Indlela Yokuhlangana: Ukulingana Kwamalungelo Omphakathi

Ubuhlobo phakathi kokulingana nokuncitshiswa kwamalungelo abantu abuyona nje imithetho engokomlando, eyisimiso esisekela ukubusa kwentando yeningi kwanamuhla. Ekuphetheni kwayo, lobubuhlobo bubonisa indlela kokubili okungabonisa ngayo ukuzimisela komphakathi nokulungisa ukuphathwa ngokufanele. Ukuze umuntu aqonde lokhu kuhlobana, kumelwe ahlole izimpi ezingokomlando ezabangela imithetho engokomlando, izimpikiswano zefilosofi eziqhubeka ziwacwengisisa, kanye negebe elingapheli elifuna ukusabela okusha kwemithetho.

Ukulingana, ngendlela elula kakhulu, kusho ukuthi wonke umuntu ufanelwe amalungelo angokomthetho kanye nesivikelo. Umthetho wamalungelo ezakhamuzi uguqula lowo mgomo ongaqondakali ube imithetho ephoqelelwe. Ngaphandle kwemithetho, ukulingana kuhlala kuyithemba; ngaphandle kwesizathu sokulingana, imithetho iba yizinqubo ezingenanjongo. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuthi isibopho esiqinile ngomlando wase-U.S. nangezinselele zanamuhla, sinikeza abafundisi ibalazwe lomgwaqo, abasekeli, nezakhamuzi ezisebenzela umphakathi onobulungisa.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Samalungelo Omphakathi

Inhlangano yanamuhla yamalungelo abantu eUnited States ayizange ivele ingenalutho. Yavela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka egqilazwayo, ehlukaniswayo, nasemthethweni wokucwaswa kwemibono engekho emthethweni eyayingavumelani nesithunzi sabantu base-Afrika namanye amaqembu angaphansi kwesigaba. Ikhulu lamaphakathi nekhulu lama-20 laphawula inkathi yoshintsho lapho izimpande zotshani zithatha inqubo, icebo elingokomthetho, kanye nokuqoqwa kweqembu ukuze zifune ushintsho lwezimiso.

Izimbangela Zokungalingani EMthethweni WaseMelika

Kwakudala ngaphambi kwama-1950, isimiso somthetho sase-U.S. saba nokungalingani okuhlangene. uDred Scott v. Sandford [1857] isinqumo samemezela ukuthi abantu abamnyama babengezona izakhamuzi. Ngemva kweMpi Yombango, [[FLT]] 13th, 14th, ne 15 yeSichibiyelo [[FLT:] saqeda ubugqila, ukunikeza izakhamuzi, futhi savimbela ukucwaswa kwemibono esekelwe ezinhlangani. Nokho lezi zithembiso zasheshintshwa ngokushesha [[FLT:] imithetho [[FLT:] [[FLT]] eNingizimu, ephonsa ukuhlanganisa nokususa i-franchine. [FT] [f6] [f]

Le mithetho yabeka isisekelo sempikiswano eqondile phakathi kwesimiso sokulingana kanye nobuqiniso bobandlululo oluvezwa uhulumeni. Ukulwela amalungelo omphakathi, kusukela ekuqaleni, kwakuwukulwela ukwenza umthetho ufane nesilinganiso esilinganayo seSichibiyelo se - 14.

Izenzakalo Eziwubuciko Ezathonya Umthetho

Nakuba izenzakalo eziningi zaqhubekisela phambili lenhlangano, izikhathi ezimbalwa ezibalulekile zabangela ukucindezela komphakathi okudingekayo ukuze kuthathwe isinyathelo sokuhlangana.

  • iMontgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956):[[FLT] Iphazanyiswe ukwenqaba kukaRosa Park ukushiya isihlalo sakhe, lo mfanyana wosuku lwezinsuku ezingu- 381 ohlelwe nguMartin Luther King Jr. ne-Montgomery Reconstruction Association yaqeda ibhasi elikhucululwayo futhi yafakazela amandla okubhikisha kwesixuku okungaphazamisi.
  • Uhambo lwaseWashington lweJobs nenkululeko (1963): Abantu abangaphezu kuka 250 000 babuthene eSikhumbuzweni seLincoln. Inkulumo yeNkosi ethi “Nginephupho” yaba ukuchaza ukulingana. Ukumasha kwacindezela uMongameli uKennedy ngokuqondile ukuba akhiphe umthetho wesizwe.
  • Bloody Sunday neSelma eMontgomery Marchs (1965): Lapho amashadi ehlaselwa ngesihluku amabutho kahulumeni e-Edmund Pettus Bridge, intukuthelo yesizwe evuselela ukusekela iVoting Rights Act. UMongameli Johnson ngokushesha wanikeza ikheli elingokomlando elibiza umthetho.
  • Inkululeko ne Sit-ins (1961): amaqembu ahlangene abekela amaqembu amabhasi ahlukene phakathi kwezwe kanye namabhayisekili asemaphandleni akhona, akhuthazelela ubudlova nokuboshwa. Lezenzo zavivinya ukugcinwa komthetho kahulumeni futhi zabangela ukusakazwa kwemithombo yezindaba.

Lezi zenzakalo, kanye nemikhankaso yezimpande ezingaziwa kakhulu kuzo zonke izingxenye zezwe, zadala intando yezombangazwe yokunqoba ama-Southern filbuster nokuphikiswa okungaguquguquki. Zigcizelela ukuthi umthetho awuveli emseni kuphela, kodwa udinga ukuphazamiseka okuqhubekayo kwezakhamuzi.

Imithetho Yamalungelo Abantu Yasezweni Nesimiso Sayo Esilinganayo

Phakathi kuka - 1964 no - 1968, uMkhandlu washaya uchungechunge lwemithetho eyashintsha umphakathi waseMelika.

Umthetho Ka - 1964 Wamalungelo Abantu

Izwe lihlolwe njengemithetho ebaluleke kakhulu yamalungelo ezakhamuzi kusukela ekuvuselweni kabusha, uMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1942 ovimbela ukucwaswa kwezinhlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma umsuka wesizwe. Yafeza imigomo eminingana ebucayi:

  • Ukwahlukaniswa okungekho emthethweni ezindaweni zomphakathi (ezikoleni, emapaki, ezinkundleni zemidlalo yaseshashalazini, ezitolo zokudlela).
  • Ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi okwakwenziwa kwabangela i - Aumembli Opportunity Commission (EEOC).
  • Izimali zikahulumeni ezitholakala ezimisweni ezazibandlulula.
  • Kwaqinisa amalungelo okuvota.

Ngokuphawulekayo, ukuhlanganisa i- “sex” njengesigaba esivikelweyo kwaqala njengenguquko yokugcina encipheni ngokuphikiswa okunethemba lokunqoba umthetho − kodwa yadlula futhi yaba isisekelo somthetho olinganayo wesifazane samuva, kuhlanganise ne-Title IX. I-Act yasungula ukuthi ukulingana ngaphansi komthetho kusho ukuthi akukhona nje isivikelo esilinganayo kodwa ukufinyelela ukuphila komphakathi.

Umthetho Ka - 1965 Wokulwela Amalungelo Abantu

Nakuba i-Civil Rights Act yayikhuluma ngezindlela eziningi zokucwasa, ukuvota kwahlala kusempini. UMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu [[[FLT: 1]] wahlasela izithiyo zezimiso zokuhleleka kwemithetho `intela yokungcola], ukuhlola ukufunda nokubhala, ukwesabisa − okwakugcine abavoti abamnyama bekhona kuphenywa. Ilungiselelo eliyisihluthulelo lalihlanganisa:

  • Ingxenye 2: Ukuvinjelwa kwesizwe sonke kobandlululo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni.
  • Ingxenye 5: Imibuso eyayidingeka nomlando wokucwasa ukuze “kuvele u -“ clear” noma yiluphi ushintsho lokuvota kuhulumeni kahulumeni.
  • Abahloli bakaFederal babengabhalisa abavoti lapho izikhulu zendawo zenqaba khona.

Umthetho wandisa ukubhalisa kwabavoti phakathi kwama-Afrikan America, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu ka-1960. Ekupheleni kwawo-1960, izinkulungwane zabavoti abasha abaNsundu zazihlanganyela okhethweni, okwaholela ekukhethweni kwabameleli bokuqala abamnyama kanye nabameleli kusukela ekuvuselweni kabusha. Amandla omthetho aqiniswa lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme isekela ukuqina komthetho - sisekelo wayo eMzansi Carolina v. Katzenbach [196]. Kodwa, i-Cent County] i-Devity. Shelby v. Isinqumo sayokusekela isigaba 5, intuthuko esiye yavuselela ukuvota okulingana.

