Ukukhululeka Kwangaphakathi Nokulondeka Kwesizwe: Ukulinganisela

Ukungezwani phakathi kwenkululeko yomphakathi nokulondeka kwezwe kuye kwaba isici esichazayo sokubusa kwanamuhla. Njengoba amazwe elwa nezinsongo kusukela ebuphekulani kuya ekuhlaseleni i-inthane, inselele ixhomeke ekuqinisekiseni ukulondeka kwezakhamuzi kuyilapho zisekela amalungelo azo ayisisekelo. Lokhu kulinganisela akunciphi lapho kushintshashintshana nokushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, ukucindezela kwezombangazwe, kanye nokulindele komphakathi. Abaphathi-maqhinga kumelwe balinganisele ukulondeka okusheshayo okudingeka ngokumelene nezindinganiso zedemokhrasi ezithatha isikhathi eside, ngokuvamile ngokwaziswa okungaphelele nangaphansi kwesikhathi. Umphumela umphumela uyingxoxo eyinkimbinkimbi, ngokuvamile ebangela ukuphikisana noshintsho lwenkululeko yomphakathi.

Ekujuleni kwayo, lempikiswano ibuza umbuzo obalulekile: inkululeko engakanani izakhamuzi ezizimisele ukudela ngenxa yesithembiso sokuphepha? Impendulo iyahlukahluka kuzo zonke izinkathi zomlando, kodwa izimiso eziyisisekelo aziguquguquki. Uhulumeni onikwe amandla okuvikela abantu bakhe kumelwe futhi uphoqelelwe ukuba uvikele amalungelo abo. Ukuthola lokhu kulinganisela kungaholela ekuthobekeni noma ekuphathweni ngempoqo. Izindawo ezilandelayo zihlola isihluthulelo salesisenzo sokulinganisela, ukunikeza umongo womlando, ukuhlaziywa komthetho, nokubheka phambili kokucabangela.

Ukuqonda Ukukhululeka Kwabemi

Inkululeko yomphakathi ingamalungelo nenkululeko eyisisekelo eqinisekiswe kubantu ngabanye, ngokuvamile ebekwe kumthetho-sisekelo, izindleko zamalungelo, noma amathuluzi amalungelo abantu ezwe lonke. Lezizivikelo zisebenza njengesivikelo esimelene nesenzo sikahulumeni sobushiqela, ziqinisekisa izakhamuzi ukuba zicabange, zikhulume, futhi zenze ngaphandle kokuphazamisa okungadingekile okuvela kuhulumeni.

  • [ Inkululeko yokukhuluma nenkulumo[ - Ilungelo lokuveza imiqondo, imibono, nokwaziswa ngaphandle kokucusumbulwa uhulumeni noma ukwesaba ukuphindisela.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ilungelo lokwenza izinto zomuntu siqu [ – isivikelo ekuphazanyisweni okungadingekile ekuphileni komuntu, ekuxhumaneni, nasemininingwaneni.
  • [ Ilunga ekuqulweni kwecala elilungile - Iziqinisekiso ezinjengenqubo efanele, ukumelelwa okungokomthetho, kanye nenkantolo engakhethi phambi kwesijeziso noma ukuncishwa kwenkululeko.
  • [ Inkululeko yenkolo nenkolelo[ – Ikhono lokuqhuba noma yiluphi ukholo (noma alukho) ngaphandle kokuphoqelela noma ukucwasa kukahulumeni.
  • [ ukuhlanganisa nokunxusa [ – Inkululeko yokubuthana ngokuthula nokwenza izikhalo zaziwe kuhulumeni.
  • Ukukhululeka ekufuneni okungacabangeli nasekuphathweni ngezinyawo [ - Isivikelo esilinganisela amandla okugcinwa komthetho ukungena emakhaya, ukuthatha impahla, noma ukufinyelela amarekhodi omuntu siqu ngaphandle kwemvume yokwahlulela.

