Obaba abasungule i-United States basungula isimiso sikahulumeni esingafani nanoma yisiphi esibonwa ngaphambili — umuntu oklanyelwe ukulinganisela amandla nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Amehlo abo avela kokuhlangenwe nakho okuqondile nokubusa kweBrithani, ukutadisha ifilosofi engokwezombangazwe, nokuqonda okujulile okungalawuliwe okungagwegwesi okuholela ekubuseni ngonya. Ngokusakaza amandla phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene, ukuhlola nokulinganisela okunganyakazi, nokuhlanganisa amalungelo ayisisekelo, bakha uhlaka oluye lwahlala lukhona emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Kodwa ukulinganisela kwabo akuzange kuhlale kuqinile; kudinga ukuqapha nokulungisa njengoba kuphakama kwezinselele ezintsha. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimpande zefilosofi, izinqubo zokwakha, futhi siyaqhubeka sichaza amalungelo ayisisekelo ombuthwayo ngenxa kahulumeni abahleli.

Izisekelo Eziwubufilosofi: Izinkulumo Zokukhanyiselwa

INguquko yaseMelika yayingeyona nje impi yokuzibusa — yayiwukuhlubuka kokuhlakanipha okusekelwe emcabangweni wokukhanyiselwa. Obaba abasungulayo babethatheka kakhulu ezimfundini zefilosofi zaseYurophu ezazingabaza ilungelo laphezulu lamakhosi futhi zisekela amalungelo angokwemvelo, ubukhosi obuthandwayo, nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. Izingqondo ezintathu zaklama ngokukhethekile ipulani yazo yomthetho-sisekelo: uJohn Locke, uMontesquieu, noJean-Jacques Rousseaus.

UJohn Locke Namalungelo Emvelo

John Locke's Isivumelwano se-Prevenment of Government (1689) saphikisa ngokuthi bonke abantu banamalungelo emvelo angokwemvelo ekuphileni, inkululeko, nempahla. Ohulumeni, baphikisana, baphila kuphela ngesivumelwano somphakathi nababuswayo futhi kumelwe bavikele lawomalungelo. Uma uhulumeni ephula isivumelwano sombuso, abantu banelungelo lokuvukela. UThomas Jefferson ubuye u-mkhondo weSimemezelo senkululeko, ufaka "umvuzo wenjabulo" ukuze uvule umqondo. Locke uveza isisekelo sokuziphatha sokuhlukanisa amandla kahulumeni — uhulumeni ongeke nje uthathe amalungelo alinganayo.

UMontesquieu Nokuhlukana Kwamandla

UBaron de Montesquieu's Umoya woMthetho (1748) wawuthonya kakhulu ukwakheka koMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S.. Montesquieu waphikisa ngokuthi ukuze kuvinjelwe ukubusa ngonya, amandla kahulumeni kumelwe ahlukaniswe abe yimithetho, umphathi, namagatsha okwahlulela, ngalinye elizimele nelikwazi ukuhlola amanye. Waphawula ukuthi eRiphablikini, ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla endikimbeni eyodwa ngokungenakugwenywa kwaholela ekusebenziseni ubushiqela. Obaba abasungulayo bamukela lesi simiso, badala isimiso lapho kungekho gatsha lingabusa khona. UJakobe uJavison, ku-[FLT:] u-Noclist.[FFLT] [FLT], u-Monteulsesss, waphawula ukuthi ku-oseasemonease njengegunya lemibuso.

URousseau Nobukhosi Obuthandwayo

Umqondo kaJean-Jacques Rousseau uzakugcizelela ukuthi igunya elingokomthetho lithathwa ekuvumeni kwabantu bonke. Nakuba umsebenzi kaRousseau wawungaqondakali, waqinisa ukuzinikela kwabasunguli ekubuseni okuthandwayo — umqondo wokuthi uhulumeni kumelwe usekelwe evumeni yabalawulwa. Lesimiso siboniswe eHouse of Svacates, okhethweni abaqondile, nakumazwi okuvula oMthetho-sisekelo: "Thina Abantu."

