Impikiswano engokomthetho ayiqali ngokuqalwa ngenkundla ephawulekayo. Kunalokho, iqala njengesivumelwano esiphukile sempi yenkantolo, ukulimala komuntu siqu, ukumangalelwa kwecala − ukuthi abagxambukela abangeke bakwazi ukuxazulula ngokwabo. Ukuqinisekisa ukuhleleka, ukungaguquguquki, nokwehlukahluka, umphakathi uye wasungula inqubo ehlelwe kahle yokuxazulula lezimpikiswano: inqubo yokwahlulela. Indlela yecala enqubweni yenkantolo ilawulwa ngemithetho eqinile nebufakazi obuqinile, eklanyelwe ukunikeza wonke amaqembu ithuba elibalulekile lokumukelwa. Loluhambo, ukusuka ekuxazululeni kwesinqumo, ukuhlanganisa inqubo ebucayi, ukuhlangana kwemithetho ekhethekile. Ukuqonda le mithetho akubalulekile nje kochwepheshe bezomthetho, kodwa noma yisiphi isakhamuzi esingakhonza ejantshiwe, sihlangane nommeli weqembu lokulwa. Inqubo yokulawula inqubo yenkantolo engokomthetho (i-sma) ihlelwe yisinqumo somthetho (inquzulelo) futhi isikhulu esingokomthetho somthetho esingokomthetho (isekela isikhulu).

Isimiso Somthetho Sokuphila

Nakuba wonke amacala ehlukile, ukuquliswa kwecala noma ukuquliswa kwecala komphakathi kulandelana ngokulandelana okuqinisekile kwezigaba, ngalinye liklanyelwe ukuvala izimpikiswano, ukuqoqa ukwaziswa, futhi ekugcineni linqume icala noma icala.

Ukunxusa Neminyemba Yokuqala

[[Nqanda] isiqalo esingokomthetho secala yisigaba sokuncenga. [Njengoba kuthatha isinyathelo somphakathi, lokhu kuqala ngokufaka i-partiff inqubo [[FT:0]] ingxube enkantolo elungile. [FFF:1] isiqinisekiso esingokomthetho esibeka izimpikiswano eziyiqiniso nokumangalela okungokomthetho ngokumelene nommangalelwa. [Njengandlela isigaba secala] lapho kungena khona inqubo [FFF:] [asent], [awugunyazwe] inqubo [FF:], i-FUM], ingunxanxanxanxanxathela [uhlu], futhi ingu egoqwayo, ingaqala impoqo ehlukweni [futhe], ingangena isilinganiso esiqinileyo (izinsuku ezingu-30) [FT] uma imvume isithi igwegwesa:[FF] inse, igwegwe igwe nezinswe imposi.[F] ingu, ikhefu engekho isigaba esiyayo.] [eduze isigaba esiyisini.] [enyisweyo: [ense, i

Ukutholakala: Ukushintshana Kolwazi

Uma ukuncenga sekuqalile isisekelo sempikiswano, icala lingena engxenyeni ye-insobo. Lokhu kuvame ukuba isigaba eside kakhulu nesinemisebe eminingi kakhulu. Isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuthola ukuthi umbaxa wokukhanya: akukho mfantu okufanele uqashelwe ekuzameni. Zombili izinhlangothi zinelungelo lokuthola ukwaziswa okungabalulekile, okungahlukanisiwe yizigaba ezihlukene. I-Federal Relation of Civigal Procedure kanye nomasipala wazo silungiselela amathuluzi amaningana anamandla ale njongo:

  • [[IMIFUNDO:0] Imibuzo elotshiwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo, ngokuvamile esetshenziselwa ukuqoqa ukwaziswa okuyisisekelo okuyiqiniso kanye nofakazi abaziwayo.
  • Izicelo zokuveza: izicelo zolunye uhlangothi ukuze kwenziwe amabhukwana, ama-imeyili, izivumelwano, izithombe, nokwaziswa okugciniwe nge-electronic (ESI). Lokhu kuwumgogodla wokuthola kwanamuhla, ngokuvamile kubhekiselwa kukho ngokuthi i-evolution[.
  • Imibuzo:[ Imibuzo eyimfihlo yofakazi noma yeqembu elifunwe yisifungo, eqhutshwa phambi kwentatheli yasenkantolo. Izimvume zivumela abameli ukuba bahlole ukwethenjelwa nokhiye kofakazi ebufakazini babo. Bayithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu lokuthola.
  • Izicelo ze-Actives: izimemezelo ezithunyelwe komunye umuntu ezicela ukuba bavume noma baphikise amaqiniso athile. Uma kuvunywa, lawo maqiniso aqinisekisiwe ngokuphelele ekuqulweni kwecala futhi akudingeki ukuba aqinisekiswe.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Subpoenas:[ iziyalo zomthetho ziphoqelela umuntu ongeyongxenye ukuba akhiqize amabhukwana noma avele efuna indawo.