Lenkululeko ayiphelele. Izimiso eziningi zomthetho zivumela imingcele elinganiselwe lapho kunesithakazelo sikahulumeni esicindezelayo − njengokuvimbela ubudlova noma ukuvikela ukulondeka kwesizwe. Nokho, isimo esiyinhloko siwukuthi noma yimuphi umngcele kumelwe ulungiswe kancane, ungenele kancane, futhi ube ngaphansi kobuphathi. Ukucindezela kuba khona lapho ohulumeni becindezela imingcele yalokho okuhlanganisa isithakazelo noma lapho itshe lokuhlola amandla lincipha phakathi nezikhathi zenhlekelele.

Isisekelo Esingokwefilosofi

Umqondo wanamuhla wenkululeko yomphakathi uthathelwa kakhulu ongqondongqondo abakhanyiselwe njengoJohn Locke, Montesquieu, noJames Madison. Locke waphikisa ngokuthi abantu banamalungelo angokwemvelo ekuphileni, enkululeko, nasempahlani, nokuthi ukuba semthethweni kukahulumeni kuxhomeke ekhonweni labo lokuvikela lawomalungelo. Madison, ebhala [ku-] ku-Fedalist Paper [[, exwayisa ukuthi ukugcwala kwamandla ngokungenakugwenywa kuholela ekubusweni, ukusekela ukwahlukana kwemibuso namalungelo. Lemibono yalo mthetho womthetho womhlaba wonke yalolonga amaLungelo angabantu, kokubili okusele izitelelo zemithetho yezingxoxo zenkululeko emhlabeni wonke.

Ngokwenqubo, ukuchazwa kwalamalungelo kuye kwavela ngemithetho yenkantolo, umthetho, nangezinguquko ze-social. Ngokwesibonelo, inkululeko yokukhuluma manje ihlanganisa isivikelo senkulumo engokomfanekiso (umz., ukushiswa kwefulege) nenkulumo kulayini ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu aye akhuliswa kusukela ezindaweni ezingokoqobo kuya ezixhunyiweni zezokuxhumana ngobuchwepheshe, njengoba kuboniswa ezimweni ezinjengo Riley v. California (2014, lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yeNkantolo ye-U.S) yanquma ukuthi amaphoyisa adinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlola isenzakalo secellcell ukuze aboshwe. Lezizenzakalo zibonisa umzamo oqhubekayo wokuzivumelanisa izimiso ezintsha zesisekelo.

Indima Yokulondeka Kwesizwe

Ukulondeka kwesizwe kuhlanganisa izenzo ezithathwa uhulumeni ukuze uvikele izakhamuzi, insimu, izinhlangano, kanye nezithakazelo ezibalulekile ekusongelwani ngaphandle nangaphakathi.

  • Imizamo yobuphekula ebalwayo - - Ukuhlanganisa ukuhlakanipha phakathi kwezinhlangano, ukugada kwezimali, nokuphazamisa amaqhinga ngaphambi kokuba zivele.
  • Imisebenzi ye-Cybersecurity [ - Ukuvikela izakhiwo ezibucayi (imiklamo yamandla, izimiso zezimali) kuvela ku-Scompters no-'umphandu' wamaqembu obugebengu.
  • ukuvikelwa kwe-Border nokugcinwa kwezokufuduka - Izihambi ezihlolayo, ukuthunyelwa kwezimiso ze-biometric, kanye nokulawula izinqubo zesikhoselo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungena kwabadlali abanonya.
  • [[[I-FLT:0] Ukuzivikela okungaguquguquki kanye nokunqanda - - Ukulondoloza amabutho ahlomile akwazi ukusabela ezisongweni ezivamile nezingalingani.
  • [ Ukushesha nokusabela [ - Ukuhlela izinhlekelele zemvelo, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe, nezinye izinhlekelele ezingaphazamisa umphakathi.

