Ukuqonda Indima Yezinkantolo Zezigebengu Ekulungeni Kwanamuhla

Isimiso senkantolo yezephulamthetho sinjengensika yokubusa kwentando yeningi, ephathiswe umsebenzi owenziwe ngokuqapha wokunikeza ubulungisa kuyilapho kuvikelwa inkululeko yomuntu siqu. Kubafundisi, ochwepheshe bomthetho, nabafundi bomlando, ukuqonda ngokugcwele imisebenzi yezinkantolo zobugebengu kusemqoka. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okujulile kokuthi lezinkantolo zisebenza kanjani, kusukela ekuvezeni icala lokulungisa isimilo somphakathi, futhi sinikeza ukubheka ngokucacile ezimisweni, ezinqubweni, nasekuzisweni okuhlala njalo.

Ukuthunywa Kwezinkantolo Zezigebengu

Izinkantolo zezigebengu ziyizinkantolo ezikhethekile ezilalela amacala lapho umuntu (ummangalelwa) emangalelwa khona ngokuphula umthetho wobugebengu. Injongo yawo eyisisekelo ukunquma ukulahlwa kwecala futhi, lapho icala livunywa, ukubeka isilinganiso somphumela. Nokho lo msebenzi uqhubekela phambili: izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele amandla kahulumeni okujezisa amalungelo omthetho omthetho omthetho owenqatshelwayo, isidingo sesisulu sokwephulwa, nesithakazelo somphakathi ekuvikelekeni komphakathi.

Igunya lenkantolo yobugebengu – kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingumthetho kahulumeni, kazwelonke, noma umthetho wendawo - sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha amacala kahulumeni aphula imithetho kahulumeni (njengokushushumbisa izidakamizwa emazweni ahlukene noma ukuphanga), kuyilapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziphikisana nobugebengu obuningi, kuhlanganise ukweba, ukuhlasela, nokubulala. Isimiso senkantolo sombuso [[ ihlelwe ukuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho yesizwe ehlangene, kanti izinkantolo zikahulumeni zibonisa izinto eziza kuqala nomphakathi.

Umtapo Oyinhloko Wezinkantolo Zezigebengu

Ukuqonda lezi zindima kucacisa indlela izinkantolo ezilondoloza ngayo ukuhleleka, ezivikela ngayo amalungelo futhi zikhuthaza ubulungisa.

Ukusola - ke - – Ukususa Umuzwa Wecala Noma Ukungahloniphi

Ukuqulwa kwamacala kungumsebenzi oyinhloko, obonakala kakhulu wenkantolo yobugebengu. Ngenqubo yokuqulwa kwecala ehlelwe kahle – ukuthi i-jaji (icala) noma inkantolo ihlola ubufakazi, izwa izimpikiswano, futhi isebenzise umthetho obalulekile ukuze ifinyelele isinqumo. Umthwalo wobufakazi usekelwe ngokuphelele enkantolo, okumelwe uqinisekise icala lommangalelwa “ukungangatshazwa ngokunengqondo.” Lendinganiso ephakeme ibonakalisa isimiso sesimiso sezesisekelo: kungcono ukuvumela umuntu onecala ukuba akhululeke kunokuba alahle omsulwa.

Ukuqulwa kwecala kuhlanganisa nokuthatha isinyathelo ngaphambi kokwahlulela (umz., ukuze kuncishiswe ubufakazi obutholakele ngokungemthetho) nokunxusa, njengoba iningi lamacala obugebengu lixazululwa ngokunxusa kunokuba liquliswe icala. Ngisho nasezimweni ezinjalo, inkantolo kumelwe iqinisekise ukuthi isicelo singena ngokuzithandela futhi ngokuqonda ngokugcwele imiphumela yaso.

Imiphumela Yokugweba

Uma ummangalelwa esetholakele enecala (kungaba ngesinqumo noma ngesicelo esinecala), inkantolo ihamba igwebe. Lo msebenzi uhilela okungaphezu nje kokubala isijeziso. Umahluleli ubheka iziqondiso zokwahlulela ze-stagnatry, ubuqatha bomthetho, umlando wobugebengu, kanye nethonya ezisulwini. Ukugwetshwa kusuka ekukhokheleni nasekufuneni izisulu, ekukhonzeni umphakathi, ekubopheni, noma, kwezinye izifunda, isigwebo sokufa. Izinkantolo eziningi zibuye zinqume ukuyala ukuba kunikezwe impatho yezidakamizwa, ukululeka ngezokwelapha ngengqondo, noma ezinye izinyathelo ezithizelaphayo.