Isilinganiso sokuthola sibanzi, sibuswa imithetho elinganisayo nesebenzayo. Amaphutha phakathi nokuthola, njengokuzisholo ukuthi unelungelo noma ukwehluleka ukuveza izincwadi eziceliwe, kulethwa ekwakheni kwamajaji nge iziphakamiso zokuphoqelela[. Umahluleli wenza njengomgcini wesango, ulawula kulokhu ukuxabana futhi ubeka izijeziso ngokuxhashazwa.

Ukuhamba Kwangaphambi Kokuqala Nokwahlulela Kokubukeza

Ngaphambi kokulingwa, noma yimuphi omunye angase ahlulele ngokusheshiswa, uma kuphumelela, angaqeda udaba ngaphandle kwesidingo sokulingwa. Okubaluleke kakhulu kwalokhu yisimo sokwahlulela ngokufingqiwe [. Iqembu linelungelo lokufingqa ukwahlulela lapho lingabonisa ukuthi "akukho ukuphikisana okuqotho nganoma yiliphi iqiniso" nokuthi banelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho nokubheka ubufakazi ekukhanyeni okuvumelana kakhulu neqembu elingahambi, akukho komiti enengqondo engathola emseni wabo. Ukwahlulela okuyisicatsha esicatshangelwe kahle kuyithuluzi eligxekayo lokuveza iziphakamiso ezingafaneleki nokugwema okungadingekile.

Ngaphezu kokususa ukuzimisela, amaqembu afaka uhide lweminye imikhankaso yangaphambi kokwahlulela. icela inkantolo ukuba ilawule ebufakazini obubodwa ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, ivimbele abahluleli ukuba bazwe ukwaziswa okuningi. Inkantolo futhi izobamba izingqungquthela zangaphambi kwemikhakhazo [ ukuxoxa ngeziqondiso zokwahlulela, uhlu lofakazi, uhlu lwezembulo, uhlu lwesiboniso, nesimiso sokuqulwa.

Enye Impikiswano

Ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, inkantolo iyakudinga noma ikhuthaze kakhulu amaqembu ukuba ahlole esinye isinqumo sempikiswano. Lokhu kushukunyiswa izindleko ezinkulu nokungaqiniseki kovivinyo. Izinhlobo ezimbili ezivame kakhulu ze-ADR ukungenela kanye no-[FLT] tratratiation .

  • [ I-media: Ingxenye yesithathu engathathi hlangothi (umlamuleli) isiza ukukhulumisana nokuxoxisana phakathi kwamaqembu aphikisanayo. Umlamuleli akenzi isinqumo; kunalokho, usiza amaqembu ukuba afinyelele isivumelwano sawo sokuzithandela, esamukelekayo. Ukuthunyelelwa akubopheki futhi akuyimfihlo.
  • I-Arbitration: Ilungu lesithathu elingathathi hlangothi (umphikisi) lizwa ubufakazi nezimpikiswano ezivela kuzo zombili izinhlangothi futhi linikeze isinqumo. Isivumelwano singabopha (isinqumo sibokugcina futhi sikhangelwe ezisekelweni ezilinganiselwe kakhulu) noma esingabophi (amaqembu angasenqaba isinqumo futhi aqhubeke ukuqulwa). Izivumelwano eziningi zihlanganisa izigaba ezibophekile.

Ukumiswa kwezivumelwano ezifinyelelwa ngemvume yokuquliswa kwecala noma ngokuxoxisana okuqondile kuqeda ukuqulwa kwecala okukhulu komphakathi ngaphambi kokuba zifinyelele ejajini.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala: Ukufuna Amaqiniso

Uma icala lisinda ekuncengeni, ekutholeni, nasekuhambeni kwangaphambi kwe-testry, liqhubekela phambili ekuqulweni kwecala. Ukuqulwa kwecala kuseqophelo lenqubo ye-adversarial, lapho uhlangothi ngalunye luveza khona isimo salo kumuntu ongathathi hlangothi.