La mathonya okukhanyiselwa ahlangene abangela ukuba kube nombuso oyingqayizivele waseMelika onamandla: uhulumeni owathola amandla awo kubantu, owasetshenziswa ngezinhlangano ezihlukene, futhi owawukhona ngokuyinhloko ukuze uvikele amalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Umsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo: Amagatsha Amathathu Nezinhlolo Nokulinganisela

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., owagunyazwa ngo-1788, wamisa irepublic kahulumeni enamagatsha amathathu alinganayo. Obaba abasunguli babala imibuso ngokucophelela ezihlokweni I, II, no III, kodwa futhi basungula iziphathimandla ezihlukene ukuze igatsha ngalinye limelane nokungezwani nezinye. Lesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kwakuyinqubo eyinhloko yokuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ekutholeni amandla amaningi kakhulu.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Igatsha Lokuqala Phakathi Kwabantu Abalinganayo

ISiphakamiso I sihlanganisa wonke amagunya omthetho eSishaya-mthetho eSishaya - mthetho, akhiwe yiNdlu yabameleli neSigele. Indlu yayiklanyelwe ukuba ikwazi ukusabela ngokuqondile kubantu — ikhethwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili futhi yahlukaniswa abantu. ISigele sasimelela izifunda ngokulinganayo, namagama athatha iminyaka eyisithupha ukunikeza izisekelo nokuhlola izinkanuko ezithandwayo. Lesi sakhiwo se-biobaral ngokwaso sasiyisilinganiso: izifunda ezinkulu zazinesilinganiso esilinganayo eNdlungwini; izifunda ezincane zazihamba ngokulingana eSihlalweni.

UKhomishane uphethe imibuso ebalulekile: ukukhokha intela, ukusakaza impi, ukuqondisa ezentengiselwano, nokulawula umongameli. Kodwa lemibuso ihlolwa umphathi (we-veto) nomphathi wejaji (ukuhlolwa kwezenkantolo). Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSigele kumelwe siqinisekise ukumiswa komongameli nezivumelwano ze-raifrence, kuyilapho i House iqala izikweletu zemali. Abasunguli benza ngamabomu igatsha elinamandla kakhulu, bekholelwa ukuthi isakhiwo sombuso samazwi amaningi sasingabanga neze ukuba sibe nonya kunesikhulu esisodwa — kodwa futhi sakhelwa futhi ngokuvikela ekuhlukulweni kwemithetho.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Amandla ahambisana nokulandisa

ISiphakamiso II sikha umphathi wenhlangano oholwa nguMongameli, okhonza njengenhloko kazwelonke, umphathi-nhloko, nomphathi omkhulu. Abasunguli babekhathazekile ngakho kokubili isikhulu esibuthakathaka kakhulu nesinamandla kakhulu. Kwesinye isandla, babebone ukuhluleka kweZihlokwana Zokuhlela, ezazingenamphathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, babesaba ukuveza i-mondment. Bakuxazulula lokhu ngokunika umongameli igunya eliqinile — i-veto, amandla okumisa, nomyali webutho lezempi — kodwa babebona ukuhluleka kweZihlolo zobuphathi.

ISishaya-mkhandlu singayidlulisa indawo engaphezulu ngenani eliphindwe kabili lesithathu, ivumela noma inqaba ukumiswa, i-arhente futhi isuse umongameli, kanye nokulawula ngokwezimali. Ijaji lingamemezela izenzo zokuphatha ngokungekho emthethweni. Inkathi kamongameli imiswa eminyakeni emine, kodwa ukuphindela kudinga ukusekelwa okuthandwayo. Lokhu kuvumela "ukungavumelani nomphathi," njengoba u-Aleksandre Hamilton abhala ku-'[[FLT: 0]] Federalist No., kuyilapho kuvimbela umphathi ukuba abe ngumbusi.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Igatsha Lezilwane Eliyingozi

ISiphakamiso III simisa iNkantolo Ephakeme futhi sivumela uMkhandlu ukuba udale izinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni. Ijaji laklanyelwe ukuba lizimele — abahluleli bakhonza ukuphila phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle futhi amaholo abo awancishisiwe. Lokhu kukhishwa kokucindezela kwezombangazwe kuqinisekisa ukuthi bangawuchaza umthetho ngokungakhethi, ngisho nangezifiso zeningi noma amanye amagatsha.