Umgomo wokugweba i-milliple: ukujezisa, ukunqanda ubugebengu besikhathi esizayo, ukuvikela umphakathi, futhi, uma kungenzeka, ukuguqula umenzi wobubi. Ngokwandayo, izinkantolo ziye zathatha inqubo yokugweba esekelwe [1] encike ekuhloleni izingozi ekunikezeni isijeziso nokwengamele umuntu, ngaleyondlela zinciphisa i-recifiviismism.

Ukuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Izinkantolo zezigebengu zisebenza njengabavikeli bamalungelo obugebengu. Kuso sonke isigaba kuya ekuqulweni kwecala - inkantolo kumelwe kuqikelele ukuthi isichibiyelo sesithupha sommangalelwa sifanele ukuqulwa ngokushesha futhi sibekwe icala lomphakathi, ilungelo lokwelulekwa, nelungelo lokubhekana nofakazi lihlonishwa. ISichibiyelo sesine seSichibiyelo sokuvikela ukuphenywa okungacabangeli nokuquleka kuphoqelelwa ngokungemthetho osukiwe: ubufakazi obutholakele ngokungemthetho ongekho emthethweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkantolo ivikela ilungelo ngokumelene nokwethungatshazwa (INguqulo Yecala) futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi akukho mmangalelwa obhekelwe isijeziso sesijeziso esinonya nesingajwayelekile (ISiphendulo).

Lomsebenzi wokuvikela awulinganiselwe kubamangalelwa. Izinkantolo zivikela futhi amalungelo ezisulu, njengamalungelo okwaziswa ngezenzakalo, ukuzwakala phakathi nesigwebo, nokubuyiselwa. Imibuso eminingi iye yamisa amahhovisi abasekeli abanikezelwe ezinkantolo.

Ukwehluleka — Ukulahla Ukuziphatha Kwesigebengu Kwesikhathi Esizayo

Ngokubeka imiphumela ecacile yokwephula umthetho, izinkantolo zobugebengu zihlose ukuvimbela kokubili umuntu oboshiwe (ukuvinjelwa okuqondile) nomphakathi jikelele (ukuvinjelwa okungokomthetho). Ukubonakala kwenkantolo – kuvulelwe abezindaba nomphakathi – kugcizelela isigijimi sokuthi ubugebengu bunezindleko eziphathekayo. Ukucwaninga kwezenhlalayenzalo kubonisa ukuthi ukuqiniseka kwesijeziso (kunokuqina) kuyisithiyo esinamandla; izinkantolo ezinezinqubo eziphumelelayo, eziqinisekile kanjalo zisiza ekuvimbeleni ubugebengu.

Izinkantolo ezikhethekile, njengezinkantolo zezidakamizwa nezinkantolo zempilo yengqondo, zinezela imingcele evimbelayo: zisingatha izimbangela eziyisisekelo zokuziphatha kobugebengu (ukuhlaselwa, ukugula ngengqondo) futhi zinikeze ezinye izijeziso, uma ziphumelela, ezinciphisa amathuba okuphinde ziboshwe ngaphezu kokuboshwa okulula.

Ukubuyiselwa Nobulungisa Obubuyiselwe

Emashumini eminyaka amuva, izinkantolo eziningi zobugebengu ziye zamukela ukwahlulela okunenzuzo njengomsebenzi ophelelisayo. Kunokuba zigxile kuphela esijezisweni, izinqubo zokulungisa zifuna ukulungisa umonakalo obangelwa ubugebengu. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukusiza imihlangano phakathi kwezisulu nezaphula-mthetho, iziyalo zenkonzo zomphakathi, noma imvume yokuxolisa. Inkantolo ingayala ukuba kukhokhelwe – imbuyiselo yemali esisulwini esilahlekile.