Funda okwengeziwe ngomlando we-Voting Rights Act kanye nesimo samanje e- U.S. Department of Justice.

Isinyathelo Sezindlu Esifanele Sango - 1968

Ukwahlukaniswa kwezindlu kwagunyazwa ngokuthengisa, ngokuvala izivumelwano eziqinile, nokwenqaba ngokuqondile ukuthengisela noma ukuqasha amaqeshana. UMthetho we-Fair Howation [ [Umthetho we-Cuvil Rights Act ka-1968] (Umthetho VIIII we-Civil Rights ka-1968) wenqabela ukucwa, ukuqasha, nokuxhasa izimali zezindlu ezisekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma umsuka wesizwe. Kamuva ukubuyiselwa kwemikhaya nezingane nabantu abakhubazekile.

Lo Mthetho wakha isisekelo sezindlela zokulahla amacala kodwa ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho kuye kwaba okungavumelani. Ukungalingani kwezindlu kuyaqhubeka: ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi imikhaya yabamnyama nabaseSpain isethubeni lokungavunyelwa ukuthenga izikweletu noma ukuyiswa ezindaweni ezingathandeki kakhulu. I-Fair Hosle Act ilokhu iyithuluzi elibucayi, kodwa amandla ayo axhomeke ekunakekeleni uhulumeni ngokuzikhandla nasekuzimiseni ngasese.

Ngalé Kwezintathu Ezinkulu: Ukwanda Kwamuva

Isimiso somthetho sokulingana saqhubeka sikhula. AmaMelika anezinga elinoMthetho wokukhubazeka (ADA) ka-1990] ngo-1990 anwetshwa izivikelo zamalungelo omphakathi kubantu abakhubazekile, enqabela ubandlululo emsebenzini, izinkonzo zomphakathi, nezindawo zokulala zomphakathi. Yaqaphela ukuthi ukulingana ngezinye izikhathi kudinga indawo yokuhlala engcono ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi uyahlanganyela. Ngokufanayo, Lily Bealivenual Fair Pair Pay Act [2009]] yakhuluma ngokucwasana, isimiso sokuthi ukulingana kuhlanganisa imbuyiselo yomsebenzi olinganayo.

Lemithetho yamuva ibonisa ukuqonda okwengeziwe: ukulingana akuyona indawo eqondile kodwa ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwamalungelo amaqembu ayengasamukeleki ngaphambili.

Inhliziyo Enengqondo: Ukulingana okuphikisanayo. Ukulingana Kwemithetho

Imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi yakhiwe emqondweni wokulingana, kodwa ukuyithola ngokuvamile kudinga ukucabanga ngokulingana.

Ukulingana: Ukwelashwa Okufanayo Kwabo Bonke

Ukulingana kudinga ukuba umthetho uphathe wonke umuntu ngendlela efanayo. Akekho oncishwa ilungelo elisekelwe ekuzisweni kwabo. Lesi simiso siyisisekelo seSiphendulo se 14 se-Unicial Protection Claus futhi siboniswa emithethweni ewenqabela ubandlululo. Ukuphathwa komuntu oyedwa ngokuqondile futhi unxusa ukuba aqonde ukuthi ulungile.

Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukulingana okungokomthetho akunazizimo ezingokomlando nezesakhiwo. Ukunikeza wonke umuntu imithombo efanayo akusizi labo abaqala ngokuswela okukhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukumane nje ukuvimbela ukuhlukaniswa kwesikole akuziniki abafundi abaNsundu imiphumela elinganayo yemfundo, kodwa kwathatha amashumi eminyaka ukukhokha izindleko ezihleliwe zenkantolo, ukusekela izimali ezifanayo, nokuvuma ukuqala ukuvala igebe.