Izindlela zokuvikela zesizwe zidinga ukufihla, ijubane, kanye negunya elikhulu, − iziqu ezingaphikisana nokubonana, inqubo efanelekile, namalungelo abantu abonisa inkululeko yomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlangano ezihlakaniphile zingaqoqa ukwaziswa okuningi kakhulu ukuze zibone usongo olungase lube khona, kodwa lokhu kungakhukhula ukwaziswa kwezakhamuzi ezingenacala ngaphandle kolwazi lwazo. Inselele eyinhloko ukuklama izimiso eziphumelela ekuvimbeleni izinso zangempela kuyilapho zakha ekuvikeleni ekuxhashazweni kokuxhashazwa.

I - Security - Liberty Tradoff Eqenjini

Isimiso esivamile sokuhlola ukulinganisela yi-"security\liberty posoff," lapho ukuphepha okukhuphukayo kucatshangelwa khona ukuba kufike ngezindleko zenkululeko encishisiwe. Nokho, le mithetho yokuhweba ivame ukubekwa ngokwezinhlansi. Ezinye izinqubo zibeka imithwalo enzima ekutholeni inkululeko kuyilapho zinikeza inzuzo elinganiselwe kuphela. Ezinye zithuthukisa ukulondeka ngokuphazanyiswa okuncane lapho kuhloselwe kahle. Ukwenziwa komsindo kudinga ubufakazi bokuthi iziphi izinyathelo ezisebenzayo ngempela qhawe ngamalini.

Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlelo zokuhlola eziningi (njengeqoqo le-NSA's metadata eningi elidalwe ngu-Edward Snowden) ziye zagxekwa njengezingasebenzi ekuvimbeleni amaqhinga athile amaphekula kuyilapho kuvela isihenqo esicaphukisayo nokwethemba uhulumeni. Ngokuphambene, ukuthungatha okuhlonishwe abasolwayo abaziwayo ngaphansi kobuqondisi bomthetho kunganikeza ukuhlakanipha okunenjongo ngaphandle kokuqeda izigidi zabantu abanomthetho. Umehluko ugcizelela ukuthi kungani izici ezingokomthetho ezinjenge-' I-CRIMING Surveillance Act (FA) Act (FASA) zama ukubeka izibalo nokuhlola.

UMthetho Wokulinganisela — Ovumelana Nemibono Yanamuhla

Ukungezwani phakathi kwenkululeko yomphakathi nokulondeka kwesizwe akuyona into entsha.

Izici Ezingokomlando: Ukucindezelwa Kwangesikhathi Sempi

Phakathi neMpi Yombango yaseMelika, uMongameli uAbraham Lincoln wabekela inqaba ye-habeas corpus, evumela ukuvalelwa kwempi kwabasolwayo abadalelwayo ngaphandle kokulingwa. EMpini Yezwe I, i-Espionage and Sedition Acts articive antirãowar, eholela ekumangalweni kwabaphikisi abanjengomholi wesoshiyalizimu u-Eugene V. Debs. Isinqumo esidume kakhulu savela phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, lapho uhulumeni wase-U. u-U. u-Es. u-Espionagean, ngokuphon awenziswa cishe i-Japane, ngaphandle kobufakazi bokungathembeki. INkantolo ephakeme isekela inqubo e [Foctive .] Klemah [brune] [7], [194], isinqumo samuva kakhulu, lapho i-Hurst Congression iveza khona ngokusemthethweni.

Izindlela ezifanayo zenzeka kwezinye idemokrasi. I-United Kingdom yadlula iDefence of the Real Act yeMpi Yezwe I, inikeza iziphathimandla imibuso ebanzi ukuba ihlanganise ukusola nokucindezela izincwadi. ICanada yasebenzisa i-War Acts ukuze ihlanganise ama-Ukrainian namatardians namuva kweyaseJapane. Isifundo siwukuthi izinhlelo ezibucayi ngokuvamile zidlula inhlekelele, zimisa izenzakalo eziqeda inkululeko amashumi eminyaka.