Ukukhetha I - Jury (I - voir Dire)

Ecaleni lejaji, isinyathelo sokuqala ukukhetha ijaji. Le nqubo, eyaziwa ngokuthi [[FLT: 0] iyingozi, ihilela ukubuza abameleli abangase bavuleke izinselele. Attorney kuzo zombili izinhlangothi, kanye nomahluleli, bangaqhuba ukuphenya. Bangaxosha inani elithile labaququli bejaji nganoma yisiphi isizathu esingabalulekanga (] izinselele zokuveza izinselele ) nenani elingenamkhawulo lembangela (e., ukungezwani ngempela, ubuhlobo neqembu). Izenzakalo ezifana nezwe [FLTLT] Bson.[FFLT] v [FFLT]:]

Izinkulumo Zokuqala Nobufakazi

Uma ijaji selibekwe endaweni yokuhlala, zombili izinhlangothi zinikeza izinkulumo ezivulayo[. Lokhu akuyona impikiswano, kodwa imephu yomgwaqo yejaji, echaza lokho okuzoboniswa ubufakazi. [[FLT:] [FLT:] uququzelelo olusecaleni lobugebengu] luqala ngokufaka isici sawo] esiyinhloko [ikhanda-kakhulu [[[FLT]] [[FLT]], ukubiza ofakazi nokuveza izibuko. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [uth: 5] luhlala enqabeni: esimweni somphakathi, ngokufakazelwa kobufakazi obungaphansi kobufakazi [FOT] obungakhonjiwe] [FT] obungumbayo, ubufakazi obungakhonjiwe yikho obunganye.[10] Ubufakazi obungakhonjiwe futhi obungamele ubufakazi obuthiwe.[Foff] obuselele, ubufakazi obusehlukuhlu lobufakazi obuncane, obuyihlu, obuncane obubenye obubenye obu

Izinkulumo Zokuphetha Nesiyalo

Ngemva kokuba sebunikezelwe bonke ubufakazi, izinhlangothi ngazinye zinikeza impikiswano ephikisayo, ewukufushaniswa okunamandla kobufakazi kanye nomzamo wokuncenga abahluleli ukuba babuyisele esinqumweni sabo. Umahluleli ube esefunda [[[FLT:] iziyalezo [[FLT:] , ezichaza izindinganiso ezingokomthetho ijaji kumelwe zisebenze. Ijaji lithatha umhlalaphansi ukuba libuyisele ekusithekeni, futhi lifeze isinqumo, liphinde libuyele enkantolo ukuze limemeze [[FLT] isimemezelo . Inkantolo ifike isahlulelo sokugcina esisekelwe enqumsweni.

Ukuhamba Kwangemva Komsindo

Icala alilona isiphelo somgwaqo. Olahlekelwayo angafaka i-stems yangemva kwe-testry ibekela umphumela inselele. Izenzo ezivamile zangemva kokuhlolwa zihlanganisa:

  • [[QUT:0] Ukuvuselelwa kokuYahlulela njengendaba yoMthetho (JMOL):[[[FL:1] U-Agues ukuthi isinqumo sabahluleli sasingasekelwe ebufakazini nokuthi inkantolo kufanele ithathe isahlulelo seqembu elilahlekileyo esikhundleni salo.
  • [[NT.0] Ukuqulwa kwecala elisha:[ Ama-gue ukuthi amaphutha okucwasa enziwa phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala (umzk., ukuvunywa kobufakazi okungafanele, ukuziphatha okubi kwejaji) okuphuca isigwebo esilungile.

Le misebenzi kumelwe ifakwe efasiteleni elifushane kakhulu, ngokuvamile ezinsukwini ezingu - 28 ngemva kokukhishwa kwesahlulelo, futhi umahluleli unquma ngokuqondisisa lapho enquma.

Inqubo Yokukhanga

Uma inqubo yangemva kokwahlulela inqatshelwa, indlela yokugcina yokuthatha isinyathelo iyisikhalo enkantolo ephakeme. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi akulona icala elisha [. Inkantolo ye-applete ayizwa ofakazi noma yamukela ubufakazi obusha. Kunalokho, ibukeza umlando wenkantolo equlwayo ukuze inqume ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho awenziwa yini athinta umphumela.

