Isingeniso: Ukubuyiselwa Njengesekela Lombuso Wanamuhla

Ukuqondisa akuyona nje imithetho ehleliwe; ukwakheka okusebenzayo okuguqula izimiso ezibusayo zibe imiphumela ebonakalayo. Ezimisweni zentando yeningi nezezentengiselwano eziphumelelayo, ukubusa kuxhomeke ekhonweni lezinhlangano lokuklama, ukumisa, nokuphoqelela iziqondiso ezilinganisela izifiso eziphikisanayo kuyilapho kuvikela inhlalakahle yomphakathi. Umqondo "umthetho" uye wavela njengoba ohulumeni bencika kakhulu ekuxazululeni ukuhlelwa kwemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi ukusingatha izinselele zezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano zezemvelo. Ngaphandle kwezimiso eziqinile, izingozi zokulawula inhlalakahle yomphakathi zingenele ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile, ukufezeka, noma ukuthumba ngezithakazeko zomuntu. Lesi sihloko sihlola indima ehlukahlukene yezimiso zokubusa, izinhlobonhlobo, imisebenzi yayo, izinselele ezingokwenzuzo, nenguquko engokwesikhathi esizayo.

Ukubaluleka Kokuzivumelanisa Nokubusa

Ukubuyisana kusebenza njengengxenye ehlanganisa izinhloso zenqubo nokuziphatha kwezwe langempela. Kunikeza ukubikezelwa, ukunciphisa izindleko zokuthengiselwa, futhi kwakha indawo yokudlala engcono kubadlali bezezomnotho nabezenhlalo. INhlangano yezezomnotho Cophraoperation and Development (OECD) iye yagcizelela isikhathi eside ukuthi imithetho ebekwe kahle ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwezomnotho, ukwethenjwa komphakathi, nokukhula okungaguquguquki. Izizathu eziyinhloko zihlanganisa imicimbi yemithetho zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuvikela impilo yomphakathi nokuphepha: Izindinganiso zokudla, izidakamizwa, izimo zemisebenzi, kanye nezinto zokuhamba zisindisa ukuphila futhi zivimbele izinhlekelele.
  • [ Ukuqinisekisa imisebenzi yokuthengisa elungile: imithetho elwa nokuphathiswa, imithetho yokuvikela abathengi, kanye nokuvinjelwa kwezindawo kuvimbela ukukhwabanisa, ukuphambana, nokuxhashazwa.
  • Ukuvikela indawo ezungezile:[ Imingcele yokuvala, ukulawulwa kwemicebo engokwemvelo, kanye nokulawula ukungcola kulondoloza imvelo yezizukulwane ezizayo.
  • Amalungelo athengwayo: Izimfuneko zokubona ngale, izindinganiso zomkhiqizo ezinecala, kanye nokuphikisana ngokulungisa izinto kunika abantu amandla ezinqubo ezidayisayo.
  • Ukulondoloza ukuzinza ngokwezimali: Imithetho yobuqaba, ukuphatha izinhlelo eziyingozi, nokufaka umshuwalense onqanda izinkinga zezimali.

Ngaphandle kwalemisebenzi yokuqondisa, ukubusa kuba yisiphepho kunokuba kuvimbele, futhi amalungu omphakathi asengozini kakhulu avame ukuthwala izindleko ezinkulu kakhulu. Umsebenzi wezimiso zokuqondisa [[FLT: 0] [i-OECD] unikeza ubufakazi obukhulu bokuthi imfanelo yokuqondisa ehlelekile ithuthukisa kokubili ukukhula kwezomnotho nenhlala- kahle yezenhlalo.

Izinhlobo Zokubuyiselwa

Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kusiza abakhi bemithetho nezakhamuzi ukuba bahlole lokho okuklanyelwe ukufinyelela.

Ukulungisa Izomnotho

Umthetho wezomnotho ugxile ekulawuleni amanani, ukudayiswa, nokuncintisana. Ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa ezimbonini ezinezici ezingokwemvelo zokwengamela (umz., itelecoms, isitimela) noma lapho ukuncintisana kungalulaza izibopho zomphakathi. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukufakwa kwezinga lokusakaza ugesi, izimfuneko zokuvimbela ukufakwa kwamabhange, nokuhlanganiswa kweziphathimandla ezilwayo. Umgomo ukulingisa ukuphumelela kwezimakethe zokuncintisana kuyilapho kuvimbela ukulawulwa kwezempano noma ukuziphatha okuhlasela umphakathi.

