepha (zonke eziguqula impahla engokwesiko nezimiso zesivumelwano. Ngokufanayo, ukuguqula izinhlangano eziqhutshwa ngezimpikiswano zezimiso ezimayelana nokubekwa kwemithetho ephakeme kuye kwaveza umonakalo, izindinganiso zokuncelisa, nezimiso zokuvikela zezimboni ezithile.

Ithonya Lomthetho Womphakathi Enqubweni Yomphakathi

Icala elibuya emuva libaluleke ngokufanayo. Umthetho womphakathi ungama, umchachazo, noma izinyathelo ezikhungathekisayo zenqubo ngezindlela eziningana:

  • [ Ipropetroty Rights njengeConstracts: Umthetho-sisekelo oqinile noma ukuvikelwa kwemithetho yelungelo lempahla kungalinganisela umthetho kahulumeni. Isimiso esihloselwe ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwendawo yokulondoloza imvelo singabekelwa inselele njengokuthatha, ukuphoqelela abenzi bezimiso ukuba baklame inqubo yokulungisa imfuno.
  • I-Legial Precedent and Stare Decisis: Ezimisweni zomthetho ezivamile, ngaphambi kwezinqumo zenkantolo ezichaza umthetho wesizwe zidala izimpawu ezibophayo okumelwe imizamo yezimiso elandelayo isebenzise. Isibonakaliso esingumthetho owenziwe ngokukhulayo singashukumisa isenzo somthetho sokuhlanganisa noma ukuvala umthetho omusha.
  • Imithetho yomphakathi engenisa i-Methordamsism:[[FT:1] inikeza amathuluzi anjengezenzo zesigaba, iziyalezo, nezahlulelo zokukhipha isahlulelo ezisetshenziswa yiqembu lomphakathi ukuze liphoqelele izindinganiso zomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, amaqembu endawo ezungezile angase afake izingcolisi ngaphansi komthetho ocekela phansi, ngokuphumelelayo isimiso sokulungisa ngokuguqula.
  • Amalungelo azimele njengo-Policy Drivers: avikela amalungelo ngaphansi komthetho womphakathi (] ukusuka enkululekoni yesivumelwano ukuya ebuqothweni bomzimba obusebuqothweni (-"amandla okuhlanganisa izinqubo zobumpoqo. Ukuqaphela ilungelo lokufuna ilungelo lokwethulwa komthetho wetort, ngokwesibonelo, kuye kwathonya izimpikiswano ezinqubweni zesimiso sokuvikela ukwaziswa.

Isibonelo esiphawulekayo yithonya lobuwula emithethweni yempilo yomphakathi. Izahlulelo ezimelene nezinkampani zikagwayi ngenxa yokuhluleka ukuxwayisa ngezingozi eziphoqelelwe ukubhema zishintsha isimiso esifana nezimfuneko eziqinile ezibekwa uphawu kanye nemikhankaso yemfundo yomphakathi. Ngokufanayo, ukungasebenza kahle kwezokwelapha kuye kwaqhubekisela phambili izinguquko ezindinganisweni zokuphepha zesineke nomshuwalense.

Ukuhlola Icala

Izibonelo ezinemininingwane zicacisa indlela lemisebenzi enamandla esebenza ngayo. Izindawo ezimbili ezihlukene ``izindawo zokunakekela eziphilile' nomthetho wendawo ezungezile" hlela ukulolonga umthetho womphakathi nomthetho womphakathi.

Ukuhlola Icala 1: Amalungelo Eziguli Nokushintsha Kwempilo

Ukumiswa kwemithetho yamalungelo esineke emazweni amaningi kubonisa indlela umthetho womphakathi ongandisa ngayo izivikelo zomthetho womphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuvunyelwa kwezimfundiso zemvume ezinikezwa ulwazi zokwenza abameli bezokwelapha ukuba baveze izingozi nezinye izindlela zokuzisiza ngaphambi kokwelashwa . Ukuvela kuzo zombili izinqumo zokwahlulela nezivumelwano ze-propatition consitive. E-United States, i-Affordcable Care Act Act (A) ngokuyisisekelo yashintsha izivumelwano zempilo zomshuwalense wezempilo ngokufaka impikiswano eqinisekisiwe, ukulinganisela komphakathi, nezinzuzo zempilo. Lezi zinguquko zenqubo zezivumelwano zezivumelwano zezivumelwano ezikhona nokwakha izibopho ezintsha ezingokomthetho ze-insurectivestions. I-Litiggigract, ichaza izilungiselelo zezemikhazandlela yomphakathi, ukuvuselelwa kwemikhaza ngokulandelana kwemikhankani ye--kakhulu.