Ukungaguquguquki: Izinyathelo Ezifanele Zokwenza Imali Efanele

U-Equity uyaqaphela ukuthi amaqembu ahlukene angase adinge amazinga okusekelwa okuhlukene ukuze afinyelele umphumela ofanayo. Lomqondo wavela ekwahlulelweni kwamalungelo omphakathi ngomqondo “wemiphumela eguquguqukayo” [1] Umkhuba ongathathi hlangothi ebusweni bawo kodwa ngokungenakuqhathaniswa ulimaza iqembu elivikelweyo kungenzeka ukuthi awuvunyelwe ngokomthetho. Griggs v. Isinqumo sasungula ukuthi ukuhlolwa komsebenzi ngemiphumela yokuzingela kwezekeli ze-discriname kumelwe kube ngokomthetho. [[FLT] [FLT]] [[FLT]]

Izimiso ezisemthethweni zihlanganisa uvuma ukuthatha isinyathelo ekwamukeleni nasekwengameleni, umvoti ohlonishweyo emiphakathini ecindezelekile, nezinhlelo zokuqinisekisa indawo ezisiza imikhaya ukuba ithuthele ezindaweni eziphezulu. Lezizimiso azingqubuzani nezimiso zokulingana ngenxa yokuthi zizimisele ukulungisa izithiyo ezithile. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaphikisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi izinhlanga kumelwe zifeze isithakazelo esishukumisayo futhi zilungiswe ngokulinganiselwe, futhi zinciphe kokubili izinga lokusekela nokushaya ezindinganisweni ezisemthethweni kuye ngomomo.

Ukuze uthole ngokujule kakhulu ukuphikisana ngokulinganayo, bheka i- American Commistial Livision Union [ imithombo yobulungisa bezinhlanga.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nokulingana Kwangempela

Naphezu kokunqoba okungokomthetho kwawo - 1960, ukulingana kusekhona. izinhlobo ezintsha zobandlululo ziye zavela, futhi ezindala ziyaqhubeka zisebenzisa izinqubo ezicashile. Izinhlangano zamuva zezenhlalo ziye zaphoqelela ukubala ukuthi imithetho yamalungelo abantu ihluleka kanjani.

Inhlonipho Nobulungisa Besigebengu

Ukubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd, Breenna Taylor, nabanye abaningi babangela ukubhikisha kwembulunga yonke ngokumelene nobandlululo lwesimiso sobuhlanga epolishini. Nakuba iSichibiyelo se 14 siqinisekisa isivikelo esifanayo, ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi abantu abamnyama nababhinqileyo bayamiswa, bayaboshwa, futhi bavalelwe emazingeni aphakeme ngokungenakulinganiswa. Umthetho u-George Floyd ku-Policing Act (Ingenakudlula ngo-202] uzakuvimbela izinxibe, ukuvinjelwa, nokungamela, nokungalungisi komthetho okufanelekile.

Ukucindezelwa Kwegesi Engalawuleki Ekhulwini Lama - 21

Ngemva kwesinqumo i-Shelby County i-Soundedoding, izifunda eziningana ezimisa imithetho eqinile efuna i-ID, zilinganisela ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, futhi zikhiphe amarobhothi. Lezi zinyathelo ngokungenakulinganiswa zithinta abavoti bemibala, abavoti abaphansi, nabafundi. [[FLT:] John Viecs Voting Agreement Act (ukwamukelwa kabusha ngo-2023) zizakubuyisela futhi zisebenzise i-Vointry Rights Act, kodwa i-convect i-rounion inquerl iqhubeke intuthuko. Lokhu kuyisibonelo esiqondile sendlela abavikeli bemithetho abakwazi ngayo ukuqeda ukulingana.

Ukungalingani Kwezomnotho Nemfundo

Umthetho wamalungelo ezakhamuzi wawungabhekiseli nje kuphela ekulinganani ngokomthetho, [1] futhi kwakusekhona ngethuba lezomnotho. ICivil Rights Act ikhuluma ngomsebenzi, kodwa izikhala ezikhokhelwayo, ingcebo, nezimali zesikole ezingalingani. Imikhaya yabamnyama nabaMlatho iphethe ingxenye yengcebo yemikhaya emhlophe. Isikole sikhuphuke ngempela eminyakeni engu-30 edlule, ngokwemininingwane ye-UNICLAOF Amalungelo e-OK] e-Octal [. Ngaphandle kokukhuluma ngale gengenelo, ukulingana okungokomthetho kungazizwa kuyize.