Ubulungisa obubuyiselayo abufanelekile kuwo wonke amacala – ikakhulukazi amacala anobudlova – kodwa ebugebengwini bempahla noma ebuhlongandlebe bentsha, buye babonisa imiphumela enamandla ekwanelisekeni kwezisulu futhi bunciphisa ukuvuselelwa kwezimiso. Izinkantolo ezihlanganisa ukubuyisela izimiso zibonisa ukuthi ubulungisa bungaba necala futhi buphulukise.

Izakhiwo Nezikhungo Ezivelele Zezigebengu

Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo zobugebengu eziklanywe ngayo kuyasiza ekuchazeni indlela amacala angena ngayo kulesi simiso nalapho kuzwakala khona ukudluliswa kwamacala.

Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwamacala Ecala Lokuqala

Lawa amahhashi asebenzayo esimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu. Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, ngokuvamile zibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo eziphakeme, izinkantolo zezifunda, noma izinkantolo zesifunda. Lapha, zonke izinkantolo zenkantolo ze-Federal zaziwa ngokuthi iziNkantolo zesigodi zase-U.A. Apha, bonke ubufakazi bunikezwa okokuqala, bufakazelwa, futhi bunikeza izinqumo. Ukuqulwa kungathatha usuku olulodwa kuya emasontweni ambalwa, kuye ngokuthi ubufakazi buyinkimbinkimbi.

Izinkantolo Eziphakamiso

Ngemva kwecala, ummangalelwa angase adlulisele isigwebo. Izinkantolo zecala aziwasekeli amaqiniso; zibukeza umlando wokuqulwa kwamaphutha angokomthetho – ukuvunywa okungafanele kobufakazi, iziyalezo zejaji ezingalungile, noma ukwephulwa kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. I-appellate (ngokuvamile abahluleli abathathu) ingakuqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuliguqula, noma ukulibuyisela icala elisha. Kwezinye izimiso, kunenkantolo ephakathi nenkantolo ephakeme kakhulu (inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu noma iNkantolo Ephakeme) engase izwe izikhalo lokudlulisa icala ngemibuzo engokomthetho ebalulekile.

Ukudlulisa akuzenzakaleli; ummangalelwa kumelwe abonise ukuthi kwenzeke iphutha nokuthi kungenzeka lithinte umphumela. I-Cornell Legal Information Institute inikeza ukucubungula okuhle kwenqubo ye-appellate[.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Imibuso eminingi iye yasungula izinkantolo ezikhethekile ukuze kusingathwe izigaba ezithile zamacala ngendlela ephumelelayo nengokwelapha:

  • [ Izinkantolo zezidakamizwa:[ Ukuhlanganisa ukuqondisa kokwahlulela nokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa, kunikeza ezinye izindlela zokufaka ejele izigebengu zezidakamizwa ezingenabudlova.
  • [ Izinkantolo zezempilo ze-metal:[ Ufaka abamangalelwa ngesifo sengqondo ekwelapheni, ngokubukeza kwenkantolo ngezikhathi ezithile.
  • [[I-VT:0] Izinkantolo ze-Veterans:[ ikhuluma ngezidingo eziyingqayizivele zangaphambili ababesebenza kwezempi ababemangalelwe ngobugebengu, ngokuvamile ezihlanganisa nezinzuzo ze-VA kanye nokweluleka.
  • Izinkantolo zobudlova obungalawuleki: ISiphakamiso sokusingatha amacala okuxhashazwa, nabasekeli bezisulu abazinikezele kanye nokucophelela kwecala.

Lezinkantolo ezisingatha inkinga zibonisa indlela abahluleli abazivumelanisa ngayo nezinselele zezenhlalo zanamuhla, begcizelela imiphumela ngenqubo nje.

Izindima ZabaHluleli Namaphupho

Izinqumo ezimbili ezihlukene ezenza amabhunga zisebenza ezinkantolo zobugebengu: umahluleli nabasizi bejaji.