Post 103/11: Isiphazamiso esisha

Ukuhlasela kwangoSeptemba 11, 2001 kwayiguqula kabusha indawo yezokuphepha. Ngamasonto ambalwa, uMkhandlu wase-U.S. wadlulisa u-PARIOT Act, eyandisa amandla okuhlola ngendlela ephawulekayo. Amalungiselelo avumela ukuhlahlela amaza, ukufinyelela amarekhodi ezamabhizinisi ekuhloleni ulwazi, nokwaziswa okwengeziwe okuhlanganyela phakathi komthetho nezinhlangano zobuhlakani. I-Act yandisa futhi incazelo ye "uphekula okungalawuleki" ukuhlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi yezombangazwe.

  • I - NSA yaqala ukuqoqwa kweqoqo lemininingwane yezingcingo ngaphansi kwe - Garticle 215 ye - PTRIOT Act, uhlelo kamuva olwakhishwa yinkantolo yezicelo ngo - 2015 lungekho emthethweni.
  • Ukusetshenziswa kweNational Security Letters (NSLS) kwanda, okwenza iFBI ifune ukwaziswa komkhokheli we - Internet ngaphandle kwemvume yokwahlulela, kanye neziyalezo ezinganqunyiwe.
  • Ukuzigcina nokuphenya eGuantanamo Bay nase "izindawo ezimnyama" kwaphakamisa imibuzo ngenqubo efanele nokusetshenziswa kokuhlukumeza, okwaholela ekungcoleni okuhlala njalo empucukweni yamalungelo abantu eMelika.

Nakuba u-PATRIOT Act wawungaqondiswa yi-Congress Congregation futhi uvuselelwa ngezikhathi ezithile, amalungiselelo ayo amaningi aba angasuki. Ngo-2015, uMthetho we-USA INFRANT waqeda uhlelo oluningi lwe-metadata nokukhanya okukhulu, kodwa wandisa ezinye izikhulu zokuhlola. Lo mfanekiso ubonisa ukuthi uma amandla okuhlola ekhona, awavamile ukuhlukaniswa ngokuphelele, abuye ashintshwe, abuye abuye akhuliswe futhi ngezinye izikhathi.

Izinga Lobuchwepheshe Nombuso Wanamuhla

Namuhla, isenzo sokulinganisela asihileli nje kuphela izinhlangano zikahulumeni kodwa nezinkampani ezizimele. Amafektha ezokuxhumana aqoqa ukwaziswa okuningi komuntu siqu ngezinjongo zezentengiselwano, futhi ohulumeni bangathola leyo mininingwane ngezinqubo zomthetho, izigodlo, noma izimfuno eziqondile. I-Snowden yembulo ngo-2013 yabonisa ukuthi izinhlangano zokuhlakanipha zazifake ngokuqondile kubaqondisi bezinkampani ezinkulu njenge-Google, Facebook, ne-Yahoous. [FL:0] Le mininingwane eyinkimbinkimbi yezesayensi yezentengiselwano [[] ifiphaza umugqa phakathi kokuphepha komphakathi nenzuzo yangasese, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kwemvume enengqondo evela kubasebenzisi.

Ubuchwepheshe bokuqashelwa kobuso, amanani angaphambili amaphoyisa, kanye nama-Aĺphaweromic aphakamisa ukukhathazeka okusha. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwezincwadi zezokuxhumana zamaqembu nezithombe ezibikezelayo kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi kuthinta ngokungenakulinganiswa imiphakathi emincane, kuphakamisa isivikelo kanye nezinhlelo ezifanele. Okwamanje, ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwamakhamera okuhlola emadolobheni anjenge-London neBeijing kunamasu avamile, ngaphandle kobufakazi obutheni bokuthi kunciphisa ubugebengu obukhulu. Inselele isihluthulelo siqinisekisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe busebenza ekulondekeni ngaphandle kokwenza isifundazwe esihlala njalo.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Engokomthetho Nezinhlolo Zezinhlangano

Intando yeningi eqinile idinga izakhiwo ezingokomthetho ezinika izinhlangano zokulondeka amandla futhi ezilinganisela ukufinyelela kwazo.