Ukubuyisana Kwezenhlalo

Izinkinga zezempilo, ukulondeka, nezezenhlalakahle zikhuluma ngezinkinga zezentengiselwano ezingase zingavikeli ngokwanele. Le ngxenye ihlanganisa ukuphepha emsebenzini, ukudla nezindinganiso zezidakamizwa, imfanelo yemikhiqizo, nemithetho yezenhlalakahle. Izimiso zomphakathi zivame ukuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwengozi nokuncitshiswa kwezindleko ze-67benefit ukuze kuhlolwe amazinga amukelekayo okuchayeka. I-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) kanye ne-European Foood Safety Authority (ESA) yizibonelo eziphambili zezindikimba ezilawula umphakathi.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile

Izimiso zendawo ezungezile zihloselwe ukuvikela imithombo yemvelo futhi zinciphise ukungcola. Ihlela ukuncishiswa komoya namanzi, imithetho yokulawula udoti, ukushintsha isimo sezulu, nokulondolozwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. I-Ceasha Air Act e-United States, ngokwesibonelo, iye yathiwa ngokuvimbela amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu abafa ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngonyaka ngokunciphisa izakhi ezihlukene kanye namazinga e-ozone. Ukulawula indawo ezungezile kudinga inqubo entsha yokulawula, njengezimiso ze-capē āndrade zokukhipha i-carbon.

Ukuqondiswa Kwabaphathi

Imithetho yokuqondisa ibusa imisebenzi yezinhlangano zikahulumeni kanye nokusebenzelana kwazo nomphakathi. Ihlanganisa imithetho esemthethweni yokuveza (njengemihlangano evulekile nezikhathi zokukhulumela komphakathi), irekhodi lezimfuneko zokugcina, nezinqubo zokudlulisa. Lemithetho iqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni ziyafinyelelwa, azikho ezindaweni ezihlukene, futhi zifanelwe ukubukezwa. I-Administrative Procedure Act (A) iyincwadi yesisekelo kulendawo.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwemali

Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kubekwa ngaphansi kwesimiso sezomnotho, iziqondiso zezimali zifanelwe isigaba sazo ngenxa yezinga lazo nokubaluleka kwesimiso. Ihlanganisa izimfuneko eziyinhloko zamabhange, imithetho yokuthola iziqinisekiso, izindinganiso zomshuwalense, kanye nezivikelo zokuthenga ngesikweleti. Inkinga yembulunga yonke yezomnotho yaveza ubuthakathaka enqubeni yezimali emhlabeni wonke, ibangela izinguquko ezinjenge-Doddàgin Act neBasel III.

Indima Yokuzivumelanisa Nokubusa

Ukulungisa kwenza imisebenzi eminingi ebaluleke kakhulu kunoma isiphi isimiso sokubusa. Le misebenzi idlulela ngalé kokwenza umthetho usebenze, ukuchaza nokuzivumelanisa.

Ukumisa Izindinganiso

Imithetho ibeka amathemba acacile ngokuziphatha nokusebenza. Ngokuchaza ukuthi yini eyamukelekayo, inciphisa ukungaqondakali kwazo zombili izinhlangano ezilawulwayo nalezo ezimisa imithetho. Izindinganiso zingaba ezithatha kuqala (isib., "ingasese i-stable contrers engamasentimitha angu-42) noma i-authonsiwe (umz., "umshuwalense uyahluleka ukuvikela okuqeda ingozi yokulimala"). Ukukhetha kungathinta izindleko zokuvuma nokuvumelana nemithetho.

Imishini Ephoqelelwayo

Imithetho iphumelela njengemithetho yayo ephoqelelwe. Izimiso zokuqondisa zincike ekuhlolweni, ekuhlolweni, ekujezisweni, naseziqondisweni zokulungisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho. Ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho kuvimbela ukwephulwa kwemithetho nezimpawu okuthathwa njengokungathi sína. Nokho, ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho kumelwe kube nokulinganisela; izindlela zokujezisa ngokweqile zingalimaza amabhizinisi asemthethweni nokumelana nokuzala.

Ukulandisa Nokuphatha

Ukubuyiselwa kusiza ukuba abantu ngabanye nezinhlangano zibone icala ngezenzo zazo. Izinhlangano zokuqondisa zingamisa izijeziso, amalayisense okuchitha, noma idinge ukubuyiselwa. Ebuthweni lentando yeningi, ukulandisa ngemithetho kuqhubekela phezulu kubaphathi abakhethiwe futhi kuhle ngezimfuneko zokubika umphakathi. IBhange leWorld shond shoption sho imfanelo yokuzinqumela njengesihluthulelo sokulandisa.