Indima yenkantolo ye-appellate ilolongwe kakhulu isisekelo sokubukeza :

  • I-De Novo: ngemibuzo yomthetho (umzk., ukuchazwa komthetho noma isivumelwano), inkantolo ye-appellate ayinikezi thuba esinqumweni senkantolo equlwayo futhi inqume indaba entsha.
  • Ngokucacile: Imibuzo eyiqiniso inqunywa umahluleli (hhayi ijaji), inkantolo ye-appellate iyogumbuqela kuphela uma kusobala ukuthi kunephutha.
  • Ukudukiswa kokuhlakanipha: Ngemithetho ecacile nesobala, inkantolo ethatha isigwebo inikeza ilulaza olukhulu kumahluleli oqulwayo, igumbuqele uma umahluleli enza ngokungenangqondo noma ngokungenangqondo.

Idili elikhangayo (iqembu eliphendulayo [[[FLT: 0]]] ) lifaka i-frief isho amaphutha ashiwoyo futhi kungani ligunyaza ukuguqulwa. Iqembu eliphendulayo ([[FLT:]4]] i-appele [[[FLT:]]] i-flecteare [[FLT:]]] isho ukuthi isahlulelo silungile. Icala linqunywa yiqembu labahluleli abathathu ngemva [[FLT:] [FL:] [12] impikiswano [FLT].[12] inkantolo ingakhomba izibalo ezincane.[FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [9] [externe] [ense], noma i-fullsting.[12]

Imibuso Nezinhlobo Zezinkantolo

I-United States iphethe isimiso senkantolo ezimbili, okusho ukuthi kunezimiso zenkantolo ezihlukene, ezihambelanayo zombuso nombuso. Isimiso ngasinye sinegunya laso, isimo, nemithetho. Ukuqonda ukuthi isiphi isimiso esingesomthetho esiyisinyathelo sokuqala kunoma isiphi isici.

Izinkantolo Ezizimele

Isimiso senkantolo samazwe sineziqu ezintathu. Izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala yizinkantolo zesifunda U.S. iziNkantolo zesigodi , ezinazo izigodi ezingu- 94 zokwahlulela. Lezi zinkantolo zinegunya lokuqala emacaleni ahilela umthetho kazwelonke, i-U.S., noma izimpikiswano phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukahlukene (umbuso ohlukene) lapho isamba esiphikisana khona esifundazweni sazo. Ngaphansi kwezindawo kunezinkantolo zesifunda ziyi-[FOT:] [[FFOT:] U.[5] Izinkantolo zecala eziphethe izinkantolo [FT] [FT] eziphethe izinkantolo ezingaphezulu] [FONkakhulu] [FT] [FT] [F3], [uhlu lombuso wesifunda.] [Nkakhulu] [Nkakhulu] [ezinye] [Nkakhulu] [ezingaphezulu] [ezingamele] [i] [i] [i], iziNkakhulu] [i]

Izinkantolo ZoMbuso

Izimiso zenkantolo yoMbuso zisingatha izimpikiswano eziningi ezingokomthetho, kuhlanganise namacala esivumelwano, ukulinyazwa komuntu siqu, izindaba zomthetho womkhaya, nokumangalelwa ngobugebengu ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Njengesimiso sikahulumeni, ngokuvamile zihlelwa ezinhlalweni:

  • Izikhulu zecala elilinganiselwe: Lezi izinkantolo ezikhethekile ezisingatha izindaba ezincane, njengenkantolo yomgwaqo, inkantolo encane evumayo (ngemali encane) nezinkantolo zikamasipala. Izinqumo ezivela kulezinkantolo zingadluliswa enkantolo equlweni lokubusa jikelele.
  • Izikhulu zecala likaJenene Jurisision: Lezi izinkantolo eziyinhloko zecala elingathi sína lomphakathi nobugebengu. Zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi amaQumrhu Aphakeme, amaNkantolo esifunda, noma iziNkantolo zeSigodi, kuye ngokwezwe.
  • [ Izinkantolo eziphakanyiswayo: Izifundazwe eziningi zinenkantolo ephakathi ezwa izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala njengendaba yelungelo.
  • Inkantolo yeSimo esiPhakeme: Inkantolo yokugcina ekhethayo kuhulumeni. Inezikhalo ezicatshangelwe ngokuqondisisa eziningi ezivela enkantolo ephakathi (noma ngokuqondile ukusuka enkantolo equlweni lecala emazweni amancane).