Ikusasa Lomthetho Ongokomthetho Wamalungelo Omphakathi: Ukwandisa Ingxenye

Abenzi bomthetho nabasekeli bayaqhubeka bephoqelela umthetho omusha okhuluma ngokungalingani kwamanje. Ukwanda kwamalungelo omphakathi kuye kwanda ukuze kuhlanganiswe izivikelo ze LGBTQ, abantu abakhubazekile, nabafuduki. Izimiso zokulingana nokulingana ziseyizinkanyezi eziqondisayo.

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo NoMthetho Wokulingana

UMthetho wokulinganisa [[FLT: 1], oye wadlulisa indlu kaningi kodwa wagcinwa eSigeqeni, ungasusa uMthetho we-Civil Rights Act ukunqabela ngokucacile ukucwaswa kwesimilo socansi nobulili. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme [[FLT:] Bostock v. Clayton County [2020] isinqumo sachaza isiqu se-VII ukufihla imbonakalo yobulili nobulili emsebenzini, umthetho obanzi unganwebisa isivikelo ekuhlalweni, ezindaweni zomphakathi, futhi ukhokhele izinhlelo zomthetho. Lomthetho uhlanganisa umbono wokulingana ohlanganisa i-LBTQT+ American.

Ubulungisa Obuhlukanisayo Nobandlululo Lobuhlanga

Abanye abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukulingana kweqiniso kudinga ukubhekana nefa lobugqila ngokukhetha. H.R. 40, obekusungulwe ngokuphindaphindiwe eKhongolose, kungamisa ukuthunywa kokufunda iziphakamiso. Nakuba ikhomishane ingeyena ngokwayo umthetho, ingaholela ezimisweni ezinikeza amakhambi asekelwe ngokulinganayo njengempatho yemfundo, usizo lwezindlu, nokuthutha ingcebo. Impikiswano ezungeze ukuhlukana iphoqa umbuzo ojulile: Ingabe umthetho wamalungelo omphakathi ungafinyelela ukulingana uma ungalungisi emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka?

Ubuchwepheshe Namalungelo Omphakathi

Njengoba imithetho yemithetho ilawula ngokuqhubekayo umsebenzi, ukuboleka izikweletu, indawo yokuhlala, umthetho wamalungelo omphakathi, umthetho wamalungelo abantu, kumelwe uvumelane. Imithetho yokulawula ingaqhubekisela phambili ubandlululo ngokwesilinganiso. [umthetho we-Algalithmuthmualism Act [ (ogunyazwe ngo-2022]) idinga izinkampani ukuba zihlole izimiso ezizisebenzelayo ukuze zihlolele ubandlululo. Lengxenye ekhona yamalungelo obuntu ibonisa ukuthi ubuhlobo phakathi kokulingana nomthetho abuyonakali ngokomlando.

Isiphetho: Ukulingana Njengesimiso Esiphilayo

Ubuhlobo phakathi kokulingana namalungelo omphakathi bunamandla futhi abupheli. Imithetho ye-lockmark kusukela ngawo-1960 yaveza isisekelo somthetho sokuphatha okulinganayo, kodwa ayiqedanga ubandlululo. Okubaluleke ngokufanayo, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okubangelwa ukulingana okungokomthetho nokulinganayo nokulinganayo kuye kwajulisa ukuqonda kwethu lokho okufunwa ubulungisa. Ingxenye ngayinye entsha yomthetho .(i-ADA, i-Fair Pay Act, noma i-Eaty Act) ehlongozwe isisekelo esabekwa yilabo ababehamba, benqaba, benqaba futhi beguqula umthetho.

Kubafundisi, abafundi, nabasekeli, ukuthatha indawo kucacile: ukulingana akusona isipho somthetho kodwa ukufezeka okuqhubekayo. Umthetho wamalungelo ezakhamuzi unikeza indlela, kodwa isifiso sokuyisebenzisa kumelwe ivele ezakhamuzini ezinolwazi. Ikusasa lixhomeke ekulahleni ukunganaki nasekuqapheleni ukuthi isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sivuselele ukuzimisela kokulingana kobulungisa ngaphansi komthetho. Uhambo olusuka ku luyisipho ku BROBN[FLT][FL:3] ku [FLT:] County [[FL:]] [FLD:5] [ult:]] kuleyo mboniso yamanje eqinisekisiwe intuthuko, i-ectdiction, ne-crite.