Okuhlangenwe nakho kweYurophu kunikeza ukuqonda okwengeziwe. EJalimane, iZiguli's Rights Act egunyazwe u-2013 zigunyazwe ukuba zinikezwe ukwelashwa kwezokwelapha, ukutholakala kwezincwadi, necala lamaphutha − ukuvala izibopho zomthetho wesizwe nezimiso zempilo yomphakathi. Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi ukunakekelwa kwempilo akuvamile ukuba kwenzeke ngaphakathi komthetho womphakathi noma umthetho womphakathi; kunalokho, i-othersty instructions ithonya omunye ngomthetho, umthetho, imithetho, nemithetho yenkantolo.

Ukuhlola Indaba 2: Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile Nokuhlala Ngomphakathi

Isivikelo sendawo ezungezile sinikeza ilens enamandla yokuhlola i-interlive. Ukuvela kokungcoliswa kwe-torts/nuisance, ukuphamba, kanye necala eliqinile lemisebenzi eyingozi engavamile, kwaye yalolongwa ngokuqondile ngezimiso eziphathelene nokulimala kwezezimboni. E-United States, i- Comprehensive Environmentation Refection, i- Compensation, ne Liability Act (i-CERCLA noma i-Supergraded) yakha isigungulo sikahulumeni sokususa udoti oyingozi, ifaka imithetho engokwesiko engokwesiko yokufinyelela umgomo wokulungisa. Inkantolo yadlala indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni "inkolo enecala" ngokuyinte", iholele eqeke kakhulu engqundweni yeze ngokulandela inkambiso yenkulumo - mpikiswano elandelana ngecala yecala neyo eyingozi eyingozi yokususa izimpaza.

I-Rio Declaration on Environment and Development ka-1992 kanye nezivumelwano ezalandela ziye zakhuthaza amazwe ukuba athathe izinqubo zomthetho womphakathi zokulimaza indawo ezungezile. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe amaningi aseYurophu aye asungula imibuso eqinile enecala lomonakalo wendawo ezungezile, ifuna abangcolisi ukuba balungise imvelo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphutha. La zinhlelo zomthetho womphakathi zingamathuluzi omphakathi, kodwa futhi ziveza amalungelo amasha abantu namaqembu, okwenza ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho okungaqhubekisela phambili inqubo. Ubunzima phakathi kwentuthuko yezomnotho nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile ngokuvamile budla ngokuziwahlela ezinkantolo lapho abahluleli befuna ukulinganisela izinjongo ezingokomthetho zokuthenga impahla kanye nezingalindelwe.

Izinselele Eqenjini

Naphezu kokuncintisana kwazo, ukusebenzelana phakathi komthetho womphakathi nesimiso somphakathi kubhekene nezinselele eziningana eziphikelelayo ezithuthukisa umkhuba ongokomthetho nokubusa.

