Ukuqonda Inqubo Yomthetho Engqungquthela

Inqubo yokwenza umthetho e-United States Congress iyisimiso esiklanywe ngokucophelela esiguqula imiqondo yezimiso ibe imithetho ephoqelelwe. Lenqubo ethatha izinyathelo eziningi, ebekwe eSiqeshini I soMthetho-sisekelo, iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uhlolwa ngokuphelele, uphikiswano, futhi uyekelele ngaphambi kokufika edeskini likaMongameli. Kubantu, ukuqonda ukuthi umthetho uba umthetho obaluleke kanjani ukuze uphumelele ekubopheni izivumelwano zomphakathi nasekuhleleni umthetho. Le nqubo ayihlanganisi izinyathelo ezingokomthetho kuphela − njengesiqalo, ukubukeza ikomiti, isenzo somgangatho, nokuvuma kwesikhululo sobumongameli, kodwa futhi kwamandla ngokwethukela njengethonya leqembu, ukunxusa, nokufakwa komphakathi. Lesi sihloko sinikeza iziqondiso eziningi, inqubo yokuqondisa, izinhlelo ezivelele, amasubandebe, namasu okuthatha ukuhlanganyela.

Isinyathelo Sokuqala: Isingeniso Sebhola

Uhambo lwezishaya-mthetho luqala lapho ilungu leKhongolo-Aretar/a Sénator/i-entroducation ibhalisa. Ilungu elingenisayo liba umxhasi oyinhloko wemali, nakuba abaxhasi abaningi bemali bengase basayine ukubonakalisa ukusekela okubanzi. Izincwadi zingasuka emithonjeni ehlukahlukene: izinto ezidingwayo, iziphakamiso zegatsha, amaqembu abaphathi bemithetho, noma abenzi bomthetho siqu. Indlu neSigebengu ngalinye linemithetho yalo siqu; ngokwesibonelo, izindleko zendlu kumelwe zibekwe ekhokhweni eduze kwedesiki likamabhalane, kuyilapho izikwehlawulo zenkantolo zinikezwa ngokusemthethweni yisikhulu esiphethe.

Izinhlobo Zomthetho

UKhongolose ucabangela izindlela eziningana, ngayinye enethonya elikhethekile elingokomthetho:

  • Izindleko ze-Public: sithinta umphakathi wonke futhi sibe imithetho yomphakathi uma ishaywa.
  • [[ITL:0] Amaphepha akhokhelwayo: khuluma izindaba zomuntu ngamunye noma zenkampani, njengosizo lokufuduka noma izikhalo ngokumelene nohulumeni.
  • Izinqumo ezifihlwayo: Zifana nezindleko kodwa ngokuvamile zisetshenziselwa ukulungisa umthetho- sisekelo, izimemezelo zempi, noma ukuxhasa ngemali kwesikhashana. Kudingeka ukuba uMongameli asayine ngaphandle uma kubekwa ukubuyiselwa komthetho-sisekelo.
  • Izinqumo zasikhathi sinye: Isetshenziselwa izindaba zangaphakathi (umz., uhlelo lokuhlela uhlelo, isifushaniso) futhi ayinawo amandla omthetho.
  • Izinqumo ezilula: zithinta igumbi elilodwa kuphela (umz., ukushintsha kwemithetho, ukuveza imibono).

Ngemva kwesethulo, isikweleti ngasinye sabelwa inani (umz. H.R. 1 noma S. 1) futhi sinyatheliswe Ikhoralion Record[. Kube manje kubhekiselwa ekomitini efanelekile noma amakomiti asekelwe kwizihloko zendaba (umz., inqubo engaba nempikiswano uma ukuhlelwa kombuso kuhlangana. [FLT]]][FLT]] Confornv] wewebh [[FLT:]]]], ngaphezu kwezindleko ezingu-10 000 zendlu ngayinye kusungulwa ingqungquthela, kodwa iqhezu eliyi elikhona elihambela phambili ekukhisweni.

Isinyathelo Sesibili: Ukubukeza KweKomiti

AmaKomiti − amaqembu amalungu akhethekile asemaqenjini ohlangothini lombili − ayizisebenzi zenqubo yemithetho. Ahlola izindleko, aqoqe ubufakazi obungochwepheshe, axoxe, anqume ukuthi izindleko kufanele ziqhubeke yini. Ukuhlola kwekomiti ngokuvamile kunquma ukudalelwa kwemali; izikweletu eziningi zifa lapha ngaphandle kokucabangela okwengeziwe.