Izimiso Zomthetho

E-United States, iziHlulelo zoQonda nokwesine ziyisivikelo esiyinhloko somthetho-mthetho esivimbela ukuphazamisa ukumiswa kwenkulumo, ukuhlangana, nokuhlangana, kanye nokungabi namuntu. ISichibiyelo sesine sifuna ukuba ukuphenya nokuquleka kusekelwe ekutheni kungenzeka nangenxa yesizathu kanye nemvume eyakhishwa imantshi engathathi-mkhakhakha, ngaphandle kwezimo noma ukulondeka kwesizwe. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi "izidingo ezikhethekile" zingaphandle kokuhlola okuqhutshwa ngenxa yezinjongo ezithile zemithetho ebekwe kwezinye izinqubo, njengokuhlola umngcele noma ukuhlola izikhulu zikahulumeni. E-FISA yamisa inkantolo ekhethekile (inkantolo ye-FISA, noma i-FISCC) ihlola izikhalo zezimo ezicuphelo zemishini ezihlasela izinhlanganoyo. Abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi inqubo ye-FIC nayo iyimfihlo futhi iqoqo lenkantolo liyisekela kakhulu, ngaphandle kwenkulumo enxa enkulu.

Izimiso Eziphambili

  • Izinguquko zamuva zandisa izinga lomthetho wobuhlakani i-Surveillance Act (FISA) [788] - Idinga ukuvunyelwa kokwahlulela ngokuhlola kobuhlakani.
  • USUSA PARIOTT Act [2001] – amandla anwetshiwe okuhlola; Isiqephu 215 sivumele ukuqoqwa kwe "izinto ezingenzeka" (kuhlanganise amarekhodi) ahlobene nophendlo lobuphekula.
  • Umthetho weNKULULEKO (2015) – Iqoqo lemitapo egcwele ngaphansi kwesiqephu 215 kanye nokubona okukhulisiwe, kodwa kuvuselelwe amanye amagunya okuhlola.
  • I-Cybersecurity Information Sunivation Act (CISA) (2015) – umenzi wehlelo okhuthazwayo ohlanganyela ulwazi olusongela ulwe-inthanethi nohulumeni, ukhulisa ukukhathazeka mayelana nemininingwane eyimfihlo.

Amanye amazwe anemikhakha efanayo. i-United Kingdom’s Investigation Powers Powers 2016 (i-"Snooper's Chater") inikeza iziphathimandla amandla abanzi okuqoqa ukwaziswa kwezokuxhumana futhi ifuna izinkampani ze-Internet zisuse okungafihliwe. I-European Union’s General Data Protection Regial (GDPR) ibeka imingcele eqinile ekulungiseni umsebenzi we-data nasekukhipheni imiyalelo yokuhlola, inikeza isibonelo esihlukile esiveza amalungelo emfihlo. Lezizindlela ezingafani ziveza amasiko nemithetho engokomthetho. [$] U.S. ithambekele ekuqondeni ukwahlulela kokulawula imicimbi yezomthetho ezindabeni zokuphepha, kuyilapho i-EUS igcizelela ukulawula komuntu siqu ulwazi.

Imishini Yokwahlulela Neyokuqondisa

Izinkantolo zifeza indima ebalulekile ekudwebeni imingcele. Icala lezwe eliphawuliwe njenge Zweibon v. Mitchell [775] ne United States v. U.S. iNkantolo yeSithiliyo[[[FLT:]] lisungulile ukuthi ngisho nokugada kwasekhaya kudinga isiqinisekiso. [FLT:] i-Clapper v. Amnesty International USA[[FLT:] (2017]), iNkantolo ephakeme yanquma ukuthi amachaphaza ayemangamile ukuze avinye i-NSSA isolichile ngoba ayengenakubonisa ukuthi ayawuthola umsebenzi owe. [FTB] [FT]][5]

Ngalé kwezinkantolo, amaqumu azimele anjenge-Amfishile ne-Civil Liberties Overst Board (PCLOB) e-U.S. nase-Preatigative Powers Commissioner e-U.K. asebenza ngokubukeza izenzo zikahulumeni nokukhipha imibiko. Nokho, lemikhandlu ngokuvamile ayinawo amandla okuqinisekisa futhi ingabekwa indiva phakathi nezikhathi zosongo olukhudlwana. Ukuqondisa okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuba sobala, ukusekela ngokwaneleyo, nekhono lokuphoqelela izincwadi nobufakazi ezindaweni ezivame ukuphikiswa izinhlangano zezokuphepha.