  • Izithakazelo ezifaka imingcele nezindinganiso: Inkambiso yomphakathi ngokuvamile imisa inhlalakahle ehlangeneyo, kuyilapho umthetho wesizwe ngokwesiko ugcizelela amalungelo omuntu ngamanye kanye nokuzibusa komuntu siqu. Ukuzifaka kungathiwa kunzima, njengoba kubonakala ezimpikiswaneni zemithetho yokugoma ebophekayo (impilo yomphakathi) ngokumelene nokuzibusa komzimba (tort/umthetho ovunyelwe). Izinkantolo nomthetho womthetho womthetho wesishayamthetho kumelwe zilinganise izimiso eziphikisanayo, ngezinye izikhathi zishiye izingxabano zingaxazululiwe.
  • Ukugcwalisa amagebe nokuphambuka okungokomthetho: Ngisho nemithetho ehlelwe kahle yezimiso ingahluleka ukufinyelela izinhloso zayo uma ukuphoqelelwa kubuthakathaka, amandla okulawula antuleka, noma izimfundiso zomthetho wezwe ziyawalulaza. Isibonelo, umthetho obeka indiva eqinile yemikhiqizo ekhubazekileyo ungakhinyabezwa uma izinkantolo zihluleka ukukhipha izimfuneko zeqiniso noma uma izimakethene zemali zemali zihluleka ukuzilungisa.
  • I-Acticial Judicial Activism ngokumelene nomthetho: Izinga okufanele abahluleli bachaze ngalo umthetho wesizwe ngokucabangela izintando zenkambiso liyaphikiswa. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izinqumo zokwahlulela ezigunyazweyo zidlula indima efanele yezinkantolo, kuyilapho abasekeli bathi umthetho kahulumeni kumelwe uzivumelanise noshintsho lwezenhlalo. Ukulinganisela kuyahlukahluka ezigabeni; emazweni omthetho wezakhamuzi, abahluleli bacindezelwa kakhulu yimithetho, kodwa ngisho nalapho besebenzisa khona ukwahlulela okungaveza imiphumela yezimiso.
  • I-Federalist kanye nomthetho ocushiwe: Ezimisweni zamazinga amaningi (umzk., i-United States, i-European Union), ehlanganisanayo emikhakheni yomthetho wezwe neyomhlaba wonke, i-compactiveism system. Isimiso sikahulumeni esifuna ukuvikelwa komthengi ofanayo singangqubuzana nezimfundiso zesivumelwano somthetho, okuholela ekuhlukanisweni nasekucazululweni.
  • I-Evolution elawulayo kanye ne-Interia e-Legislative: Imithetho yomphakathi ingaphelelwa isikhathi njengoba izimo zezenhlalo nezimiso zishintshwa. Inqubo yomthetho ingathatha kancane ukuphendula, idala igebe phakathi komthetho okhona nezidingo zamanje. Ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zigcwalisa lemingcele ngokuchaza, kodwa lokhu kungaveza ukuguquguquka nokungasoleki.

Ukusingatha lezinselele kudinga ukuhlelwa ngokucophelela: izimvume ezicacile zomthetho, ukuqondisa kwezobuphathi, ukuhluzeka komthetho, kanye nezinqubo zokuguqula izinqubo zomthetho ngezikhathi ezithile. Izazi ziyaqhubeka ziphikisana ngezindlela ezingcono kakhulu − ukuthi umthetho wesizwe kufanele ube nemithetho ehlelekile noma ulondoloze izinga elithile lokuzibusa ukuze ulondoloze izindinganiso zomthetho.

Isiphetho

Inqubo ephakathi komthetho kahulumeni nesimiso somphakathi ibalulekile ekuqondeni indlela izimiso zomthetho ezisebenza ngayo futhi zishintsheke ngayo. Umthetho womphakathi unikeza izakhiwo eziqinile zamalungelo abantu nemisebenzi evumela ukuthatha izinyathelo ezizosebenza, kuyilapho isimiso somphakathi sifaka injongo nokuzivumelanisa nezimiso eziqinile zomthetho obekwe ndawonye. Lobu buhlobo obufanayo bubonakala kuyo yonke indawo kusukela ekunakekeleni impilo kuya ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile, futhi buhlela umsebenzi wansuku zonke wabashaya imithetho, abalawuli, abahluleli, nabezokwelapha.

Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda lokhu kusetshenziswa kusho ukudlulela ngalé kokugxila okuncane emithethweni engokomthetho ukuze bacabangele izimo ezibanzi zemithetho nezombangazwe ezinikeza leyo mithetho incazelo. Kudinga futhi ukuzwelana nokungafani phakathi kwemithetho yomphakathi namasiko avamile aphatha izinhlelo zesimiso somthetho-mthetho ngokwehlukile, futhi ngalinye linikeza izifundo zomklamo wenhlangano. Njengoba imiphakathi ibhekene noshintsho oluvelayo, ukuphazamisa kwezesayensi, izinkinga zempilo yomphakathi nezimiso zomphakathi kuyokhula kakhulu. Ukwazisa umthetho njengethuluzi lenqubo nelokuvikela amalungelo kudingekile lokusabela nomthetho womthetho.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola [[[QULT:0] i-Cornell Information yolwazi lwe-'FLT', i-[FLT] Encyclopedia yefilosofi yokungena komphakathi enkambisweni yezomthetho [, kanye nokucubungula izenzakalo zezimpawu ezinjenge- i-evention tort pigitation[] ebonisa i-diction esebenzayo.