Ukubona Ingaphandle Nokuhlanganyela

Ukubusa kwanamuhla kumisa ukuba izinqubo zokuqondisa zibe sobala. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukunyathelisa imithetho yokuhlela ukukhulumela komphakathi, ukuqondisa imiphumela, nokugcina amarekhodi afinyelelekayo ezenzo zomthetho. Ukubonisana kwamandla angaphandle kukhuthaza ukuthembana futhi kuvumela ababambisi ukuba bahlanganyele ngokunenjongo ekuhleleni i-propresence. Eminye imikhandlu idinga ngisho nezinhlangano zokuqondisa ukuze zithethelele ukuthi kungani umthetho udingeka ngaphambi kokuba usebenze.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimo Nokufunda

Ukubuyisela akumi ndawonye. Izimiso zokulawula eziphumelelayo zihlanganisa izinqubo zokubukeza ngezikhathi ezithile, ukushona kwelanga, nokuhlola ukubheka emuva. Izinhlangano eziqondisayo zivame ukusebenzisa iziphakamiso ze-alytics ukuze zihlole imiphumela futhi zilungise imithetho lapho kuvela izingozi ezintsha. Lokhu kufunda kubaluleke kakhulu ezingxenyeni ezisheshayo ezifana nobuchwepheshe nemithi.

Izinselele Ekuvuselelweni

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwawo, umthetho ugcwele izinselele ezingase zilulaze ukubusa.

Ukuvinjelwa ngokweqile

Ukulawula ngokweqile kungavimbela ukusungulwa, amabhizinisi amancane athwele umthwalo, kanye nokukhula kancane kwezomnotho. Isenzakalo sokuhlelwa kwemithetho elawulayo".

Ukungagunyazwa

Ngokuphambene, ukungabeneli imithetho enganele kungaholela ekubhujisweni kwezentengiselwano, izinkinga zempilo yomphakathi, nokuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile. Inkinga yezezimali ka-2008 iyisibonelo esinzima sokungagunyazi ukuboleka izikweletu zezindlu nezindawo zokuthengisa. Ukungagunyazi kungabangelwa ukucindezela kwezombangazwe, ukuthunjwa, noma ukunqandwa kwezisekelo. ukukhomba kokuthunjwa komphakathi [] [________ukuthi izinhlangano zikhonza izimboni ezihloselwe ukwengamela ibhizinisi elikhona

Ukuba Yinkimbinkimbi Nomthwalo Onemicikilisho

Imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi idida abakhokhi abakhokhi abakhokhi abakhokhi abakhokhi abakhokhi abakhokhi abakhokhile futhi yandise izindleko zokuthobela. Ngokwesibonelo, imvume yendawo ehleliwe evela ezinhlanganweni eziningi ingabambezela imisebenzi yezesisekelo iminyaka eminingi. Ukucutha futhi kudala amathuba ezinselele zomthetho nokuxhashazwa abadlali abakwaziyo ukukhokhela abameli abalalelayo ababizayo. Imizamo yokwakha, njengokulungisa i-pallufidi ne-reding eqinisiwe, iyaqhubeka emikhakheni eminingi.

Ukuntuleka Kwemithombo Yengcebo Nekhono

Izinhlangano ezilawulayo zivame ukulwa nezindleko ezilinganiselwe zemali, ukuswelakala kwezisebenzi, nobuchwepheshe obuphelelwe isikhathi. I-aguster ingagunyaza ukuhlola izinkulungwane zezindawo kodwa abahloli abanele kuphela ukuhlanganisa ingxenye yazo. Ukuguqula imishini kunikeza isithembiso, kodwa izinhlangano eziningi azinakho ubuchwepheshe bokumisa izimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuhlola. Umphumela uwukugcinwa ngokuguquguquka komthetho ezincwadini nasekwenzeni umthetho.

Ukungenela Kwezombangazwe

Ukubuyisa kungaba yithuluzi lokusekela kwezombangazwe noma isisulu sokuchitha lapho abaqondisi beshintsha. Izinhlangano ezizimele zezokuqondisa ziklanyelwe ukuvikela umthetho ngokwemijikelezo emifushane ye-protem , kodwa ukuzilawula kwazo akupheli. Izinsongo zokuzibusa ngokulawula − njengokunquma uhlelo lwemali, ukumisa abakhomishane abangaqeqeshiwe, noma izimemezelo zezikhulu ezilawulayo ezilawulayo.