Umbono Womphakathi Nendima Yokuba Iqaba

Isifiso somphakathi sokuphepha nenkululeko siyashintshashintsha ngokusongela. Ngemva ko-9/11, ukuhlola kwabonisa ukusekela okukhulu kokuqapha okukhulu, ngisho naphakathi kwalabo ababevame ukumisa inkululeko yomphakathi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba ukukhumbula ukuhlasela kokuxhashazwa kwaqala ukunyamalala, ukusekela kwancipha. I-Snowden ivuza impikiswano yomhlaba wonke, yaholela ekuguquleni inguquko enjenge - USA INVH Act nekhokhisi iNkantolo ye-Europe yeJaji ukuba ihlasele phansi i-EU. Isivumelwano esiphephile (esilawulwa yimininingwane edluliselwe) ngenxa yokuvikelwa kwezindaba zomuntu siqu okunganele.

Izinhlangano zomphakathi zigxeka kulendawo ezungezile. Amaqembu anjenge- American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), i-Extronic Foundation Foundation , ne Human Rights Watch detator remodential regional soltial, amafayela, nokufundisa umphakathi. Ziphinde zibeke inselele izinhlelo ezithile, ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo lokumangalela i-ACCLU’S mayelana ne-NSA'S' omkhudru luholele ekunqumeni ukuthi akuvumelekile. Umsebenzi wazo uqinisekisa ukuthi ukuvikelwa kwe-geevice asebenza ngaphandle kokuhlola, ngisho nalapho umphakathi uphazanyiswa ezinye izindaba.

Nokho, ukugadla kwezentengiselwano kubhekene nempi ekhuphuka phezulu. Izinhlangano zokulondeka zivame ukuhlukanisa imisebenzi yazo, okwenza kube nzima ukuthola ukuthi impumelelo yangempela yezinhlelo ezincintiswaneni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abezombangazwe bazifaka engozini yokubizwa ngokuthi "ababuthakathaka ekulondekeni" uma bengabaza izinyathelo zokuqapha, okubangela ithonya elihlasimulisayo ekwahluleleni umthetho. Ukubopha umphakathi ngamandla, imithombo yezindaba ekhululekile, nesivikelo sokufutha impempe kudingekile ukuze kugcinwe icala.

Ukucatshangelwa Kwesikhathi Esizayo: Ubuchwepheshe Nendawo Ewusongo Ezungezile

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushesha, ukulinganisela kuzoba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ukuhlakanipha kokwenza, ukufunda ngomshini, nezinzwa ezikhona zonke zidala amakhono ayeyizindaba eziqanjiwe zesayensi eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, usongo luba nzima ukuveza futhi lungasetshenziswa kakhulu ngabadlali abazimele, amaqembu ezigebengu, noma amaqembu anezimo ezihlukene, wonke esebenzisa amathuluzi afanayo.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuklanyweyo Nesilinganiso Sezinto Eziningi

I-AI ingahlaziya izisethi ezinkulu zokuchaza imikhondo, ukubikezela ukuziphatha, nokusongela kwefulege. Ukuqiniswa komthetho kakade kusebenzisa i-algorithms ezibikezelayo, kodwa lezi zimiso zisengozini yokuqhubekela phambili ubandlululo uma ziqeqeshwe ngemininingwane enephutha ngokomlando. Ubuchwepheshe bobuso, obusetshenziswa ezikhumulweni zezindiza nasekwenzeni komphakathi, bunganembile kodwa futhi bungachayeka ekusebenziseni kabi izinto ezilungile nokusebenzisa kabi. Kulelizwe elinokhuseleko, i-Al ingabangela ukuba igebe ezindaweni eziyingozi ekuhlaseleni imoto noma ibangele ukudilika okugqekekayo. Ukuntula kwezindinganiso ezicacile ezingokomthetho ze-Alâgradidriven jn [1] Ubuntu obungabangela ukuhlasela igebese.