Amandla okuhlola kokwahlulela — ikhono lokushaya imithetho noma izenzo zobuphathi eziphula umthetho — awachazwanga ngokucacile eMthethweni-sisekelo kodwa amiswa yiNkantolo Ephakeme Marbury v. Madison [1803]. Lombuso unikeza igebe lokuhlola okubalulekile kokubili iSishaya-mthetho noma umongameli. Nokho, ijaji ngokwalo lihlolwa umphathi (omisa abahluleli) nendlu yomthetho (owabamisayo) kanye nomthetho womthetho ongabamisa ukumiswa kokugumbuqela). Abasunguli babheka igatsha lejaji njenge-"lolifa eliyingozi" ngoba alilawuli isikhwama noma inkemba, lithembele kwezinye izinqumo zalo.

Ukudlala phakathi kwalamagatsha amathathu kwaklanyelwa ukudala isimiso sokuzilungisa. Njengoba uJames Madison achaza ku- .Federalist No. 51, "Ubugovu kumelwe lwenziwe ukuze kulwiwe ukulangazelela." Isakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi amandla awahlukaniswa nje kuphela kodwa alinganiswa, aphoqelela ukubambisana nokuhlehla.

Izincwadi Zamalungelo Abantu: Ukuvikela Ukukhululeka Kwabantu Ngamunye

Izazi eziningi ezilwa nombuso zaphikisana nokudukiswa koMthetho-sisekelo ngoba zazingenazo izivikelo ezicacile zamalungelo abantu ngabanye. Ukuze zivikeleke, abasunguli bathembisa iBhili yamaLungelo — izinguquko eziyishumi zagunyazwa ngo-1791 ezilinganisela amandla kahulumeni phezu kwezakhamuzi. Lezi zinguquko zibonisa ukukhathazeka okujulile kobaba kokusungulwa ukuthi ngisho nohulumeni okhethwe ngedemokrati ungayiphazamisa inkululeko eyisisekelo.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: I - Cornerstone Yenkululeko

ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, yenkolo, yezindaba, yemihlangano, nesicelo. Sivimbela uMkhandlu ekumiseni inkolo noma ukuvilapha ngokukhululekile. Lokhu kulungisa kwakuyimpendulo eqondile ekucubungulweni kweBrithani nasekushushisweni okungokwenkolo. Kuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingawugxeka uhulumeni ngaphandle kokwesaba, ukuthi abezindaba bangasebenza njengelungu eliqaphile, nokuthi imibono ehlukahlukene ingaphikisana edayiseni lemibono. Obaba abasunguli bacabanga ukuthi iphekula i-parpic ixhomeke elwazini nasekwelenzweni kwezakhamuzi.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokuphatha Izikhali

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sivikela ilungelo labantu lokuphatha izikhali. Abasunguli, bebone imizamo yamaNgisi yokuqeda amabutho amakoloni, bakholelwa ukuthi abantu abahlomile babedingeka ukuze bavikeleke futhi bahlolwe ekubuseni ubudlova. Ukulungisa amagama — "IMilitia elawulwa kahle, ngoba idingeka ekulondekeni kwezwe elikhululekile" — babonisa ukugcizelelwa kokuqala kwenkonzo yamabutho. Izimpikiswano zanamuhla mayelana nokulawulwa kwezikhali ngokuvamile zazibalulekile ekulinganiseni leli lungelo nokuphepha komphakathi, kodwa abasunguli babehlose ukuvimbela uhulumeni ukuba uvimbele abantu ukuba baxoshe.