Ikomiti Engaphansi Yezindaba

Ikomiti yomzali wemali ingayabela ikomiti engaphansi yemali yokubukeza kokuqala. [[FLT: 0]] izwa ofakazi lapho izikhulu zikahulumeni, izifundiswa, abameleli bezezentengiselwano, namaqembu ezokukhokha intela, ifaka izindleko, kanye nethonya lezenhlalo. OFakazi bafaka izinkulumo ezibhaliwe nezimpendulo kumalungu. Ngokwesibonelo, iNdlela yendlu neKomiti Yokugcina intela. Lokhu kuvame ukusakaza obala futhi ngokuvamile kusakazwa [[FLT][FLT][5], [FLD]

Iziqephu zokuphawula

Ngemva kokuzwa, ikomiti encane noma egcwele iphethe i-creadpoup lapho amalungu esikisela khona nokuvota ngokulungisa. Ukunyusa kungaba yinqubo ende, futhi bobabili abahlukene banikeza izinguquko zokulungisa izindleko. Uma ikomiti ivota ukuba ibike imvume egumbini eligcwele, ikhipha umbiko wesivumelwano [ incwajana enemininingwane echaza injongo yomthetho, isilinganiso sezindleko, nemibono emincane. Ivoti eningi ekomitini iyadingeka ukuba ibike umthetho; uma inqotshwe, izigebezo zemali ngaphandle kokukhishwa kwesicelo.

Ukuvivinya Amandla Angaphansi Kwamandla

AmaKomiti anegunya lokunikeza izincwadi ezingaphansi kwezincwadi nobufakazi, ithuluzi elibucayi lobubonisi. Ngokwesibonelo, iKomiti yeSigele samaSishayandlela, yasebenzisa leligunya ekuhloleni eNkantolo Ephakeme. Lo msebenzi wophengululo uqinisa inqubo yokushaya umthetho ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zesimiso zisekelwe ekwazisweni okunokwethenjelwa.

Isinyathelo 3: Impikiswano Elula

Uma isikweleti seseyabikwa ekomitini, sibekwa ekhalendeni ukuze kuxoxwe ngayo iNdlu noma iSigele. Isimo sengxoxo siyahluka kakhulu phakathi kwalamakamelo amabili:

Impikiswano Yasekhaya Nemithetho

Indlu yabameleli isebenza ngaphansi kwenkulumo-mphikiswano eqinile yemithetho ebekwe yi-RUles Komiti, ekhipha umthetho ochaza imingcele yesikhathi, inani lezinguquko livunyelwe, futhi noma imvume ingashintshwa yini izindleko ezinkulu ngaphansi kwe umthetho ovaliwe [ (akukho ukubuyiselwa) noma umthetho ogciniwe [ owe-omthetho osemthethweni [ (kuphela] ovunyelwe). Indlu ingadlula izikweleti ngosuku olulodwa lwengxoxo ehambisana nale mpikiswano. Ukushayana kuvame ukuhlukana phakathi kweqembu elikhulu neqembu elincane.

Impikiswano Yesigele Nesigebengu

ISigele siqhosha ngempikiswano engenamkhawulo. Ukuqeda noma imuphi umsizi we-genear ukuba akhulume phansi isikhathi eside. Lesi siko sivumela i- filibuster[ icebo lokubambezela noma lokuvimbela imvume ngokunweba. Ukuqeda i-palectriasster, iSigele kumelwe sisebenzise izimpikiswano [[[FL:2] , idinga i-ffmagerity ephezulu (kungaba amavoti angu-60). Imingcele eqhubekayo yokuphikisana ngamahora angu-30. I-Diciocester isebenzise izimpikiswano eziphezulu, ukuvikela, ukuvikela, nokungaculisi kwezehluleli. Ngo-2017, nango-201717, i-Genearcoust Coust quest. kodwa iyaqhubeka i-'igconst procet procet. kodwa ihlala i-'indement

Izinqumo zinikezwa futhi ngokukhululekile kakhulu eSigele. Izimemezelo zingahlongoza “ukungalawuli” ukulungisa okungahambelani nendaba yomthetho, umkhuba obizwa ngokuthi“abashayeli.” Lokhu kungaholela ezinguquko zenqubo ezithathayo ezihlanganiswe nomthetho othatha indawo.

Isinyathelo 4: Ukukhuluma Ngezwi

Ngemva kwempikiswano esesitezi, amavoti egumbi ngalinye adlulayo, aqede noma enqabe izindleko. izindlela zokuvota eziningi zikhona:

  • [[FLT: 0] Vota [: Isikhulu esiwengamele sicela i-yes ne-nays; umphumela unqunywa umsindo oqondakalayo. Sisetshenziselwa izinyathelo ezingakhonzi.
  • ivoti yethelevishini: Amalungu amele ukubalwa; isihlalo simemezela ubude. Igumbi limemezela inqubo yanamuhla.
  • hambisa ucingo lwevoti: ivoti yelungu ngalinye iqoshiwe futhi ibekwe emabhodini omshini. Lena indlela ebonakala kakhulu futhi idingeka ukuze kudluliswe noma yimuphi umbiko.
  • ivoti ebhaliwe (Indlu): Amalungu afaka amakhadi okuvota omshini; imiphumela ikhishwa ngokushesha.