Ijaji Enkantolo Yesigebengu

Umahluleli ungumthathi - hlangothi womthetho. Imithwalo yemfanelo ihlanganisa:

  • Ukubusa ngezenzo zangaphambi kwenkantolo (ngesibonelo, ibheyili, ukucindezelwa kobufakazi).
  • Ukuqondisa ikhalenda lasenkantolo nokuqinisekisa ukuthi icala liqulwa ngokuphumelelayo kuyaqhubeka.
  • Ukuyala abasizi bejaji ngomthetho osebenzayo nangendinganiso yobufakazi.
  • Ukwengamela ukuqulwa kwezindlebe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kunamandla.
  • Ukumisa imisho engaphansi kwemingcele engokomthetho (noma, lapho kuqulwa ibhentshi, enquma ukuthi unecala).

Abahluleli kumelwe futhi balondoloze ukuziphatha okuhle, banqumele ukuphikisa, futhi bavikele umlando ukuze badlulisele icala. Izinqumo zabo ziqondiswa yisimiso esingokomthetho, izimiso, neziqondiso zokugweba. Ezimisweni eziningi, abahluleli bakhethwa noma bamiswe ngokwezinqumo ezimisiwe, inqubo ngokwayo ethonya ukuziphatha kokwahlulela.

Indima KaJury

Uma kuqulwa icala, ummangalelwa uvame ukuba nelungelo lokuqulwa icala. Ijaji – izakhamuzi ezingu - 12 ezivamile – umnini qiniso. Izikhulu zilalela ubufakazi, zihlola imibukiso, futhi zifihla ngasese. Okuwukuphela kwesibopho sabo siwukunquma ukuthi ummangalelwa ubonise icala elingenakungatshazwa. Uma bengenakuvuma ngazwi linye (ijaji elibekwe icala), icala lingase liphinde liphindiwe.

Isimiso sokwahlulela siletha izindinganiso zomphakathi enkantolo. Sisebenza njengesheke lokumelana nomphambano kahulumeni, ngoba akukho ukuqiniseka okungavela ngaphandle kokuba iqembu lezakhamuzi ezivamile likholisekile ngecala lommangalelwa. INhlangano yaseMelika Bar ichaza indima yejaji ngokujula[.

Izingxenye Zezenzo Zesigebengu

Icala lobugebengu lithatha izigaba eziningana ezichazwe kahle. Isigaba ngasinye sihilela inkantolo ngezindlela ezihlukile:

  • Ukufakwa nokuboshwa: ukugcinwa komthetho kuhlanganisa ubufakazi, kuthole imvume, futhi kuboshwe. Ukuvela kokuqala kwenkantolo (icala) kwenzeka ngokushesha ngemva kokuboshwa, lapho kufundwa khona izikhalo, ibheyili iyamiswa, futhi ummeli umiswa uma kudingeka.
  • ukuzwa kokugcina icala noma amajaji amakhulu: Ecaleni lokucathula, ukuhlola kokuzwa kokuqala noma ngabe kunesizathu esikhona yini. Okanye, iqembu elikhulu labasizi (iqembu lezakhamuzi) lingase lisole ummangalelwa.
  • Inqumbi: zombili izinhlangothi iintshukumo zomfashini ukuze kulungiswe ukuqulwa kwecala – ukucindezela ubufakazi, ukulahla izikhalo, noma ukuphoqelela ukutholwa.
  • : Ingxenye eyinhloko yenqubo yokushushisa. Ukushushisa kuqala kuveza icala lakhe; ukuzivikela kungaphendula futhi kunikeze ubufakazi bakho. Ngemva kokuphetha izimpikiswano, amajaji (noma amajaji) akhipha isinqumo ngamabomu.
  • Ukufaka:[ Uma isahlulelo sinecala, isigwebo esihlukene sibanjwa. Zombili izinhlangothi zinganikeza ubufakazi ezicini ezikhubazayo noma ezilinganisayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Appal:[ Ummangalelwa angabekela isigwebo noma isigwebo enkantolo ephakeme.

Isigaba ngasinye sibuswa imithetho ehleliwe eqinisekisa ubulungisa nokusebenza kahle.

Ithonya Elikhulu Lezinkantolo Zezigebengu

Ukusebenza kwazo ndawonye kuthuthukisa ukuphepha komphakathi, imithetho engokomthetho nokuthembana komphakathi.