Ukuhlola Izifo Ngokuzivuselela Ngokuphumelelayo

Ukuhlola izibonelo zezwe zangempela 93 kukhanyisa indlela ukuqondisa okungasebenza ngayo — futhi kwenza ngayo — futhi kwenza kanjalo — uma kuklanywe futhi kuphoqelelwa kahle.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwezimali: UMthetho WeDodd 76Frank Nangalé Kwawo

Isabela esinkingeni sezimali ka-2008, i-Dodd frank Wall Street and Consumer Protection Act ngo-2010. Lo mthetho obanzi wadala i-Namalial Stability Overstight Council (FSOC) ukuze iqaphele izingozi zesimiso sohlelo, imisa izimfuneko eziphakeme zezimali emabhange amakhulu, futhi yamisa umthetho wezezimali wezezimali (CFPB). I-CFB iyodwa iphindisele izigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zamaRandi kubathengi ezilimazweni ezilinyazwe yimikhuba engafanele. Nakuba abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi iDodd 9345FFFF fanc izindleko zokuzimela izindleko, isimiso sebhanki esaba i-CUNICUD sasikisela ukuthi umthetho onamandla wasiza ekuvimbeleni ukuncitshiswa kuka-2008000. Ezingxoxweni ezikhona ngokuncibilikayo ezisekwe ezimalinisweni zezentengo ezindaweni ezikhona emhlabeni wonke.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile: Umthetho Ohlanzekile Womoya

I-Ceac Air Act (CAA), eyaqala ngo-1963 futhi yalungiswa kakhulu ngo-1970 nango-1990, ingenye yemithetho yendawo ezungezile enethonya elikhulu emlandweni. Ngaphansi kwe-CAA, i-ES Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ihlela i-National Ambient Air Seaty Sight Act (NAAQS) i-Is yokungcolisa izinto ezidiayekisa izinto ezifana ne-ozodwa, i-ozone, ne-sulfur dioxide. Ukuhlola i-EPA ne-execcode. Kusukela ku-kakhulu lama-20 000 afeyingi angaphambili futhi kunciphisa ukuhla kwesibhedlela sezelelwe i-pane. Izinzuzo zezomnotho ze-CAA zidlula izindleko zayo cishe zibe ngu-30 kuya ku-1 ngokuhlola u-EPA. Nokho, ukuhlola izinselele eziqhubekayo ezingokomthetho kanye nokulawula impumelelo.

Ukuvikelwa Kwezentengiselwano: I - Information Protection Bureau

Imiswe nguDodd à Linding Act, i-CFPB ihlanganisa imisebenzi yokuvikela abathengi eyayisakazwe ezinhlanganweni eziningi ngaphambili. Iqondisa amabhange, izibopho, ababolekisi bemali, nezinye izinhlangano zezimali ezivumelana nemithetho enjengethi Truth in Linding Act nethi Fair Crever Reporting Act. I-CFPB iye yahlela izikhalo zabathengi eziyizigidi ezingu-4, futhi yavikela izisulu zemisebenzi engekho emthethweni, futhi yakhipha imithetho yokunqanda ukukhokha. Isakhiwo sayo esinentengiswayo esinjenge-Federal Reservel, kunokuba i-Propabligationstionsssss. Yayivikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, nakuba iye yaba yinselele inselele inselele izinselele zemithetho engokomthetho mayelana nokususwa kwamandla ayo.

Imininingwane Yabantu Nokulondeka: I - EU’s General Data Provincial Provincial

I-GDPR, ephumelela kusukela ngo-2018, imelela izimpawu eziphawulekayo zenqubo yomphakathi enkathini yonyaka. Inikeza abantu amalungelo aqinile phezu kokwaziswa kwabo siqu, igunyaza izimfuneko eziqinile, futhi ifaka izinhlawulo ezifinyelela ku-4% zenguquko yonyaka wonke ngenxa yokuphula umthetho. Lomthetho uye waphoqelela izinkampani emhlabeni wonke ukuba zifake imingcele yazo futhi uphefumule imithetho efanayo kwezinye izifunda (umz., i-LGPD, i-CPA yase-California). Nakuba amanye amabhizinisi ekhononda ngezindleko zaminyaka yonke zaminyaka yonke zaminyaka yonke, i-GDPR inike abathengi amandla futhi yakha izinga lembulunga yonke lokubusa. i-odaterrialtial ishobon indlela enamandla yokulawula engcono engcono ngaphandle kwemingcele yezwe elilodwa.