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuba Wedwa Nokulondeka

ISichibiyelo sesine siqaphe ukuphenya okungacabangeki nokuquleka, okudinga imbangela nesiqinisekiso esikhishwa umahluleli. Lokhu kwakuyiziyalezo eziqondile zosizo lwaseBrithani — izicelo ezivamile ezivumela izikhulu ukuba zingene kunoma yiliphi ikhaya ngaphandle kwesizathu. Isehlulelo sivikela imfihlo yezakhamuzi nempahla ekuphazanyisweni okungahlolwa uhulumeni, isimiso esihlala sibalulekile kakhulu esikhathini sokuhlola kwemishini.

Ezinye izinguquko kuyiBill of Rights zivikela amalungelo anjengenqubo efanele (i-pith), ukuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo (isi-8), isivikelo esijezisweni esinonya nesingavamile (i-Equath), futhi zigcinelwe imibuso kanye nabantu (i-Tenth). Zombili, lezi zinguquko zidala indawo yenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye uhulumeni angenakuyinqamuza, zihlanganise umbono wabasunguli wohulumeni olinganiselwe.

Izinselele Ezingokomlando Nezanamuhla Ezilinganiselayo

Naphezu kokuhlelwa ngokucophelela koMthetho-sisekelo, ukulinganisela kwamandla kuye kwahlolwa ngokuphindaphindiwe. Isizukulwane ngasinye kuye kwadingeka silwe nezimo ezintsha ezicindezela ukwakheka kwakuqala. Abasunguli babazi ukuthi isimiso sabo sasizobhekana nezinselele futhi sihloselwe ukuba siqine, kodwa futhi baqaphela ukuthi ukulondoloza ukulinganisela kudinga umzamo wasikhathi sonke.

Impi yombango: Igunya lamaFederal liphikisana namalungelo amaZwe

Inselele engathi sína kakhulu ekulinganiseni komthetho-mthetho yavela eMpini Yomphakathi, ilwiwa ngobugqila nesimo sombuso. Imibuso yaseNingizimu yalwela ubukhosi bombuso nelungelo lokubusa i-secede, isho ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe uphule igunya lawo. Umongameli uAbraham Lincoln wagomela ukuthi i-Union yayihlala ikhona futhi ukumiswa kwayo kwakungekho emthethweni. Lempi yaphumela ekuqiniseni amandla kahulumeni — ukuphakama, ukubekwa kweSichibiyeli se-14, nokulahlwa kwencithano — kodwa ukungezwana kwelungelo lamalungelo emibuso negunya likahulumeni kuyaqhubeka kuze kube namuhla ezimpikiswaneni zemfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nomthetho wendawo ezungezile.

Inqubo Entsha Nokwanda Kwegunya Eliphethe

Phakathi neNkathi Yokwehla Kwezomnotho Enkulu, uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal yandisa kakhulu izinhlelo zendima kahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni ezomnotho. INkantolo Ephakeme yaqale yawisa umthetho we-New Declare, yaholela e-Roosevelt ephikisayo "inkantolo-paging" iphakamiso. Nakuba lowo mzamo wehluleka, iNkantolo ekugcineni yasekela imithetho eminingi ye-New Deal, yasusa ukulinganisela phakathi kwamagatsha ephethe ne-propati. Igatsha lesikhulu lathola igunya elikhulu phezu kwesimiso somthetho, imithetho, iziqondiso, nenhlalakahle yezenhlalo. Amongameli banamuhla baye baqhubeka bendisa amandla okuphatha ngemiyalelo-nkulu, izivumelwano zezikhulu, nokulawula umbuso.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Omphakathi Nesenzo Sokwahlulela

I-Civil Rights Movement of the 1950 no 1960 yaqokomisa indima yejaji ekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu ngabanye ngokumelene nemithetho kazwelonke. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme esiphawulekayo Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ (1954) yamemezela ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga ngokwezinhlanga akunacala, ukunqandwa kwesizwe okungahlanga phakathi kwesinqumo sombuso nesimiso sombuso. Izinqumo zasekela umthetho kahulumeni wesizwe futhi zandisa isivikelo sokuvota, isakhiwo, nemisebenzi. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ikomiti yokwahlulela ngezinye izikhathi ithatha indima efanele ezinkantolo, izinqumo ezinkulu okufanele zishiywe ezishiyelwe ezinqulweni zomthetho. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokubukezwa kwesinqumo nezokubusa kwentando yentando yeningi kusekuqhutshelwa phambili kwempikiswano enkulu.