Kuleyondlu, iningi lalabo abavota (ababene-traquum) likhona lanele ukudlula. ISigele sidinga futhi iningi elivamile ezikweletini eziningi, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa uhlelo lokubuyisana okumelwe kuvumelane noMthetho we-Byrd. Uma isikhwama sidlula zombili izimpahla ngendlela efanayo, siyabhaliswa futhi sithunyelwe kuMongameli.

Isinyathelo 5: Ukulungisa Ukungezwani – IKomiti Yengqungquthela Nezinqumo Phakathi Kwezingqungquthela

Izikhathi eziningi, iNdlu neSigele zidlulisela izimemezelo ezihlukene zomthetho. Ukuze kufinyelelwe umbhalo onobunye, uMkhandlu ungasebenzisa izinqubo ezimbili:

Izinqumo Eziphakathi Kwezikhungo

Igumbi elathola isikweleti kuqala lingase “lithathe” ekulungiseni noma lisikisele ezinye izinguquko, ngokunokwenzeka zidlule ezinhlangothini eziningana zemali yokulungisa. Uma womabili amagumbi evumelana enguqulweni yokugcina ngaphandle kwengqungquthela, lenqubo iyaphinda-phindeka.

IKomiti Yengqungquthela

Uma ukungaboni ngaso linye kuqhubeka, amagumbi akha ikomiti evumelanayo [[FLT:] e-[FLT 1] ekhiwa amalungu amadala avela emakomitini ahlobene nawo womabili amagumbi. Ikomiti ixoxa ngenguquko eyekelelwe( umbiko wesivumelwano [ [okumelwe ivunyelwe yiningi labafaki-akanye. [FLT:] Umbiko uthunyelwa emuva egumbini ngalinye legumbini ngalinye le-voti (akukho ezinye izinyusi ezivunyelwe). Amakomiti engqungquthela anezindikimba anamandla; angaphinda akhiphe zonke izingxenye zomthetho. Okutholwa kombiko wamashumi amabili angamashumi amabili [FOL:4] [FF:5] [FFFF] [FLT]] [5] Imibiko eqokoshelwe kakhulu] [FFOT]

Uma ingqungquthela ingavumelani, isaziso singafa. Ezimweni ezingavamile, uMkhandlu usebenzisa i-pang (izishintshisi-zinguquko eziphindaphindiwe) esikhundleni sengqungquthela engokomthetho ukuze ufinyelele ukuvumelana.

Isinyathelo 6: Isinyathelo Sobumongameli

Uma amagumbi amabili esevumelana nemali efanayo, inikezwa uMongameli, onezinsuku eziyishumi (izinsuku zamaSonto) ukuba athathe isinyathelo. Okukhethwayo yilokhu:

  • [ Siphotha umlomo [: Icala liba umthetho. UMongameli uvame ukwenza umkhosi wokusayina nabaxhasi.
  • Ukukhombisa umlomo : uMongameli uwubuyisela eSixukwini ngokuphikisa. UKhongolo-kanye lungawudlulisa ngevoti yenani eliphindwe kathathu kuzo zombili izingosi. Ukungasetshenziswa kwe-presidential veto kuyivelakancane; ugcina ukuphumelela ngo-202020 phakathi nokuphatha kwe-Trump.
  • Vumela ukuba ube umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwa: Uma uMongameli engenzi lutho lapho kuseqenjini, igebezo liba umthetho ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi pocket veto uma uMkhandlu ufihla phakathi naleyo nkathi: umthetho ufa ngaphandle kwesimiso.
  • Pocket vento: Kwenzeka ngokuqondile uma izingqungquthela zifa [ (isimiso) ngaphambi kokuba ifasitela losuku oluyishumi liphele. UMongameli angamane angayinaki inhlebo, futhi ayiwumthetho.

UMongameli ubuye anikeze izinkulumo ezisayinwayo ezichaza izikhaxa zomthetho noma zomthetho-sisekelo, nakuba lezi zingabophi. INkantolo Ephakeme ilinganise ukusebenzisa izimemezelo zokusayina ezimweni ezinjenge Clinton v. City of New York [1998] ngokuphathelene ne-metam-mentoto.

Indima Yokuhola Nokubopha Kweqembu

Ngalé kwezinyathelo ezingokomthetho, amandla ezombangazwe ayithonya kakhulu inqubo yomthetho. Abaholi abaholi u-"uSithethi wendlu, uMholi we-Major, noWips ] ulawula ikhalenda lemithetho, unqume ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti eziqala kuqala, futhi ucindezele amalungu ukuba avote ngokulandelana nesigaba. uSocionary Monity Holer) unamandla amakhulu okuhlela isikhathi esisesiteshini kanye nezikwele ezithiyo ezithintwe “izinqubo”.