Iziyalezo Zesikhathi Esizayo Zokubuyiselwa

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, nokulindela komphakathi kushintshashintsha, izimiso zokulawula kumelwe zivumelane nezimo.

Ukwamukela Ubuchwepheshe Ukuze Uzilungise Ngokuhlakaniphile

Imininingwane i-alytics, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, nokufunda ngomshini kungathuthukisa ukuthobelana nokuhlola. "Iziphetho ze-Regtech" zivumela izimboni ukuba zibike, kanti "i-Suptech" amathuluzi asiza abaqondisi baqaphele izingozi zomzimba futhi babikezele izingozi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-U.K.’s Financial Epial Authority izame ukuzwa ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezemaketheri. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe-AING kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka kwayo siqu ngobandlululo, ukukhanya, ukubonakala, nenqubo efanele. I-Generalsaces kumele ukuxoxa ngalokhu lapho iphumelela ekuvuneni.

Izihlabathi Ezilawulayo Nomzamo Onamandla

Ukuze kugwenywe ukusungulwa okukhubazayo, abalawuli emazweni amaningi baye basungula "izindawo ezilawulwayo zokulawula i-sendbox""", izindawo lapho imikhiqizo emisha noma amafashoni ebhizinisi angahlolwa khona ngezimfuneko ezilinganiselwe zomthetho. Umqondo wasungulwa kwezobuchwepheshe bezezimali (fintic) kodwa usakazekela engobuchwephesheni, amandla, kanye nokuhamba. AmaSandbox avumela abalawuli ukuba bafunde eduze kwe-innovatorrs nemithetho yokuklama evikela futhi ekwazi. Umthetho womthetho owenziwe nge-azerobitive, ogcizelela umthetho wezentengiselwano nomphumela osheshayo, ukuzuza amapheshana njengengxenye yomthetho wesiko.

Ukubambisana Kwezizwe Zonke Ngezinselele Zembulunga Yonke

Izinkinga eziningi zokuqondisa ngokomthetho .Izinkinga eziningi ze-'ICCCrime', ukushintsha kobuphekula, ubhadane, ukugwema kwentela, ukugwema kwemingcele yentela. Ukubusa okuphumelelayo kudinga ukubambisana kwezizwe ngezivumelwano, izivumelwano zokuqaphelana, nezindinganiso ezifana neNhlangano ye-International of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), iKomiti yeBasel eBanking Superfecten, ne - International Civiation Organization (IAO). Isivumelwano se-Paris esiphathelene nokushintsha isimo sezulu siveza kokubili ukuphumelela nokusebenza ngokubambisana kwembulunga yonke. Ukubusa esikhathini esizayo kuyoxhomeka ekuqiniseni le zinhlangano kuyilapho ihlonipha ubukhosi besizwe.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokusekela

Izakhamuzi zifuna ngenkani ukulawulwa kwemithetho. Ukubusa kwe-colles 88, ukunikeza amathelongo, nemihlangano yezakhamuzi elayinini ye-intanethi kunikeza amathuba okuhlanganyela. Uma iziqondiso zibonisa okuhlangenwe nakho okuphilayo, zithambekele kakhulu ukuba zamukeleke futhi zihambisane. Amanye amagunya aye azama ukusebenzisa uhlelo lokuhlela izinhlangano ezilawulayo noma izikhundla zezakhamuzi. Ukubheka ukuthi ukuthembisana kunenjongo, futhi akuyona nje inselele kodwa kubalulekile ekusebenziseni inqubo yentando yeningi.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Ukungagwegwesi Nokuvumelana Nesimo

Ukubuyiswa kuyisisekelo sokulawula okuphumelelayo, ukunikeza uhlelo oludingekile lokuhleleka, ukulandisa, nokuvikela izithakazelo zomphakathi. Nokho umthetho awukuphela ngokwawo; uyithuluzi okumelwe lisetshenziswe ngokunakekela. Izimiso eziphumelela kakhulu zokuqondisa zishaya ukulinganisa phakathi kwezindinganiso eziqinile nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo. Ziqapha ukuba zingabanjwa futhi ziphathwe ngokuphazanyiswa kuyilapho zihlala zisabela ezidingweni zezakhamuzi nezimakethe. Ngokuqonda izindima zemithetho, izinselele, izinselele, iziqondiso kanye nezindlela zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, abakhi bezimiso kanye nendawo yomphakathi okungasebenzela ekushintsheki nokuhleleka okungcono nokuphumelelayo ekulungiseni izimo. I-a i-athobo, isivikelo, amalungelo, nokungayenzi esithembisweni sokubusa.