Izingxabano Zangesikhathi Esidlule: Ukushintsha Iqembu Nokusebenzisa I - Griplock Ephakathi

Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ukuvela kwezindawo ezihlukene kakhulu kuphazamise isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Izigele eziphethe, iziyalo eziphethe, nokusetshenziswa okwandayo kwemithetho yokuzigunyaza ukuphinde kuhlobise abahluleli bonke kuye kwavivinya umklamo wabasunguli. Ukuvela kwezwe elinamandla lokulawula — izinhlangano ezihlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwemithetho, izikhulu, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela — kubekela inselele imfundiso yokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. Imibuzo ephathelene nokuvikela komongameli, amandla aphuthumayo, kanye nelungelo lezikhulu kuye kwabangela izimpi ezingokomthetho. Obaba abasungula babelindele ukuthi izikhundla zazingamelana nesifiso sokuvelela, kodwa abazange babheke phambili izinga le-gridi eliwunyukelayo lapho ukubambisana kukahulumeni kuveza ukuncitshiswa.

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, isimiso somthetho - sisekelo siye sabonakala siqinile. Izigwegwe ziye zanezelwa ekuxazululeni izikhala — ukuqedwa kobugqila (13th), isivikelo esifanayo, amalungelo okuvota (15, 19th, 26th), nemingcele yobumongameli (owesithupha). Lesimiso siye sasinda empini yombango, ukuwohloka kwezomnotho, izimpi zezwe, nokushintsha okukhulu kwezenhlalo, ngenxa nje yokuthi abasunguli bakhe bazivumelanisa nezimo kuyilapho belondoloza izimiso eziyisisekelo zokulinganisela.

Ukuphakama Okuhlala Njalo Kombono Wobaba Otholakele

Umbono osungulwe wobaba kahulumeni wawungafinyeleli; babehlose ukuba uMthetho-sisekelo ube yincwadi ephilayo engalungiswa futhi ichazwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Nokho isimiso esiyisisekelo samandla alinganiselwe sisalokhu sibalulekile namuhla njengango1787. Amagatsha amathathu ayaqhubeka ehlolana, iBill of Rights iyaqhubeka ivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, futhi izimpikiswano ngohulumeni negunya eliphethe ziyaqhubeka zibumba izombangazwe zaseMelika.

Ukuqonda lombono kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi kungani ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kubalulekile ukuze zithole inkululeko. Uma igatsha elilodwa liphambanisa — kungaba ngemiyalo yezikhulu edlula uMkhandlu, ukwenqaba ukuqinisekisa amajaji, noma imithetho yokwahlulela ephinda ibhalwe ngokuphumelelayo imithetho — ukulinganisela kuyasongelwa. Ukuhlakanipha kwabasunguli kwakusekudaleni isimiso lapho kungekho gatsha elingabusa khona, lapho kudingeka khona ukuhlehla, nalapho ekugcineni abantu benamandla okulungisa ukulingana phakathi kokhetho nokhetho.

Kubafundi bakahulumeni, uhlelo lomthetho olusungulwe luwumthombo ocebile wokuqonda. Imithombo yangaphandle enjenge Ingqungquthela Yomthetho-sisekelo Wesizwe egcwele, i-Founders Onner database ye-Universe[ yemisebenzi yabo, ne-[FLT] uMthetho-Constitution weSizwe [[FLT]] ifaka intensini ejule kulezihloko. Uhulumeni olinganiselayo awunikeziwe — iyimpumelelo engapheli efuna izakhamuzi ezifundile, izinhlangano ezizimeleyo, kanye nokuzinikela ekulawuleni umthetho womthetho. Njengoba ozisungulile baziwa, inko yenkululeko yenkululeko.