Imininingwane Yabantu Nethonya Labo

Umnotho wezokwaziswa ubangela ingxabano: izinkampani ziqoqa ukwaziswa ngezizathu ezingokomthetho zezentengiselwano, kodwa ohulumeni bangathola leyo mininingwane ngezicelo ezingokomthetho, izigodlo, noma ngokuphoqelelwa ngokuqondile. Ukuphoqelelwa "ukufihla" ngezinhlangano eziqapha umthetho kuqokomisa lempi. Nakuba kuvimbela amaphekula ukuba angabi "nobumnyama," ngokungenakugwenywa kuyowenza antengantengantengiswe bonke abasebenzisi, okwenza ukwaziswa kube sengozini yokuhlasela abacuphisi nezinkonzo zokuhlakanipha zakwamanye amazwe. Umphumela wale ngxoxo ubumba izindaba zobuchwepheshe amashumi eminyaka, ngemiphumela yokukhuluma ngenkululeko, i-edismistism, nokufutha i-river.

Izindinganiso Zomhlaba Wonke Nokubambisana

Usongo olunjengobuphekula nokuhlasela kwezezingosi lunqamula imingcele, ludinga ukubambisana kwezizwe ngezizwe. Kodwa amazwe ahlukene anezindlela ezihlukene kakhulu zokuthola inkululeko yomphakathi. I-U.S. neYurophu ayaqhubeka encibilika ngokungefani ekuvikelweni kokwaziswa, kuyilapho imibuso ye-athorital enjengeChina iye yathatha ukuqapha okukhulu njengethuluzi lokulawula umphakathi. I-Council of Europe’s iSikhuthazo 108+ ne-Ayshicelm's Ask Guidelines inikeza izisekelo, kodwa umthetho ubuthakathaka. Ukusondela kwezizwe zonke okuhlangeneyo ngokuphathelene amalungelo abantu kudingekile ukufinyelela ubukhosi nokulondeka kwesizwe kuyasetshenziswa.

Isiphetho

Isenzo sokulinganisela phakathi kwenkululeko yomphakathi nokulondeka kwesizwe asiyona inkinga okumelwe ixazululwe kanye kanye. Kuyinqubo eqhubekayo yokuxoxisana, ukuqondisa, nokuzivumelanisa. Izinhlangano ze-Democratic kumelwe zimelane nesilingo sokudela inkululeko unomphela ngenxa yenzuzo ye-erhemeral ephephile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, azikwazi ukukwazi ukungazi ukuthi zisongela ngempela. Indlela ingaphambili ikhona ilele ku- [izinhlelo zokuqapha i-opha ngokungenamthetho], zenza izinhlelo zokuhlola izinhlelo zokuhlola zibonakale zibonakale emphakathini futhi ziqonde ukuthi zizimele; [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [ict:3]] .

Izakhamuzi zinendima yazo futhi. Ukuhlala zinolwazi ngemibuso esetshenziswa egameni lazo, ukuhlanganyela enkulumweni yeningi, nezinhlangano ezisekelayo ezivikela amalungelo kulondoloza ukulinganisela. Njengoba umlando ubonisa, lapho iziqondiso zokulinganisela zifinyelela kakhulu ekulondekeni, kunzima ukubuyisela inkululeko elahlekile. Ukuqapha okudingekayo akukhona ukuqapha kwesifundazwe esiqaphile, kodwa ukuqapha kwabantu abakhululekile abaqonda ukuthi inkululeko yabo ifanelwe ukuvikelwa.