Ukulondoloza Ukuhleleka Komphakathi

Ngokuzifutha njalo ezonakele, izinkantolo ziqinisa umthetho. Izakhamuzi ezibona ukuthi ubugebengu buphenywa, buqulwa, futhi bujeziswa zisengozini enkulu yokulalela imithetho engokomthetho futhi zisebenzisane neziphathimandla. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isimiso senkantolo esingahleleki kahle (isimo, ukulibala ngokweqile, ubandlululo olucatshangelwayo) siqeda ukuqiniseka komphakathi futhi singaholela ekuphaphameleni noma ezinxushunxushu zombango.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukulandisa

Ukubheka abantu ngabanye ukuba balandise ngezenzo zabo kuyisisekelo sobulungisa. Izinkantolo ziqinisekisa ukuthi akekho ongaphezu komthetho – kuhlanganise nezikhulu zomphakathi, izikhulu zenkampani, nezakhamuzi ezivamile. Ukulandisa futhi kuyathengiselwa: izisulu zithola ukuvuma ngomonakalo eziwuhluphekile, futhi izaphulamthetho ziphoqelelwa ukuba zibhekane nemiphumela.

Ukufundisa Umphakathi

Icala lenkantolo livulekele umphakathi nemithombo yezindaba. Icala le-High àprofile lingafundisa izigidi ngamalungelo angokomthetho, izindinganiso ezisobala, kanye nemibono eqinile yesimiso sokwahlulela. Imibono yeNkantolo (ikakhulukazi iziqondiso) isebenza njengezandulela ezingokomthetho eziqondisa ukuziphatha esikhathini esizayo hhayi nje ezinkantolo, kodwa ezindlu zomthetho, ezishaya umthetho, nezezakhamuzi.

Ukugunyaza Imithetho Nomthetho

Izinqumo zokwahlulela zivame ukukhuthaza izinguquko zemithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho inkantolo ishaya umthetho wokuthi isigwebo esingaphansi kwesibopho asivumelani nemithetho noma ukuthi umkhuba othile wamaphoyisa uphula iSichibiyelo sesine, abamisi-mthetho bangase babukeze imithetho noma bamise iziqondiso ezintsha. Ukudlala phakathi kwezinkantolo nezishaya - mthetho kuyisici esishukumisayo sezimiso ezivamile zemithetho engu-186.

Izinselele Nezinguquko Zesikhathi Esizayo

Izinkantolo zanamuhla zobugebengu zibhekene nezingcindezi ezinkulu: ukuqulwa kwamacala, ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlanga nezomnotho, imiphumela engapheli yokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi, nesidingo sokuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obufanayo (isib., ukuqulwa kwamacala, ukuhlelwa kwezincwadi ngomshini). Imizamo yokushintsha ihlanganisa:

  • Ukuguqula i-Bail: Ukunciphisa ukuthembela ebheyilini yemali ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuboshwa kwabamangalelwa abaphansi abamangalelwa ngenxa yobumpofu kuphela.
  • Ukuguqula: Ukususa izinga eliyisibopho lokweqa amacala athile nokwandisa ezinye izindlela zokugweba.
  • Izindlela zokuthatha isinyathelo sokungalingani:[ abahluleli abaqeqeshelwe ukuqaphela ubandlululo olucacile nokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa okulinganayo.
  • [ Inikeza iseluleko: Iqinisa izimiso zomphakathi zokuvikela ukuqinisekisa ukumelelwa kwabamangalelwa abangemthetho.

Lezinguquko zihlose ukulondoloza imisebenzi eyinhloko yezinkantolo zobugebengu kuyilapho zizenza zibe ezilungile, eziphumelelayo, nezisabelayo ezidingweni zomphakathi.

Isiphetho

Izinkantolo zezigebengu azizona nje izinkundla zesijeziso. Ziyizinhlangano umphakathi ochaza ngazo ukuziphatha okungamukeleki, uvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, futhi ufune ukubuyisela ukuzwana lapho kuvela umonakalo. Ukusukela ekuqulweni kwecala elilodwa elingalungile ukuya ekuhlolweni kwecala lenhloko-mfuyo, umsebenzi ngamunye unezela emgomweni omkhulu: isimiso sobulungisa esilungile, esikhanyayo, nesinemiphumela. Kubafundisi nabafundi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda okujulile kwalemisebenzi kunikeza isisekelo sokuba isakhamuzi esinolwazi kanye nokuzibophezela okunenzuzo ngomthetho.