Indima Ebalulekile Yeseluleko Esingokomthetho

Ukumisa ukudida okuyinkimbinkimbi kwesimiso senkantolo kunzima kakhulu kumninikhokho. Ukukhomba okungokomthetho akuyona nje impikiswano enkantolo; kuphathelene nokuhlela, ukuhlola izingozi, nokulalela inqubo.

Ukululeka Okunengqondo Nokuphatha Icala

Ama-attorney asebenza njengochwepheshe. Asiza amakhasimende ukuba anqume ukuthi ayini izikhuselo ezizoletha noma iziphi okumelwe ziqikelelwe. Alawula inqubo yokuthola, athola ubufakazi obuyisihluthulelo futhi avikele ukuxhumana okuyimfihlo kwamakhasimende awo ngelungelo eliyi-atmorney [. Ahlola amandla nobuthakathaka bendaba yokwenza izinqumo zolwazi ngokubuyisana nokuvivinya. U-American Bar Association (ABA)[FLT] ubeka izindinganiso zokuziphatha zalokhu kumelelo, kuhlanganise nomsebenzi wesivumelwano nokwethembeka.

Ukulwa Nempi Esimisweni Esibi

Enkantolo, abameli basebenza njengabameli abashisekayo. Kumelwe balawule imithetho yobufakazi bokuveza indaba yekhasimende labo ngokuphumelelayo kuyilapho bemelene nobufakazi obungafanele obuvela kuphikisa. Bakha izigijimi eziphoqelelayo ekuvuleni nasekuvaleni izimpikiswano futhi basebenzise ukuphenya ukuze bavule ubuthakathaka kwelinye icala. Emacaleni obugebengu, ilungelo lokululeka liyisiqinisekiso somthetho-mthethweni esiyisisekelo ngaphansi kweSiphendulo Seziphendulo Sezwelo-Mdaba, njengoba kuqiniswa yindaba yesandla sezwe Gideon v. Wainright[FLT:] [[FLT] [12] [imperightsss] (ingakholekiyo esenziwe ngokomthetho [FLT:]]] projective [FLT]]]). Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi labo abangenakukwazi ukuvikela izigeqeqeqephule ukuba bamelele icala, uma bengekho esinguqulo: [FFFoctivedrist]]

Inselele Yokuthola Ithonya

Abantu abakhetha ukuzimelela ( pro [) babhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu. Babambelele ezindinganisweni ezifanayo ezicacile nezisobala njengabameli abagunyaziwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhambisana nezikhathi ezimisiweyo eziyinkimbinkimbi, izimfuneko zokuhlela, nemithetho yokuthola. Nakuba izinkantolo zivame ukuqikelela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-seligigiant, ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi amalungu amele impumelelo engcono, ikakhulukazi empikiswaneni eyinkimbinkimbi. Isinqumo sokuqhubeka sinezingozi ezinkulu.

Isiphetho

Indlela yecala ngesimiso senkantolo iwuhambo oluklanywe ngokucophelela, olwakhiwe ngezimiso zenqubo efanele, ukuhlola okungaguquguquki, nokulunga komthetho. Kusukela ekuququlweni kokuqala kwecala kuya esimweni sokudlulisa isikhalo, isigaba ngasinye sifeza injongo eqondile ekufuneni isinqumo esilungile. Nakuba inqubo ingaba yehlisa futhi iyinkimbinkimbi, isakhiwo sayo siqinisekisa ukuthi izingxabano zixazululwa ngokungathathi-hlangothi abasekeli bomthetho nobufakazi, hhayi amandla noma inkanuko. Kubantu abahlala kulendawo, ukuqonda lo mzila kungaphezu kokusebenza kwemfundo yemfundo yezemfundo; kuyisisekelo sokufunda nokuvikela ukukhukhuleka komthetho. Inkantolo ayisona isimiso somthetho esiqinile, kodwa injini eqinile egcina injini engcono kakhulu yezenzo zobulungisa lapho iqonda injongo yayo.