Ngokuthola ngamaqembu enzalo, izinkampani, kanye nezinzuzo kungamandla agcwele yonke indawo. I-Lobbing Displasure Act idinga ukubhaliswa kwabashicileli abachitha isikhathi esingaphezu kwenani elilinganiselwe nemali. Ngokwemininingwane [FLT][FLT]] [3] i-Opensects[[] iwebT] i-webhthi, isebenzisa inzuzo edlula izigidi eziyinkulungwane ezingu-4 zezigidi ngo-2023. Lobbys inikeza ubuchwebo, ulimi olulungisayo, nokuhlela imikhankanti yotshalo yotshalo. Nakuba ukuhakela kuvikelwa ngokwezimiso zomthetho ezisemthethweni ngaphansi kwezembubhidiyo, abagxeki abagxeki bephikisana kahle.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingayithonya Ngayo Le Nkathi

Ukuqonda inqubo yokwenza umthetho kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhileleka ngokuphumelelayo. Amakhambi abalulekile okuthola ukwaziswa ahlanganisa:

  • Ukuthintana nommeleli wakho/i-metary: Izinhlamvu, ama-imeyili, noma izingcingo emahhovisi esigodi kungathonya ukuma kwelungu. Imihlangano yehholo ledolobha ihlanganisa ngokuqondile.
  • Ifaka ukuhlolwa emacaleni amakomiti: Nakuba izimemo ezingokomthetho zilinganiselwe, izazi eziningi zezindlebe zamukeleka nobufakazi bomphakathi. Umphakathi ungafaka iziphetho ezibhaliwe.
  • Ingxenye enkathini yokukhulumela komphakathi: Izimiso ezibekwe kuhulumeni (kusuka emithethweni edlulisiwe) zivulekele ukubukezwa komphakathi [FLT]][FLT]].gov.
  • Amaqembu ahlokomayo athatha umthetho aqoqe amalungu.
  • Ukuvota nokusekela [ okuzimiso eziza kuqala zivumelana nemibono yomuntu.

Imibono Evamile Yokungaqondi Nezinselele Ezivamile

Inqubo yomthetho ivame ukuvezwa njengelula, kodwa imifantu yamabhodlela kanye nezimangaliso zivamile. Izindleko eziningi ziyehluleka ngenxa yokuhlelwa kwe-gridlock, ukuntuleka kwesikhathi samakomiti, noma usongo lukamongameli. i-avermark[ ukuvinjelwa (ngokuphanyekayo ngo-2021] kusetshenziswa kakhulu ukusekela uhulumeni, ukunqanda ukuhlelwa kwemisebenzi ethile, kwenza kube nzima ukuhlanganisa izakhiwo ezithile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, [[FLTLT:2]]] izikwelebhu ezikhokhwa []]] [izindawo eziqukethe amakhulu emisebenzi engavumelani ukuhlangana, kusetshenziswa kakhulu ukusekela uhulumeni, ukunqanda njalo nokunciphisa ukubonakala.

Enye inselele i- inqubo yokubuyisana , evumela ukukhokhwa kwentela nokuchithwa kwemali ukuba kudlule i-Ndlu yeSigele ngeningi elilula. Ukubuyisana kuye kwasetshenziselwa umthetho omkhulu njengomthetho we-Affordable Care Act (2010) ne-Tax Cuts ne-Jobs Act (2017), kodwa ilinganiselwe ekulinganiseni izindleko zokuthinta uhlelo lwemali futhi ayinakusetshenziswa ngaphezu konyaka owodwa.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Komphakathi Owaziyo

Inqubo yokwenza umthetho iwuhambo lwamabomu futhi oluyinkimbinkimbi olubonisa injongo yoMsunguli yokuhlola amandla ngezimpawu eziningi ze-veto. Kusukela ekusungulweni kwesivumelwano esiya esinqumweni sokugcina sikaMongameli, isinyathelo ngasinye sinikeza amathuba empikiswano, ukuthuthukisa, nokuhlola umphakathi. Nakuba isimiso singathatha kancane futhi sikhungathekise, siklanyelwe ukuveza umthetho ngokucophelela. Ukuba nesabelo somthetho okuqhubekayo. Ukuqaphela imibono, nokuvota ukuthi imithetho eyenziwa eKhondlu yamaKhomishane imelela ngempela intando nenhlalakahle yesizwe. Kulabo abafuna ukuthatha umthetho omisiwe, izinto ezifana no-[FLT] [FL:1] kanye ne-'ALP]